The purpose of this conference was to discuss the present state of research on human migration and to suggest the most immediate needs for studies facilitating research and for substantive investigations, all with special reference to Africa. The following participants met for two days in Evanston, Illinois: Lyle W. Shannon, of the Sociology Department of the State University of Iowa, has completed a study of in-migration of Mexican-Americans, southern whites, and Negroes to Racine, Wisconsin, and is concerned with the functions of gatekeepers, prevailing opportunities, and experiences of change in the absorption and integration of migrants into their new community. Leonard Doob of the Psychology Department of Yale University has done work with a scale of opinions and values which has been tested with five African tribes; he is particularly concerned with acculturation and imagery as well as temporal orientation and selective migration. Edward Soja from the Geography Department at Northwestern University has been working on Kenya, mapping intranational patterns of migration, and testing the theory that clashes of cultures generate differentiation. Hans Panofsky, Curator of the African Library at Northwestern University Library, has been concerned with the economic aspects of labor migration in Ghana and bibliographically with the whole of Africa. Louise Holborn, of the Political Science Department of Radcliffe College, has been working with the refugee problem, UN resettlement projects, and international migration. Leo F. Schnore, sociologist from the University of Wisconsin, has been doing research on population redistribution and residential mobility in the United States. Francis Hsu of the Anthropology Department of Northwestern University and Duane Marble of the Geography Department were with the group briefly. Marilyn Tschanner and Roland Eves served as rapporteurs. Chairman was Franklin D. Scott of the History Department of Northwestern, who has worked on migration in general and especially on Scandinavian migration and cultural interchange.

Background: Nipocalimab is a human IgG1 monoclonal antibody targeting FcRn that selectively reduces IgG levels without impacting antigen presentation, T- and B-cell functions. This study describes the effect of nipocalimab on vaccine response. Methods: Open-label, parallel, interventional study randomized participants 1:1 to receive intravenous 30mg/kg nipocalimab at Week0 and 15mg/kg at Week2 and Week4 (active) or no drug (control). On Day 3, participants received Tdap and PPSV®23 vaccinations and were followed through Wk16. Results: Twenty-nine participants completed the study and are included (active, n=15; control, n=14). Participants with a positive anti-tetanus IgG response was comparable between groups at Wk2 and Wk16, but lower at Wk4 (nipocalimab 3/15 [20%] vs control 7/14 [50%]; P=0.089). All maintained anti-tetanus IgG above the protective threshold (0.16IU/mL) through Wk16. While anti-pneumococcal-capsular-polysaccharide (PCP) IgG levels were lower during nipocalimab treatment, the percent increase from baseline at Wk2 and Wk16 was comparable between groups. Post-vaccination, anti-PCP IgG remained above 50mg/L and showed a 2-fold increase from baseline throughout the study in both groups. Nipocalimab co-administration with vaccines was safe and well-tolerated. Conclusions: These findings suggest that nipocalimab does not impact the development of an adequate IgG response to T-cell–dependent/independent vaccines and that nipocalimab-treated patients can follow recommended vaccination schedules.

Recent changes to US research funding are having far-reaching consequences that imperil the integrity of science and the provision of care to vulnerable populations. Resisting these changes, the BJPsych Portfolio reaffirms its commitment to publishing mental science and advancing psychiatric knowledge that improves the mental health of one and all.

The field of Quaternary entomology has focused primarily on the study of beetles (Coleoptera) and, to a lesser degree, nonbiting midges (Diptera: Chironomidae). Beetles typically predominate because they have heavily sclerotised exoskeletons, and they are abundant in a great variety of habitats. Because of taphonomy and scarcity, other Quaternary invertebrates have been less studied. Only a few records of fleas (Siphonaptera) and mites (Acari) are reported from Pleistocene deposits that span the Seward Peninsula in Alaska, United States of America, to the Klondike goldfields in central Yukon Territory, Canada. Grasshoppers (Orthoptera) and thrips (Thysanoptera) have not been reported previously from Quaternary deposits across the Arctic’s Beringia region. However, recent extensive sampling of Arctic ground squirrel, Urocitellus parryii Richardson (Rodentia: Sciuridae), middens from permafrost deposits of the Klondike goldfields has yielded specimens from each of these underrepresented invertebrate groups. Here, we present records of fleas (Oropsylla alaskensis Baker (Ceratophyllidae)), mites (including Fusacarus Michael (Astigmata: Glycyphagidae) and cf. Haemogamasus Berlese (Mesostigmata: Laelapidae)), and the first records of grasshoppers (Acrididae: Gomphocerinae) and thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) from Beringia from six middens spanning approximately 80 000–13 500 years BP. We also provide brief reviews of the fossil history of each major taxon.

Malnutrition is prevalent in older adults and frequently coexists with sarcopenia(1), a condition characterised by low muscle mass and physical performance(2). Malnutrition and sarcopenia are associated with adverse outcomes in older adults including mortality(3), and thus require early detection. The Mini Nutrition Assessment (MNA) is a validated nutrition screening and assessment tool in older adults(4), but its ability to predict poor muscle mass and physical performance is unclear. This study aimed to determine the association between MNA-determined (risk of) malnutrition and muscle mass and physical performance in community-dwelling older adults. This is a cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from the Capacity of Older Individuals after Nut Supplementation (COINS) study, a randomised controlled trial investigating the effect of peanut butter on functional capacity in older adults. Participants were generally healthy and at risk for falls (simplified fall risk screening score ≥ 2). Participants were screened for malnutrition risk (MNA-Screening score range 0–14; at-risk or malnourished if < 11), followed by assessment (MNA-Assessment score range 0–16) to obtain MNA-Total score (range 0–30; at-risk or malnourished if score < 23.5). Skeletal muscle mass index (SMMI) was derived from bio-impedance analysis. Physical performance including muscle strength, gait speed, balance and power, was objectively measured using multiple standard tests. Linear regression analyses were performed and adjusted for age and sex. A total of 120 participants were included (70% females, age 74.8 ± 4.5 years). MNA-Screening, MNA-Assessment and MNA-Total scores were (median [IQR]) 14 [12–14], 14 [13.5–15] and 27.5 [26.0–28.4] respectively. Malnutrition (or risk) was found in 18 (15.0%) and 8 (6.7%) participants according to MNA-Screening and MNA-Total, respectively. A higher MNA-Screening score was associated with higher knee extension strength [β = 1.36 (Standard Error, SE 0.65) kg, p = 0.039]. A higher MNA-Assessment score was associated with higher gait speed [β = 0.04 (0.01) kg/m2, p = 0.007] and shorter timed up-and-go test time [β = −0.19 (0.09) seconds, p = 0.035]. MNA-Total score was not significantly associated with muscle mass or physical performance. Malnutrition status as determined by MNA-Screening score (but not MNA-Total score) was associated with lower muscle mass (SMMI [β = −0.52 (0.26) kg/m2, p = 0.043]), but not strength and physical performance. In summary, the MNA-Screening score was predictive of muscle mass and strength, whereas the MNA-Assessment score predicted physical performance, particularly gait speed, in community-dwelling older adults at risk of falls. Periodic malnutrition screening by MNA may help early detection of poor muscle mass and function in generally healthy older adults.

Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is the most common liver disease globally, affecting 1 in 3 Australian adults and up to 39% in rural communities(1). Behaviour changes targeting diet and physical activity to achieve weight loss are considered the cornerstones of MAFLD management. A Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) rich in wholegrains, vegetables, fruits, fish, olives, raw nuts and seeds is recommended in key global guidelines as the optimal dietary pattern for MAFLD(2). Additionally, research evidence indicates moderate-intensity aerobic exercise is effective in reducing liver fat and improving cardiometabolic health(3). Given the higher rates of MAFLD in rural communities and their limited access to healthcare services, digital health interventions present a valuable opportunity to improve the accessibility, availability and personalisation of healthcare services to address this important unmet need. However, no digital interventions to address health risk behaviours in MAFLD including diet and physical activity, are currently available. This research aimed to use best practice co-design methodology to develop a web-based healthy living intervention for people with MAFLD. An iterative co-design process using the Double Diamond Framework, including four key phases was undertaken over 12 months. Twenty-seven adults (≥ 18 years) were recruited from The Alfred Hospital, Australia. This included people with MAFLD (n = 10; 50% female; mean age: 63.6 years), healthcare professionals (HCPs) (n = 17; 59% female; mean age: 37.1 years) [dietitians (n = 5), exercise professionals (n = 6), and clinicians/hepatologists (n = 6)]. Phase 1–discover. Barriers and facilitators were explored through semi-structured interviews to understand the needs of the target population regarding accessibility, appearance, resources and application of the web-based intervention. Interviews were virtual, conducted one-on-one via ZoomTM, transcribed and inductively analysed using NVivo. Phase 2–define. A reflexive thematic analysis identified five key themes within the data. These included: i) web-based functionality, navigation and formatting, ii) holistic behaviour change including MedDiet and physical activity, iii) digital health accessibility, iv) knowledge and resources, and v) intervention duration and reminders. Phase 3–develop. The knowledge gained from this process lead to the development of the web-based intervention taking into consideration expressed preferences for features that can enhance knowledge about the condition, offer dietary and physical activity support via targeted resources and videos, and increase engagement via chat group and frequent reminders. Phase 4–deliver. The co-design has led to the development of a web-based healthy living intervention that will be further evaluated for feasibility and implementation in a pilot trial. The resulting intervention aims to achieve behavioural change and promote healthier living amongst Australians with MAFLD. This knowledge has the potential to drive strategies to reduce barriers to accessing healthcare remotely, making the web-based intervention a valuable tool for both patients and professionals.

Older adults are at an increased risk for both malnutrition and cognitive decline(1,2). However, the relationship between nutritional status and cognitive decline remains unclear, and was investigated in this study. This is a cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from the Capacity of Older Individuals after Nut Supplementation (COINS) study, a randomised controlled trial investigating the effect of peanut butter on functional capacity in older adults. Older adults aged 65 years and over, who were community-dwelling, generally healthy and at risk for falls (simplified fall risk screening score ≥ 2) were recruited as part of COINS study. Nutritional status was measured using the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) tool (score range 0 to 30). An MNA score of ≥ 24 indicated normal nutrition status, while a MNA score of < 24 was indicative of at-risk for malnutrition. Cognitive performance was measured by the validated Montreal Cognitive Assessment MoCA (range 0 to 30), and Trail Making Tests-A and B (TMT-A, TMT-B) (as time taken to complete tasks) tools. The MoCA test further provided scores on visuospatial/executive function, naming, language, attention, abstraction, delayed recall, and orientation domains. Multivariable linear regression analysis was used to investigate the association between nutritional status and cognitive function, adjusted for age, sex and BMI. A total of 118 older adults with complete data were analysed (83% females, age (mean ± SD) = 74 ± 4 years; BMI = 27.5 ± 4.2 kg/m2), of which 93.2% (n = 110) were considered to have normal nutritional status, and the remaining 6.8% (n = 8) were deemed at risk of malnutrition. In terms of cognitive function status, 40.7% (n = 48) had normal cognitive function (MoCA score ≥ 26), 56.7% (n = 68) had mild cognitive impairment (MoCA score 18–25), and 1.7% (n = 2) had severe cognitive impairment (MoCA score 10–17). After adjusting for age, sex, and BMI, MNA score was positively associated with both overall MoCA scores (β (95% CI): 0.29 (0.04, 0.54), p = 0.024) and the visuospatial/executive function (β (95% CI): 0.16 (0.05, 0.28), p = 0.006), but not with other cognitive domains or TMT performance. In summary, our findings suggest that nutritional status assessed via MNA may be predictive of global cognitive function. Future studies are needed to determine if MNA could be a surrogate marker or risk factor for cognitive declines.

Reliable population estimates are one of the most elementary needs for the management of wildlife, particularly for introduced ungulates on oceanic islands. We aimed to produce accurate and precise density estimates of Philippine deer (Rusa marianna) and wild pigs (Sus scrofa) on Guam using motion-triggered cameras combined with distance sampling to estimate densities from observations of unmarked animals while accounting for imperfect detection. We used an automated digital data processing pipeline for species recognition and to estimate the distance to detected species. Our density estimates were slightly lower than published estimates, consistent with management to reduce populations. We estimated the number of camera traps needed to obtain a 0.1 coefficient of variation was substantial, requiring > ten-fold increase in camera traps, while estimates with precision of 0.2 or 0.3 were more achievable, requiring doubling to quadrupling the number of camera traps. We provide best practices for establishing and conducting distance sampling with camera trap surveys for density estimation based on lessons learned during this study. Future studies should consider distance sampling with camera traps to efficiently survey and monitor unmarked animals, particularly medium-sized ungulates, in tropical, oceanic island ecosystems.

The Lower Mekong Basin (LMB) denotes the geographical area that drains into the Mekong River and its tributaries within the Lao PDR, Thailand, Cambodia and Viet Nam. Hydropower development of the LMB’s water resources is proceeding at a rapid pace (Friend, Arthur, & Keskinen, 2009). In addition to 124 hydropower projects at various stages of development, up to twelve mainstream dams are planned for the LMB (ICEM, 2010; MRC, 2010). This large- scale hydro-development involves countless trade-offs of interests, creating clear winners and losers. One of the most significant tradeoffs is that between the ‘traditional’ and ‘modern’ sectors.

Objectives/Goals: We describe the prevalence of individuals with household exposure to SARS-CoV-2, who subsequently report symptoms consistent with COVID-19, while having PCR results persistently negative for SARS-CoV-2 (S[+]/P[-]). We assess whether paired serology can assist in identifying the true infection status of such individuals. Methods/Study Population: In a multicenter household transmission study, index patients with SARS-CoV-2 were identified and enrolled together with their household contacts within 1 week of index’s illness onset. For 10 consecutive days, enrolled individuals provided daily symptom diaries and nasal specimens for polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Contacts were categorized into 4 groups based on presence of symptoms (S[+/-]) and PCR positivity (P[+/-]). Acute and convalescent blood specimens from these individuals (30 days apart) were subjected to quantitative serologic analysis for SARS-CoV-2 anti-nucleocapsid, spike, and receptor-binding domain antibodies. The antibody change in S[+]/P[-] individuals was assessed by thresholds derived from receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis of S[+]/P[+] (infected) versusS[-]/P[-] (uninfected). Results/Anticipated Results: Among 1,433 contacts, 67% had ≥1 SARS-CoV-2 PCR[+] result, while 33% remained PCR[-]. Among the latter, 55% (n = 263) reported symptoms for at least 1 day, most commonly congestion (63%), fatigue (63%), headache (62%), cough (59%), and sore throat (50%). A history of both previous infection and vaccination was present in 37% of S[+]/P[-] individuals, 38% of S[-]/P[-], and 21% of S[+]/P[+] (P<0.05). Vaccination alone was present in 37%, 41%, and 52%, respectively. ROC analyses of paired serologic testing of S[+]/P[+] (n = 354) vs. S[-]/P[-] (n = 103) individuals found anti-nucleocapsid data had the highest area under the curve (0.87). Based on the 30-day antibody change, 6.9% of S[+]/P[-] individuals demonstrated an increased convalescent antibody signal, although a similar seroresponse in 7.8% of the S[-]/P[-] group was observed. Discussion/Significance of Impact: Reporting respiratory symptoms was common among household contacts with persistent PCR[-] results. Paired serology analyses found similar seroresponses between S[+]/P[-] and S[-]/P[-] individuals. The symptomatic-but-PCR-negative phenomenon, while frequent, is unlikely attributable to true SARS-CoV-2 infections that go missed by PCR.

One of the earliest discoveries of Permo-Carboniferous terrestrial vertebrates in North America occurred in 1875 along Horseshoe Bend, a cutbank on the Salt Fork of the Vermilion River west of Danville, Vermilion County, east-central Illinois. The discovery was soon eclipsed by the description of similar but much more complete remains from the Lower Permian of Texas in 1878. The deposit itself was obliterated by slumping and erosion in the earliest 1900s and has not been collected since despite repeated efforts. Previously unreported outcrop records and subsurface data indicate that the deposit originated as a paleochannel fill in the Inglefield Sandstone Member of the Patoka Formation, which underlies the Macoupin Limestone Member (early Missourian Stage of the Midcontinent, early Kasimovian Stage of global Carboniferous time scale). In addition to aquatic to terrestrial tetrapods, teeth of lungfishes (Sagenodus Owen, 1867, Conchopoma Cope, 1877a, Gnathorhiza Cope, 1883a) and teeth, occipital spines, and coprolites of a xenacanth shark (Orthacanthus Agassiz, 1838) are known from Horseshoe Bend. The teeth of the marine petalodont shark Janassa Münster, 1839, also are present in the collection but presumed to have been derived from one of the beds on the cutbank that produced brackish to marine invertebrate fossils. Alhough not diverse, the tetrapod assemblage is significant in that it contains the oldest diplocaulid amphibian (Diplocaulus salamandroides Cope, 1877a), fragmentary remains of the oldest diadectid and limnoscelid stem reptiles, and possibly the oldest captorhinid eureptile, all of which have not been adequately described. The ophiacodontid synapsid Clepsydrops Cope, 1875, is the most common fossil at Danville, which could be an artifact of primitive collecting methods that did not promote the recovery of articulated material. An accurate stratigraphic placement of the Horseshoe Bend deposit and a review of other late Carboniferous tetrapod localities reveals that this important Illinois locality combines an overlooked vanguard of terrestrial taxa regarded as Permo-Carboniferous (Kasimovian-Asselian) and amphibious to aquatic forms known from older, Moscovian deposits.