A procedure based on loss of weight after selective dissolution analysis (SDA) and washing with (NH4)2CO3 was developed for estimating the noncrystalline material content of soils derived from widely different parent materials. After extracting with 0.2 N ammonium-oxalate or boiling 0.5 N NaOH solutions, samples were washed with 1 N (NH4)2CO3 to remove excess dissolution agents and to prevent sample dispersion. The amount of noncrystalline material removed from the sample by the extracting solution was estimated by weighing the leached products dried to constant weight at 110°C. The results match closely with those obtained by chemical analyses of the dissolution product and assignment of the appropriate water. The proposed weight-loss method is less time-consuming than the chemical method, and no assumptions need be made concerning sample homogeneity or water content of the noncrystalline material.

Extractions of whole soil and dispersed clay fractions indicated that noncrystalline material determinations on the clay fractions underestimated the noncrystalline material content for whole soils from 0 to 34%. Acid ammonium oxalate was found to be a much more selective extractant for noncrystalline materials than NaOH.

The binding of tris-bipyridyl metal complexes of the type M(bp)32+ (M = Fe2+, Cu2+, Ru2+) to hectorite surfaces is shown to occur by two mechanisms. (1) replacement of Na+ ions in the native mineral by cation exchange up to its cation exchange capacity and (2) intersalation of excess salt beyond the exchange capacity. In the cation exchange mechanism, the binding of metal complex is strongly favored over Na+. The intersalation reactions are dependent on the nature of the counter-anion: SO42-, Br- > CIO4−, Cl−. The homoionic M(bp)32+-hectorites, which exhibit rational 18 Å X-ray reflections, have been characterized with regard to their BET surface areas, water adsorption isotherms, types of water present, selected reactions in the intercalated state, and orientation of the complex ions in the interlayer regions. Mixed Fe(bp)32+, Na+-hectorites have also been examined and the results suggest segregation of the two ions between interlayers or within interlayers. Solid state intersalated phases have been isolated with 18 Å and 29.5 Å spacings. In general, surface areas of the intersalated phases are low, but the 18 Å phase derived from [Fe(bp)3]SO4 adsorption shows a high surface area, which even exceeds the surface area of homoionic Fe(bp)32+-hectorite.

The United States and United Kingdom have carried out a series of strikes upon Yemeni territory since January 2024. The acting States have justified these on the basis of the right of self-defence in response to the series of attacks that have been perpetrated by the Houthi group in Yemen against various commercial and military vessels in the Red Sea. On the face of it this was a relatively straightforward justification. Yet, when subjected to analysis it becomes evident that not only is the justification itself not clear, but that the law governing the actions—the jus ad bellum—is not sufficiently settled to provide clear parameters by which to assess the legality of the strikes. Furthermore, the strikes themselves, and the purposes for which they were undertaken, may have set a precedent with unforeseeable consequences.

Gas-solid chromatographic measurements of interaction energies were made for the systems ethanol and acetone with K-, Na-, Ba-, and Ca-montmorillonites. The results revealed an increased interaction energy in the order

K-mont. < Na-mont. < Ba-mont. < Ca-mont.

Interaction energies ranged from about 14 kcal/mole for K-montmorillonite to about 30 kcal/mole for Ca-montmorillonite. A very good agreement was observed between experimental heats of adsorption values and theoretical values for the electrostatic attractive energy between the respective cations and polar molecules.

These results confirm our earlier suggestions that complex formation takes place through cation-dipole interactions and that the polar molecules solvate the exchange cations in a manner similar to the hydration of cations in aqueous solutions.

The celebrated Steiner-Lehmus theorem states that if the internal bisectors of two angles of a triangle are equal then the corresponding sides have equal lengths. That is to say if P is the incentre of ΔABC and if BP and CP meet the sides AC and AB at B′ and C′, respectively, then

An elegant proof of this theorem appeared in [1] and is reproduced in [2].

Di-ethyl 2-hexylphosphoric acid (di-2 EHPA) was chemisorbed on kaolinite and smectite in decane solution. The resultant isotherms were of the Langmuir type and made possible the determination of limiting adsorption values of 12 mg/g and 23.8 mg/g on H+-kaolinite and H+-montmorillonite, respectively. The acidic phosphoric group of the di-2 EHPA molecule reacted in the anionic form (RO)2PO2− with the surface cations of the clay structures. Theoretical calculations, based on structural considerations, are in agreement with the experimental data and show that adsorption took place at the rate of one alkylphosphate anion per surface cation if the phyllosilicate was dioctahedral (e.g., montmorillonite and kaolinite). If the phyllosilicate was trioctahedral (e.g., hectorite), adsorption took place at the rate of two di-2 EHPA molecules for three surface cations. Spectroscopic investigations performed with visible, ultraviolet, and infrared radiation confirmed the formation of salts or surface complexes.

Mafic chlorite from Benton, Arkansas was comminuted by rotary blending of a suspension, and the — 2 μm fraction separated by sedimentation in H2O. Droplets of suspension of the < 2 μm fraction were dried on a layer of Epoxy resin and then additional Epoxy was added and heat-cured at 48°C to form a resin sandwich. Cross-sections of 600–900 Å thickness were cut on a Reichert automated ultramicrotome. The sections were collected on standard electron microscope specimen screens, reinforced by vacuum evaporated C and examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The Phillips EM 200 electron microscope was equipped with a “microgun” source to minimize heating of the specimen and to improve contrast and high resolution (HREM). Images of the (001) chlorite crystallographic planes spaced at 13·9Å intervals were visible on many of the particle sections. Imaging of the planes depended upon their being nearly parallel to the electron beam (within 0° 10’) and therefore, many particles which had other orientations did not show the 13·9Å image. Micrographs made before appreciable irradiation by the electron beam revealed images of fringes corresponding to the 7·22Å (002) spacing of chlorite. Loss of the 7·22 Å fringes and reinforcement of those at 13·9 A resulted from heating of the chlorite in the electron beam. This behavior is analogous to the well-known crystallographic effects of heating chlorite at 550–760°C.

A technique suitable for computer application has been developed whereby whole rock major element analyses are corrected for X-ray detectable nonclay minerals and used to set up simultaneous equations which are solved to give clay mineral abundances. A theoretical evaluation of the approach by graphical methods enables the intrinsic errors to be very clearly assessed. Errors are minimized when SiO2, A12O3, and K2O are used as variables but only slightly increased if total Fe2O3 + MgO is substituted for SiO2. Quartz and CO2 content are the only data normally required which cannot be determined by X-ray fluorescence.

Results compare favorably with estimates obtained by XRD and other methods, being more accurate than XRD and equally precise provided the rock does not contain clay minerals other than the kaolin group, the mica group, and chlorite. Errors are large when the clay mineral phases comprise more than 35% chlorite and as yet undetermined when smectite exceeds 10%.

The method is ideally suited to the analysis of large numbers of mudstones of fairly similar mineralogy especially where XRF equipment with direct output to a computer is available.

Discussions and recommendations of The Clay Mineral Society, Nomenclature Committee, 1965-6, are summarized.

The sorption of anisole and some related aromatic ethers on the interlamellar surfaces of Cu(II) hectorite has been investigated by i.r. and e.s.r. spectroscopy. In addition to physical adsorption, anisole forms two distinct types of Cu(II) complexes which are analogous to the type I and II species previously reported for benzene-Cu(II) smectite systems. These complexes can be transformed to type I and II complexes of 4,4’-dimethoxybiphenyl. Possible mechanisms are proposed for the oxidation process. Butyl phenyl ether formed a type II complex with Cu(II)-hectorite, but no dimerization reaction was noted in this system. Phenyl ether and benzyl methyl ether form a type I π complex with Cu(II)-hectorite. No type II analog was noted. E.S.R. spectra of each of the type II ether-Cu(II)-hectorite systems showed a single, narrow band with g near the value expected for a “free spinning” electron. The type I phenyl ether and benzyl methyl ether complexes also exhibited this e.s.r. band. Ag(I) hectorite adsorbs anisole by forming exclusively a type I complex. Na(I) and Co(II) hectorite adsorb anisole by physical means only, indicating association with the silicate surface.

Clayey fragments colored deep bluish-green are widely found in glassy rhyolitic tuffs at Oya, Tochigi Prefecture. In room-air the color changes to black or gray within one hour and finally to brown in a few weeks. The fragments are composed of an intimate mixture of two kinds of smectite: a ferrous iron-rich smectite (IR) with b0 = 9·300 Å; and an iron-poor smectite(IP) with b0 = 9·030 Å. Microscopic examination shows a vesicular texture and that IR occurs at the core and IP at the marginal parts of each vesicle. Analysis by EPMA gave the following structural formulas: IR, (Na0·60K0·04Ca0·44) (Mg2·04Fe3·982+Al0·02) (Si6·36Al1·64)O20(OH)4; IP, (Na0·52K0·08Ca0·26) (Mg0·90Fe0·952+Al2·54) (Si7·66Al0·34)O20(OH)4. IR has a much larger amount of iron in trioctahedral sites than that found in any earlier data. Acid-dissolution data, infrared absorption spectra, Eh-values, and DTA and TG curves are also given. Ferrous iron in the structure is easily oxidized in room air with loss of protons from the clay hydroxyls and with contraction of the lattice. We call the IR before and after oxidation the ferrous and ferric forms, respectively, of iron-rich saponite. They strongly suggest the existence of the iron-analogue of saponite. On exposed weathered surfaces in the field, brown fragments tend to be differentiated into two parts: one light yellow montmorillonite-beidellite; the other a brown incrustation due to hisingerite.