This research report presents the development and validation of Auto Error Analyzer, a prototype web application designed to automate the calculation of accuracy and its related metrics for measuring second language (L2) production. Building on recent advancements in natural language processing (NLP) and artificial intelligence (AI), Auto Error Analyzer introduces an automated accuracy measurement component, bridging a gap in existing assessment tools, which traditionally require human judgment for accuracy evaluation. By utilizing a state-of-the-art generative AI model (Llama 3.3) for error detection, Auto Error Analyzer analyzes L2 texts efficiently and cost-effectively, producing accuracy metrics (e.g., errors per 100 words). Validation results demonstrate high agreement between the tool’s error counts and human rater judgments (r = .94), with microaverage precision and recall in error detection being high as well (.96 and .94 respectively, F1 = .95), and its T-unit and clause counts matched outputs from established tools like L2SCA. Developed under open science principles to ensure transparency and replicability, the tool aims to support researchers and educators while emphasizing the complementary role of human expertise in language assessment. The possibilities of Auto Error Analyzer for efficient and scalable error analysis, as well as its limitations in detecting context-dependent and first-language (L1)-influenced errors, are also discussed.

Unmanned surface vehicles (USVs) frequently encounter inadequate energy levels while navigating to their destinations, which complicates their successful berthing in intricate harbor environments. A bacterial foraging optimization algorithm (BFO) is proposed that takes energy consumption into account and incorporates multiple constraints (MC-BFO). The energy consumption model is redefined for wind environments, enhancing the sensitivity of USVs to wind conditions. Additionally, a reward function is integrated into the algorithm, and the fitness function is reconstructed to improve the goal orientation of the USV. This approach enables the USV to maintain a reasonable path length while pursuing low energy consumption, resulting in more practical navigation. Constraining the USV’s sailing posture for smoother paths and restricting the USV’s heading and speed near the berthage facilitate safe berthing. Finally, three distinct experimental environments are established to compare the paths generated by MC-BFO, BFO, and genetic algorithm under both downwind and upwind conditions, ensuring consistency in relevant parameters. Data on sailing posture, energy consumption, and path length are collected, generalized, and analyzed. The results indicate that MC-BFO effectively reduces energy consumption while maintaining an acceptable path length, resulting in smoother and more coherent paths compared to traditional segmented planning. In conclusion, this method significantly enhances the quality of the berthing path.

Critical scholars and intellectuals are often viewed as vanguards of intellectual rigor, moral integrity, and left-leaning/left-liberal politics. In particular, their trajectories tend to be examined from a sympathetic lens: as supporters of lower-class social movements. Unfortunately, this approach overlooks the varied agency of these critical scholars and their complex relationship with the very movements that they often claim to represent. It obscures their potentially unequal socioeconomic status and cultural gap with the movements they engage with. This is not to dismiss their contribution or deny the reality of state repression against some of them, but a more grounded, sober approach to studying these cognitive workers is needed.

This study investigates the value-appropriating, politically-moderating, status-seeking tendency in some parts of critical knowledge production and activism. It advances several claims. First, the increasing neoliberalisation of the research sector exacerbates the process of class differentiation among critical scholars and intellectuals. The majority join the swelling rank of precarious cognitariat, whereas a selected stratum becomes part of the professional managerial class. Second, the latter stratum contains new intellectual actors who enjoy economic, cultural, and, political benefits from their advantaged position at the expense of precarious scholar-activists and marginalised communities, as exemplified in their public celebrity status or appointment into policymaking decisions. Lastly, as an illustration, and a form of self-criticism, I interrogate my position as an early-career researcher of Indonesian politics, show my own role and complicity in the neoliberal research industrial complex, and reflect on possible ways out of this politico-intellectual impasse.

This article examines the practice of post-mortem examination in the Royal Navy during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars (1793–1815). The professional medical logbooks kept by ship’s surgeons as part of their mandated practice reveal that they turned to pathological anatomy to diagnose their patients – a technique typically associated with French anatomy during this period. I show that these post-mortem dissections blended medicine and surgery together by correlating clinical signs and symptoms of disease with pathological manifestations of disease in the bodies after death. This article also considers the medical culture that existed on these ships that enabled this research, specifically how captains, officers and crew responded to, and interpreted, such medical enquiry on board. By resituating the naval ship as a site of medical experimentation and enquiry, I explore how naval surgeons participated in medical research within the Royal Navy and used the ship space to engage in pathological anatomy before their British civilian counterparts flocked to French hospitals after the wars.

Automatization is the learning process by which controlled, effortful second language (L2) processing becomes automatic, fast, and effortless through practice – a critical transition for L2 development. Achieving automaticity allows learners to progress from laborious language use to fluent, real-time communication by freeing limited cognitive resources. This research timeline synthesizes four decades of laboratory and classroom research on automatization, bridging cognitive learning theories with pedagogical practice. We trace five key research strands: (1) cognitive mechanisms, including the explicit-implicit knowledge interface; (2) skill development trajectories across phonological, lexical, morphosyntax, and pragmatics domains; (3) instructional approaches promoting automatization of knowledge and skills through deliberate and systematic practice; (4) methodological advances in measuring automaticity (e.g., reaction time, coefficient of variation, neural measures); and (5) individual differences in long-term memory systems (declarative and procedural memory). This timeline offers a comprehensive perspective on how automatization research has significantly advanced our understanding of L2 learning.

Ostrinia furnacalis Guenée (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) is a key lepidopteran pest affecting maize production across Asia. While its general biology has been well studied, the phenomenon of pupal ring formation remains poorly understood. This study examined the factors influencing pupal ring formation under controlled laboratory conditions. Results showed that pupal rings were formed exclusively when larvae were reared on an artificial diet, with no ring formation observed on corn-stalks. Females exhibited a significantly higher tendency to participate in ring formation than males. Additionally, male participation increased proportionally with the number of rings formed, a pattern not observed in females. The size of the rearing arena significantly influenced ring formation, with smaller arenas (6 cm diameter) promoting more frequent pairing, particularly among females. Temperature also played a significant role: lower participation rates were recorded at 22 °C compared to 25 °C and 28 °C, although the number of rings formed did not differ significantly across temperatures. Developmental stage and sex composition further influenced pairing behaviour; pupal rings formed only among individuals of similar maturity, and male participation was significantly reduced in all-male groups compared to mixed-sex groups. These findings suggest that pupal ring formation in O. furnacalis is modulated by dietary substrate, larval sex, environmental conditions, and developmental synchrony, offering new insights into the behavioural ecology of this pest.

From global tourism and free movement to refugees and climate-related displacement, human mobility is both a driver and an effect of what we think of as globalisation. Yet, the role of international law in constituting human mobility remains critically undervalued. In this contribution, we call for a radical rethinking of the role of international law in shaping our globe through the tenets of the mobilities paradigm in the social sciences. More specifically, we argue for the adoption of a mobile ontology of international law, which pits the constant flow of persons, goods and capital against dominant globalisation narratives predicting the end of place to take a focus on re-territorialisations of power. Taking human mobility as our starting point, we first show how mobility has been central to the foundation of key building blocks of international law. Second, we turn to the example of the global tourism regime to explore how law recursively disperses mobility around the world. Third and finally, we argue that the relationship between international law and human mobility is co-constitutive, as constant shifts in mobilities create unexpected effects, which in turn prompt further evolutions in law. We conclude by reflecting on the space for empirical and critical investigation that may open up by re-imaging (international) law as quintessentially mobile.

We consider stationary configurations of points in Euclidean space that are marked by positive random variables called scores. The scores are allowed to depend on the relative positions of other points and outside sources of randomness. Such models have been thoroughly studied in stochastic geometry, e.g. in the context of random tessellations or random geometric graphs. It turns out that in a neighborhood of a point with an extreme score it is possible to rescale positions and scores of nearby points to obtain a limiting point process, which we call the tail configuration. Under some assumptions on dependence between scores, this local limit determines the global asymptotics for extreme scores within increasing windows in $\mathbb{R}^d$. The main result establishes the convergence of rescaled positions and clusters of high scores to a Poisson cluster process, quantifying the idea of the Poisson clumping heuristic by Aldous (1989, in the point process setting). In contrast to the existing results, our framework allows for explicit calculation of essentially all extremal quantities related to the limiting behavior of extremes. We apply our results to models based on (marked) Poisson processes where the scores depend on the distance to the kth nearest neighbor and where scores are allowed to propagate through a random network of points depending on their locations.