Considering the 1500+ pages making up the 39 chapters of this work on Chinese economic history from ancient times to the present, this review essay suggests ways The Cambridge Economic History of China contributes new perspectives on economic history more generally and on plausible connections between the pathways of Chinese economic change that begin in the distant past and point toward the future. The essay addresses specifically Chinese elements in its economic history and identifies the ways in which nineteenth- and twentieth-century engagement with Westerners contributed to the Chinese economy’s future development but in no comprehensive manner explain how modern Chinese economic change took place. Among the highlighted features of Chinese economic history that chapters of this work make visible are the persistent presence of state efforts to manage and shape economic activity forming a distinct tradition of political economy and the long-standing awareness of many of the relationships between population, agriculture, and the natural environment.

We investigated chromospheric activities of pre-main-sequence (PMS) stars. First, we studied the Ca II infrared triplet emission lines with Subaru/HDS and other spectroscopic instruments. Most PMS stars have narrow Ca II lines whose intensities are as large as the maximum of the zero-age main-sequence (ZAMS) stars. The chromosphere of PMS stars is suggested to be filled by the Ca II emitting region. Second, we found many faint chromospheric emission lines such as Mg I and Fe I for more than half of the ZAMS stars. Third, we searched the periodic light variation caused by a starspot for the 26 PMS stars. Their TESS light variations and Ca II emission line strengths show the positive correlation, and are located on the extensions of the superflare stars. In summary, PMS stars have very active chromosphere driven by strong dynamo process due to the fast rotation and the long convection timescale.

Ram-pressure stripping (RPS) is a process known to remove gas from satellite galaxies. Recent observational studies have found an increased ratio of active galactic nuclei (AGN) among the population of RPS galaxies compared to regular galaxies in the field. To test whether ram pressure (RP) can trigger an AGN, we perform a suite of hydrodynamical wind-tunnel simulations of a massive (Mstar = 1011 Mȯ) galaxy, with inclusion of star formation, stellar feedback and high resolution up to 39 pc. We find that RP increases the inflow of gas to the galaxy centre, which in turn can result in the enhanced BH accretion, as measured by the Bondi-Hoyle model. We also estimate pressure of outflows from our accretion rates and show that AGN feedback would play an important role on the early stages of stripping, while RP itself is not so strong.

Despite the growing body of literature on Chinese architecture, contemporary Chinese architects’ critical approaches to drawing have received little scrutiny. To address this research gap, this essay examines the 2012 Pritzker Architecture Prize laureate Wang Shu’s creative uses of modern parallel projection methods. The essay focuses on Wang’s specific drawing strategies that have allowed him to reconcile the disengaged mode of seeing that is engrained in parallel projection with the immersive spectatorship that traditional Chinese landscape painting epitomises.

First, through a literature review, this paper highlights Wang’s observations regarding the a-perspectival nature of Chinese landscape painting. Rather than being a perspectival window for the disengaged gaze, the landscape painting invites viewers to inhabit the pictorial space. Second, through comparative studies of selected cases, this essay investigates how Wang’s acknowledgement of the landscape painting’s a-perspectival traits has influenced his specific strategies when using parallel projection methods. The examined cases include Wang’s drawings for the Chen Mo Art Studio (Haiyan, 1998), the Tengtou Pavilion (Shanghai, 2009-2010), and the Xiangshan Campus of the China Academy of Art Phases I and II (Hangzhou, 2002-2008).

The essay concludes by highlighting significant changes in Wang’s later parallel projection drawings. Wang’s work has increasingly delineated architectural terrains as sensory topographies to foster viewers’ time-bound immersive spectatorships. Moreover, when serving his architectural ideas, Wang’s drawings have transcended the geometric representation of depth by implying spaces that exceed the limits of projection drawings. By examining his drawings, this essay sheds light on a salient yet underexamined aspect of Wang’s architectural undertakings. By investigating in-depth case studies of contemporary Chinese architectural drawings, this essay takes a crucial step towards a better understanding of this hitherto understudied domain.

Banishment was probably the most frequent punishment in early modern Spanish criminal courts. It was impossible to enforce and antithetical to the interests of the state, yet it survived. This article, based on archival sources, proposes that the study of early modern law, probably in general but definitely in Spain, must account for its symbolic and rhetorical meaning beyond the language of a given statute. Looking at the practice of banishment, the long history of legal compilation in Spain, and the particularities and contradictions of legal practice there, this article calls for a deeper and more interdisciplinary approach.

We present a study of the evolution of two types of coronal holes (CHs) in the solar minimum of 24/25, which was preceded by a prolonged minimum of 23/24 and a weak 24 solar cycle. The goal of the study is to clarify whether the behavior of CHs during this period is also unusual? The study is based on the material of observations obtained by SDO/AIA/193. The Heliophysics Events Knowledgebase was used to localize the CHs and calculate their areas. Analysis of the evolution of the areas of polar and non-polar CHs in solar minimum 24/25 revealed a number of features. The hemispheric asymmetry is evident both in solar activity indices and in the localization of maxima of polar and non-polar CH areas. The hemispheric area imbalance is minimal for polar CHs and pronounced in the regions of non-polar CHs and sunspots. This is consistent with the general concept of polar CHs as the main source of the Sun’s dipole magnetic field. The areas of polar CHs significantly exceed the areas of non-polar CHs and make a significant contribution to the total area of all CHs in the solar disk. It is concluded that the dynamics of polar and nonpolar CHs suggests that the 24/25 minimum is rather close to earlier minima than to the 23/24 minimum.

The purpose of this study is to present a subgeometric convergence formula for the stationary distribution of the finite-level M/G/1-type Markov chain when taking its infinite-level limit, where the upper boundary level goes to infinity. This study is carried out using the fundamental deviation matrix, which is a block-decomposition-friendly solution to the Poisson equation of the deviation matrix. The fundamental deviation matrix provides a difference formula for the respective stationary distributions of the finite-level chain and the corresponding infinite-level chain. The difference formula plays a crucial role in the derivation of the main result of this paper, and the main result is used, for example, to derive an asymptotic formula for the loss probability in the MAP/GI/1/N queue.