This article maps out a network of cinematic collaboration established between Yugoslavia and the non-aligned countries in Africa, primarily via the institution of the Yugoslav Newsreels (Filmske novosti). Yugoslav newsreel activities developed to accompany the performative diplomacy of President Tito’s “Voyages of Peace,” playing a role both in cementing his image internationally and his political status at home. By the late 1950s, cinema would become one of the central instruments of Yugoslav information activities abroad, capitalizing on an expanding diplomatic network. In this context, Filmske novosti became the bearers of Yugoslav technical aid in the domain of cinema. Building on a trope of shared revolutionary struggles, they boosted Yugoslavia’s international reputation through the filming of the Algerian Liberation Movement. The unique nature of the cinematic aid provided by Filmske novosti to liberation movements such as the ALN and FRELIMO was continued, with assistance in setting up of national film centers in countries such as Mali and Tanzania. Throughout, Yugoslavia maintained a praxis of non-conditional and non-credited transnational ciné-kinship, which is one of the reasons this remains an unknown chapter in the history of Third Cinema and militant ciné-geographies.

Nous appuyant sur un corpus de 2731 occurrences constitué au sein de Frantext à partir de 1250 textes (soit 78 063 933 mots), nous proposons un panorama de diverses structures interrogatives directes partielles fondées sur où dans les dialogues de romans français entre 1900 et 1997. Nous relions ces structures à des facteurs tels que la date de l’œuvre, le sexe, l’âge, l’appartenance sociale et l’origine géographique du personnage auquel est attribué le discours direct, etc., en envisageant également la situation de communication fictionnelle. L’article entend, à partir d’études existantes sur l’oral réel, apprécier l’écart – et son évolution – entre celui-ci et l’oral mis en scène à l’écrit, avec un éclairage quantitatif inédit. Malgré l’absence d’études sur l’oral réel dans la première moitié du XXe siècle, il peut être souligné en fin de siècle un réalisme accru, les normes objectives de l’oral mis en scène allant dans le sens (généralement avec décalage) de celles de l’oral réel. Peut alors aussi être mise en évidence une plus grande prise en compte de la dimension diaphasique au détriment de la dimension diastratique.

The Ming Empire entertained relations with countries all across Asia and beyond. To deal with these many different polities, Ming China relied on a range of foreign policy instruments, among them the granting of special trading rights, the dissemination of cultural objects, and the use of military threats. This article puts the spotlight on the diversity of these foreign policy means. Building on the literature, it takes as its purview all relations that the Ming Empire entertained with foreign polities, exploring the many means that the Ming employed to further their interests. It does so by classifying the instruments into four categories—economic, diplomatic, cultural, and military—showing that the Ming made full use of instruments belonging to each of them.