To develop and evaluate the validity and reliability of the Street Food and Beverage Tool (SFBT).

This methodological study contains two phases: (a) tool development, which involves conducting a systematic review followed by expert evaluation of the items, the creation of a nutritional healthfulness index (NH), and pilot testing; and (b) evaluation of the Tool’s Validity and Reliability. Content validity was judged by an external technical group, which evaluated the adequacy and pertinence of each tool item. Construct validity was evaluated around schools by testing the hypothesis: In high-income areas, there will be greater availability of healthy food and beverages at street food outlets (SFO), as measured by the NH index. Inter-rater and test–retest reliabilities were assessed outside subway stations. Pearson’s correlation, Cohen’s kappa and Content validity Indexes were used for reliability and validation. A multinomial regression model was used to estimate construct validity.

Mexico City, Mexico.

80 SFO at subway station exits and 1066 around schools from diverse income areas.

The SFBT content validity index was satisfactory. The construct validity of the NH index indicated higher values in higher-Social Development Index areas. The NH index showed a positive linear correlation between raters and across the first and second evaluations. The majority of item availability (>60 %) showed moderate to strong kappa values for inter-rater and test–retest reliability.

The SFBT is a reliable and valid tool for assessing the availability of foods and beverages. Compared to other tools, it can measure the nutritional quality of SFO expressed as an NH index.

Delirium is common in hospital settings, with approximately 3% to 45% of older patients in hospitals developing delirium during their stay. Among the elderly and those with severe or advanced medical conditions, the reported percentage of patients with delirium is over 56%. The three motor subtypes of delirium are hyperactive, hypoactive, and mixed. Another way to characterize delirium is based on whether it is reversible, irreversible, or terminal.

Identifying appropriate pharmacological treatment options among antipsychotics and their correlation with various precipitating and predisposing factors in the in-hospital context

This was a retrospective, cross-sectional, observational study that utilized a database created by the psychiatry department at the National Medical Center 20 de Noviembre, with data collected from April 2021 to April 2022. The database contains anonymized administrative and clinical data of patients who were seen in the psychiatry department for the diagnosis of any type of delirium, using the CAM scale for classification. The database includes records and data of hospitalized patients, encompassing all specialties at this medical center

A total of 139 patients were included in the study, of which 39% were female and 61% were male, with a mean age of 67 and a median age of 68 years. It was observed that the average duration of delirium symptoms, from receiving the consultation to remission, was approximately 6 days (p <0.005) (OR 5.12-6.62), and the average length of hospital stay was approximately 20 days (OR 17.3-22.09). Among the patients, 50.39% were overweight, 63% had hypertension (HTA), 29% had chronic kidney injury, 24% had a history of delirium, and 73% had recent surgical interventions. Patients with diabetes mellitus had a 3.1 times higher risk, those with HTA had a 2.8 times higher risk, and those with kidney injury had a 3.8 times higher risk of having a positive CAM result. It was observed that haloperidol, used in 84% of the patients, showed the highest percentage reduction in CAM scores

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The results of this study emphasize the importance of identifying risk factors associated with delirium and implementing effective treatment for this condition. It was observed that the average duration of delirium symptoms was approximately 6 days, which is relevant for understanding the course and management of this illness. Furthermore, it was found that the average hospital stay was 20 days, underscoring the burden that delirium can place on healthcare systems.

In conclusion, this study highlights the importance of identifying risk factors and providing appropriate treatment, such as the use of haloperidol, to improve outcomes in patients with delirium.

None Declared

Cortisol, the hormonal endpoint of Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal (HPA) axis, coordinates the body response in front of daily stressful situations. Disturbances in cortisol circadian rhythm have been implicated in the pathophysiology of depression and neurodevelopment lasting consequences. Although pregnancy entails a progressively increase in cortisol levels, the consequences of subclinical depression traits during pregnancy in cortisol circadian rhythm remains unclear.

To analyze the impact of prenatal subclinical depressive symptomatology in cortisol circadian rhythm through pregnancy and its relevance for postpartum depression risk.

A cohort of 112 healthy pregnant women (Mean age±SD=32.32±4.37) of the general population was followed throughout their first pregnancy and first two months of postpartum period. Diurnal salivary cortisol curve (four measures) was obtained for every trimester; the Area Under the Curve with respect to the ground (AUCg) and with respect to the increase (AUCi) were used as measures of basal HPA axis functioning. Depressive symptomatology was assessed every pregnancy trimester and postpartum period following EPDS criteria. All the analyses were adjusted for maternal age, weight, ethnicity and socioeconomic status and sample collection’s time.

Prenatal subclinical depressive symptomatology (EPDS>10) was associated with a blunted cortisol rhythm during first trimester (F= 3.913,p=.011) but not during second (F=2.629, p=056) or third trimesters (F=.411,p=.724). Furthermore, a logistic regression model showed a positive association between Prenatal subclinical depressive symptomatology and the risk of postpartum depression (χ2=13.8, p<.001,OR=9.6; 95%CI 2.5–35.5).

Women with subclinical depressive symptomatology in early pregnancy had alterations in cortisol circadian rhythmicity and a higher risk of postpartum depression.

No significant relationships.

The psychological autopsy aims to reach an understanding on the psychological aspects of a specific death.

Interview of relatives and friends require sensitivity to their emotional condition. Since Edwin Shneidman started to use this method, one of the most important questions is when to arrange the interview.

To evaluate family and friends satisfaction with the interview, in order to determinate when is the best moment to settle the psychological interview.

We studied the results of 271 suicides psychological interviews, and analyzed two variables: the satisfaction (measured using rating scale from zero to ten) and the time passed since the suicide.

The overall satisfaction was high (8´75), and the average time that we lasted to carry out the interview was 8´54 months.

When we analyzed the satisfaction through the months, we did not find differences in the values of the rating scale.

Although the best time to contact friends and relatives has been established to be between 2 and 6 months after the suicide event, in our study we did not find any relation between the timing and the satisfaction.

The results of this study show that the fact of when is the best moment to settle the psychological autopsy interview is still unclear.

A better konwlodge about this could improve the satisfaction of relatives and friends with the psychologial autopsy.

According to the literature, consumption of cigarettes has been related to suicidal behavior. Furthermore, evidence suggests that increased consumption of cigarettes is associated with an increased risk of suicide.

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1. - To verify the association between the consumption of cigarettes and completed suicide.

2. - To confirm a higher consumption of cigarettes in completed suicide versus controls.

Completed old suicide and controls were recruited through the Institute of Legal Medicine of the province of Seville, Spain. After the physical autopsy was conducted, family members were asked for a posterior interview following the Psychological Autopsy methodology.

There were 412 subjetcs collected for this study; 270 completed suicide and 142 controls.

Only one third of suicides did never smoke whether almost half of controls did so (27.5% vs. 47.2%; c2=23.73; df:3; p<0.0001). We did not find any difference between the quantity of cigarettes used by those subjects that smoke daily in suicides (53.2%) and controls (44.5%). However this lack of association may be due to the type of controls. Controls were in a substantial percentage cardiac sudden death subject and smoking tobacco has been largely associated with cardiovascular disorders.-Almost 50% of controls had never smoked (compared to 27% of suicides).

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1. - There are fewer subjects that have never started smoking within the suicide subjects compared to controls.

2. - The number of cigarretes in those who smoke daily was not associated to any group. This results may be influenced by the characteristics of our control population.

Suicide is a major public health problem. Although suicide statistics have always been difficult to determine, there is no doubt that deaths caused by this psychiatric challenge are similar to the ones caused by homicide or road traffic injuries. The presence of a personality disorder has often been related to suicide.

In the present work we analyze the presence of personality disorders (PD) in suicide victims and controls, in order to determinate such axis II disorders were more common in the suicide group.

We compared the results of two samples (271 suicides and 142 sudden-death controls), which were studied using a psychological autopsy. Personality disorders were diagnosed using the SCID-II. Data were analyzed using the SPSS software 19.0 version.

Although age differences were found between both groups, they were almost not statistically significant (p=0’049). There were no differences in gender results (p=0’289). The prevalence of PD was statistically significant (p=0’00) among the suicide group. When we studied the suicide group, we found that the existence of previous suicide attempts and PD was statistically significant also.

Although PD were more frequent among suicide victims, we found that PD also had more previous suicide attempts. Therefore, the presence of more PD among suicide victims may be due to the higher rates of suicide attempts

Although religion is one the protective factors classically related to suicidal behavior, as far as we know, no studied based on psychological autopsy has been published. Holy Week in Seville (Spain) may be the most important traditional event of the city. Besides socio-cultural and economic aspects, it is the celebration of the Passion and Death of Christ through the brotherhood processions to the Cathedral, and its religious feeling is present in a large majority of the population.

In the present work we tried to study if, as well as other religious aspects, belonging to a brotherhood and participating actively in it are protective factors for suicide.

We compared the results of two samples (271 suicides and 142 sudden-death controls), which were studied using a psychological autopsy. We developed a questionnaire to study religious thoughts/feelings, specially those related with the Holy Week brotherhoods.

In our sample, religious people committed less suicides than the atheist (80 %-68’1% between the males, 100%-92’4% between the females), being the differences statistically significant for the males (chi square test =0’002). Belonging to a brotherhood was also a protective factor (only 22’5% of the suicide victims belonged, compared with the 37’8% of the controls), and if the participated actively they had even less risk (RR=0’562).

It has been suggested that there is a relationship between BMI and suicide. Thus, BMI of subjects who commit suicide would be lower than the BMI of other unnatural deaths (Flaig 2013).

Explore the possible relationship between BMI and suicide.

A total of 1197 suicides and 473 unnatural deaths (not by suicide) were collected systematically for 60 months at the Institute of Legal Medicine of Seville. Age, sex, weight, height and cause of death were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS v19.0.

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In our study we found that suicide (of all age groups and both sexes) have a lower BMI than controls. However, the relationship between these two variables is complex and not all studies support it. Moreover, the relationships between depression, suicide and overweight point in different directions. More and more studies indicate the existence of a relationship between depression and overweight, suggesting that perhaps the “epidemic” of depression and overweight that we see in Western societies has some connection. In addition, depression is a risk factor for suicide well established. Our results indicate that suicide group tends to have lower BMI (less weight in relation to its size) than the controls.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

To examine timing of eating across ten European countries.

Cross-sectional analysis of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) calibration study using standardized 24 h diet recalls collected during 1995–2000. Eleven predefined food consumption occasions were assessed during the recall interview. We present time of consumption of meals and snacks as well as the later:earlier energy intake ratio, with earlier and later intakes defined as 06.00–14.00 and 15.00–24.00 hours, respectively. Type III tests were used to examine associations of sociodemographic, lifestyle and health variables with timing of energy intake.

Ten Western European countries.

In total, 22 985 women and 13 035 men aged 35–74 years (n 36 020).

A south–north gradient was observed for timing of eating, with later consumption of meals and snacks in Mediterranean countries compared with Central and Northern European countries. However, the energy load was reversed, with the later:earlier energy intake ratio ranging from 0·68 (France) to 1·39 (Norway) among women, and from 0·71 (Greece) to 1·35 (the Netherlands) among men. Among women, country, age, education, marital status, smoking, day of recall and season were all independently associated with timing of energy intake (all P<0·05). Among men, the corresponding variables were country, age, education, smoking, physical activity, BMI and day of recall (all P<0·05).

We found pronounced differences in timing of eating across Europe, with later meal timetables but greater energy load earlier during the day in Mediterranean countries compared with Central and Northern European countries.

To evaluate the effects on anencephaly risk of the interaction between the maternal profile of folate, vitamin B12 and homocysteine and the 677C→T polymorphism in the gene encoding methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR).

Case–control study paired (1:1) on maternity clinic, date of birth and state of residence. Cases of anencephaly were identified using the Registry of the Mexican Neural Tube Defect Epidemiological Surveillance System. Case and control mothers were selected from the same maternity departments. All mothers completed a structured questionnaire and blood samples were obtained to determine the MTHFR 677C→T polymorphism and biochemical profile.

Mexico, Puebla and Guerrero states, Mexico.

A total of 151 mothers of cases and controls were enrolled from March 2000 to February 2001. We had complete information on biochemical profile and MTHFR C677T polymorphism for ninety-eight mothers of cases and ninety-one mothers of controls.

The adjusted models show that the risk of anencephaly in mothers with 677TT genotype was reduced by 18 % (OR = 0·82; 95 % CI 0·72, 0·94) for each 1 ng/ml increment in serum folate. In terms of tertiles, mothers with 677TT genotype with serum folate levels in the upper tertile (>14·1 ng/ml) had a 95 % lower risk to have a child with anencephaly than mothers with serum folate levels in the first and second tertiles (P trend = 0·012).

Our data agree with the hypothesis of a gene–nutrient interaction between MTHFR 677C→T polymorphism and folate status. We observed a protective effect on anencephaly risk only in mothers with 677TT genotype as serum folate levels increased.