There is a clinical need to appropriately apply large language model (LLM)-based systems for use in infectious diseases. We sought to use LLM and machine learning for extracting antibiotic susceptibility from clinical microbiology free-text reports, allowing use for outbreak detection, increasing information gathering efficiency, and public health reporting.

The secrecy of intelligence institutions might give the impression that intelligence is an ethics-free zone, but this is not the case. In The Ethics of National Security Intelligence Institutions, Adam Henschke, Seumas Miller, Andrew Alexandra, Patrick Walsh, and Roger Bradbury examine the ways that liberal democracies have come to rely on intelligence institutions for effective decision-making and look at the best ways to limit these institutions’ power and constrain the abuses they have the potential to cause. In contrast, the value of Amy Zegart’s and Miah Hammond-Errey’s research, in their respective books, Spies, Lies, and Algorithms: The History and Future of American Intelligence and Big Data, Emerging Technologies and Intelligence: National Security Disrupted, is the access each of them provides to the thoughts and opinions of the intelligence practitioners working in these secretive institutions. What emerges is a consensus that the fundamental moral purpose of intelligence institutions should be truth telling. In other words, intelligence should be a rigorous epistemic activity that seeks to improve decision-makers’ understanding of a rapidly changing world. Moreover, a key ethical challenge for intelligence practitioners in liberal democracies is how to do their jobs effectively in a way that does not undermine public trust. Measures recommended include better oversight and accountability mechanisms, adoption of a ‘risk of transparency’ principle, and greater understanding of and respect for privacy rights.

Background: Cerebral palsy (CP) is a neuromotor disorder whereby gait abnormalities are predominant. Motion analysis is instrumental in management. While 3D kinematic labs exist, they are costly to operate, and the expertise required to interpret limits their availability to only a handful of facilities. In response, we have developed an Automated Intelligence (AI) driven pipeline to automate gait evaluation using 2-dimensional video. We assess the performance of this tool in comparison to traditional evaluation using visual assessment by trained human expert. Methods: A dataset of 109 patients with CP (6–37 years) (GMFCS I – II) was processed using our tool. The Edinburgh Visual Gait Score (EVGS) was derived using videos capturing sagittal and coronal views. Algorithm performance was determined by comparing automated EVGS scores against clinical expert scoring. Results: The AI pipeline successfully analysed 105/109 patient videos. For most EVGS parameters (14/17), the algorithm demonstrated moderate to high accuracy (70-94%), while 3 parameters (hindfoot valgus/varus, maximum lateral trunk shift, pelvic rotation at midstance) demonstrated lower accuracy (58-62%). Conclusions: This study validates the feasibility of an AI-augmented pipeline for automating EVGS-based gait assessments. With ongoing development, this technology has potential to improve accessibility to gait analysis and allows deployment outside of traditional settlings.

We present results of three-dimensional direct numerical simulations of turbulent Rayleigh–Bénard convection of dilute polymeric solutions for Rayleigh number ($Ra$) ranging from $10^6$ to $ 10^{10}$, and Prandtl number $Pr=4.3$. The viscoelastic flow is simulated by solving the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations under the Boussinesq approximation coupled with the finitely extensible nonlinear elastic Peterlin constitutive model. The Weissenberg number ($Wi$) is either $Wi=5$ or $Wi=10$, with the maximum chain extensibility parameter $L=50$, corresponding to moderate fluid elasticity. Our results demonstrate that both heat transport and momentum transport are reduced by the presence of polymer additives in the studied parameter range. Remarkably, the specific parameters used in the current numerical study give similar heat transfer reduction values as observed in experiments. We demonstrate that polymers have different effects in different regions of the flow. The presence of polymers stabilises the boundary layer, which is found to be the primary cause of the overall heat transfer reduction. In the bulk region, the presence of polymers slows down the flow by increasing the effective viscosity, enhances the coherency of thermal plumes, and suppresses the small-scale turbulent fluctuations. For small $Ra$, the heat transfer reduction in the bulk region is associated with plume velocity reduction, while for larger $Ra$, it is caused by the competing effects of suppressed turbulent fluctuations and enhanced plume coherency.

In this study, we investigate the sedimentation of spheroidal particles in an initially quiescent fluid by means of particle-resolved direct numerical simulations. Settling particles with three different shapes – oblate spheroid, sphere and prolate spheroid – but fixed Galileo number $Ga=80$ and density ratio $\gamma =2$ at volume fraction $\phi =1\%$ are considered. Oblate and prolate particles are found to form column-like clusters as a consequence of the wake-induced hydrodynamic interactions in the suspension. This effect, together with the change of particle orientation, enhances the mean settling velocity of the dispersed phase. In contrast, spherical particles do not exhibit clustering, and settle with hindered velocity in the suspension. Furthermore, we focus on the pseudo-turbulence induced by the settling particles. We report a non-Gaussian distribution of the fluid velocity and a robust $-3$ power law of the energy spectra. By scrutinizing the scale-by-scale budget, we find that the anisotropy of the particle-induced pseudo-turbulence is manifested not only by the uneven allocation of turbulence kinetic energy among the different velocity components, but also by the anisotropic distribution of energy in spectral space. The fluid–particle interactions inject energy into the vertical velocity component, thus sustaining the turbulence, while pressure redistributes the kinetic energy among the different velocity components. The clustering of oblate/prolate particles significantly increases the energy input at large scales, forcing elongated flow structures. Moreover, the redistribution and nonlinear transfer of the energy are also intensified in the presence of particle clustering, which reduces the anisotropy of the particle-induced pseudo-turbulence.

Motivated by problems of coordination failure in organizations, we examine how overcoming coordination failure and maintaining coordination depend on the ability of individuals to observe others’ choices. Subjects’ payoffs depend on coordinating at high effort levels in a weak-link game. Treatments vary along two dimensions. First, subjects either start with low financial incentives for coordination, which typically leads to coordination failure, and then are switched to higher incentives or start with high incentives, which usually yield effective coordination, and are switched to low incentives. Second, as the key treatment variable, subjects either observe the effort levels chosen by all individuals in their experimental group (full feedback) or observe only the minimum effort (limited feedback). We find three primary results: (1) When starting from coordination failure the use of full feedback improves subjects’ ability to overcome coordination failure, (2) When starting with good coordination the use of full feedback has no effect on subjects’ ability to avoid slipping into coordination failure, and (3) History-dependence, defined as dependence of current effort levels on past incentives, is strengthened by the use of full feedback.

The highly popular belief that rent-control leads to an increase in the amount of affordable housing is in contradiction with ample empirical evidence and congruent theoretical explanations. It can therefore be qualified as a misconception. We present the results of a preregistered on-line experiment in which we study how to dispel this misconception using a refutational approach in two different formats, a video and a text. We find that the refutational video has a significantly higher positive impact on revising the misconception than a refutational text. This effect is driven by individuals who initially agreed with it and depart from it after the treatment. The refutational text, in turn, does not have a significant impact relative to a non-refutational text. Higher cognitive reflective ability is positively associated with revising beliefs in all interventions. Our research shows that visual communication effectively reduces the gap between scientific economic knowledge and the views of citizens.

In this paper, we present a first survey of the literature regarding whether the strategy method, in which a responder makes conditional decisions for each possible information set, leads to different experimental results than does the more standard direct-response method, in which the responder learns the action of the first mover and then chooses a response. Of the twenty-nine existing comparisons, sixteen find no difference, while four do find differences, and nine comparisons find mixed evidence. We also find some indications about the underlying determinants of when the two methods lead to different responses. For example, it appears that levels of punishment are substantially lower with the strategy method. In addition, it also appears that difference across these elicitation methods are more likely when people make fewer contingent choices. Finally, in no case do we find that a treatment effect found with the strategy method is not observed with the direct-response method.

A reciprocal action is an action meant to have a similar influence on another's payoff as another's action has on one's own. One hypothesis asserts that reciprocal action is triggered by the reciprocator's belief that another's action was good or ill intended. The other hypothesis says that the reciprocator is simply acting to implement fixed preferences over payoff allocations. We report on an experiment that allows us to study both positive (reward) and negative (punishment) reciprocal action in a single framework. Knowing the preferences for payoff allocations is sufficient to account for nearly all the reciprocal action we observe in our experiment.

In experiments with two-person sequential games we analyze whether responses to favorable and unfavorable actions depend on the elicitation procedure. In our “hot” treatment the second player responds to the first player's observed action while in our “cold” treatment we follow the “strategy method” and have the second player decide on a contingent action for each and every possible first player move, without first observing this move. Our analysis centers on the degree to which subjects deviate from the maximization of their pecuniary rewards, as a response to others’ actions. Our results show no difference in behavior between the two treatments. We also find evidence of the stability of subjects’ preferences with respect to their behavior over time and to the consistency of their choices as first and second mover.

Competition involves two main dimensions, a rivalry for resources and the ranking of relative performance. If socially recognized, the latter yields a ranking in terms of social status. The rivalry for resources resulting from competitive incentives has been found to negatively affect women’s performance relative to that of men. However, little is known about gender differences in the performance consequences of social-status ranking. In our experiments we introduce a novel design that allows us to isolate the effects of status ranking from those caused by a rivalry for resources. Subjects do a time-limited task where they need to search for numbers and add them up. Performance is straightforwardly measured by the number of correct summations. When there is no status ranking we find no gender differences in the number of attempted summations or in performance. By contrast, when there is status ranking men significantly increase the number of attempted summations as well as the number of correct summations. Remarkably, when women are subjected to status ranking, they significantly decrease the number of attempted summations. The net result is striking. With status ranking men attempt more summations and correctly solve many more than women. These differences are markedly large and statistically highly significant. Our results suggest that increased participation in competitive environments could harm women’s labor market success along a hidden channel.

The transport of particles in elastoviscoplastic (EVP) fluids is of significant interest across various industrial and scientific domains. However, the physical mechanisms underlying the various particle distribution patterns observed in experimental studies remain inadequately understood in the current literature. To bridge this gap, we perform interface-resolved direct numerical simulations to study the collective dynamics of spherical particles suspended in a pressure-driven EVP duct flow. In particular, we investigate the effects of solid volume fraction, yield stress, inertia, elasticity, shear-thinning viscosity, and secondary flows on particle migration and formation of plug regions in the suspending fluid. Various cross-streamline migration patterns are observed depending on the rheological parameters of the carrier fluid. In EVP fluids with constant plastic viscosity, particles aggregate into a large cluster at the duct centre. Conversely, EVP fluids with shear-thinning plastic viscosity induce particle migration towards the duct walls, leading to formation of particle trains at the corners. Notably, we observe significant secondary flows ($O(10^{-2})$ compared to the mean velocity) in shear-thinning EVP suspensions, arising from the interplay of elasticity, shear-thinning viscosity and particle presence, which further enhances corner-ward particle migration. We elucidate the physical mechanism by which yield stress augments the first normal stress difference, thereby significantly amplifying elastic effects. Furthermore, through a comprehensive analysis of various EVP suspensions, we identify critical thresholds for elasticity and yield stress necessary to achieve particle focusing at the duct corners.

We conduct a laboratory experiment to study how, after a history of decay, cooperation in a repeated voluntary contribution game can be revived in an enduring way. Simply starting the repeated game over—a simple fresh start—leads to an initial increase of cooperation, but to a subsequent new decay. Motivated by cooperation decay in organizations we study the potential of three interventions of triggering higher and sustained cooperation, which take place at the same time as a restart. Surprisingly, we find that the detailed explanation of the causes of the decay in cooperation of Fischbacher and Gächter (Am Econ Rev 100:541–556, 2010) combined with an advice on how to prevent decay do not have an effect beyond that of just starting over. In contrast, a one-way free form communication message sent by the leader to the followers strongly revives cooperation. We find evidence that repeated free form communication by the leader further strengthens the reviving effect on cooperation. Combining the two previous interventions does not outperform the pure effect of communication. Our content analysis reveals that leader communication is more people oriented than the expert advice.

We conduct a laboratory experiment to investigate how different deliberative structures of varying inclusiveness affect collective decisions in the presence of economic conflict. An electorate consists of two groups, one informed and one uninformed about an uncertain state of the economy. This state affects payoffs differently for the two groups. We study three deliberative structures that vary in how the uninformed are included in pre-vote communication. Compared with a setting without any communication, we find that communication in all three deliberation treatments leads to more frequent votes for the efficient policies. The most inclusive deliberative structure motivates more truthfulness, more trust, more cooperativeness (i.e. refraining from protest votes), and more votes for the efficient policies, than the least inclusive structure. However, comparison among the deliberation treatments reveals that the most inclusive deliberative structure is not the one that generates the highest degree of truthfulness. The dynamics of communication lead to a general deterioration of truth-telling and cooperativeness, reinforced by the use of disrespectful and uncooperative language.

We study how the heterogeneity of agents affects the extent to which changes in financial incentives can pull a group out of a situation of coordination failure. We focus on the connections between cost asymmetries and leadership. Experimental subjects interact in groups of four in a series of weak-link games. The treatment variable is the distribution of high and low effort cost across subjects. We present data for one, two and three low-cost subjects as well as control sessions with symmetric costs. The overall pattern of coordination improvement is common across treatments. Early coordination improvements depend on the distribution of high and low effort costs across subjects, but these differences disappear with time. We find that initial leadership in overcoming coordination failure is not driven by low-cost subjects but by subjects with the most common cost type. This conformity effect may be due to a kind of group identity or to the cognitive simplicity of acting with identical others.