In confined systems, the entrapment of a gas volume with an equivalent spherical diameter greater than the dimension of the channel can form extended bubbles that obstruct fluid circuits and compromise performance. Notably, in sealed vertical tubes, buoyant long bubbles cannot rise if the inner tube radius is below a critical value near the capillary length. This critical threshold for steady ascent is determined by geometric constraints related to the matching of the upper cap shape with the lubricating film surrounding the elongated part of the bubble. Developing strategies to overcome this threshold and release stuck bubbles is essential for applications involving narrow liquid channels. Effective strategies involve modifying the matching conditions with an external force field to facilitate bubble ascent. However, it is unclear how changes in acceleration conditions affect the motion onset of buoyancy-driven long bubbles. This study investigates the mobility of elongated bubbles in sealed tubes with an inner radius near the critical value inhibiting bubble motion in a vertical setting. Two strategies are explored to tune bubble motion, leveraging variations in axial and transversal accelerations: tube rotation around its axis and tube inclination relative to gravity. By revising the geometrical constraints of the simple vertical setting, the study predicts new thresholds based on rotational speed and tilt angle, respectively, providing forecasts for the bubble rising velocity under modified apparent gravity. Experimental measurements of motion threshold and rising velocity compare well with theoretical developments, thus suggesting practical approaches to control and tune bubble motion in confined environments.

Resonant sloshing in circular cylinders was studied by Faltinsen et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 804, 2016, pp. 608–645), whose theory was used to describe steady-state resonant waves due to a time-harmonic container's elliptic orbits. In the limit of longitudinal container motions, a symmetry breaking of the planar wave solution occurs, with clockwise and anti-clockwise swirling equally likely. In addition to this primary harmonic dynamics, previous experiments have unveiled that diverse super-harmonic dynamics are observable far from primary resonances. Among these, the so-called double-crest (DC) dynamics, first observed by Reclari et al. (Phys. Fluids, vol. 26, no. 5, 2014, 052104) for circular sloshing, is particularly relevant, as its manifestation is the most favoured by the spatial structure of the external driving. Following Bongarzone et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 943, 2022, A28), in this work we develop a weakly nonlinear analysis to describe the system response to super-harmonic longitudinal forcing. The resulting system of amplitude equations predicts that a planar wave symmetry breaking via stable swirling may also occur under super-harmonic excitation. This finding is confirmed by our experimental observations, which identify three possible super-harmonic regimes, i.e. (i) stable planar DC waves, (ii) irregular motion and (iii) stable swirling DC waves, whose corresponding stability boundaries in the forcing frequency-amplitude plane quantitatively match the present theoretical estimates.

This article examines Wilhelm Dilthey's project of a critique of historical reason and the reproach of historicism addressed by Heinrich Rickert. Through a comparative analysis of their respective attempts to establish a philosophical grounding for the human sciences, this article demonstrates that Dilthey and Rickert, despite their disagreement, converge toward a productive reinterpretation of the crisis of historicism and pave the way for a reconfiguration of the relationship between philosophy and history. The article focuses on three aspects of the historicist view: the importance of the particular, the historically situated character of the knowing subject, and the primacy of historical consciousness.

Older persons experiencing a longer length of stay (LOS) or delayed discharge (DD) may see a decline in their health and well-being, generating significant costs. This review aimed to identify evidence on the impact of cognitive impairment (CI) on acute care hospital LOS/DD. A scoping review of studies examining the association between CI and LOS/DD was performed. We searched six databases; two reviewers independently screened references until November 2019. A narrative synthesis was used to answer the research question; 58 studies were included of which 33 found a positive association between CI and LOS or DD, 8 studies had mixed results, 3 found an inverse relationship, and 14 showed an indirect link between CI-related syndromes and LOS/DD. Thus, cognitive impairment seemed to be frequently associated with increased LOS/DD. Future research should consider CI together with other risks for LOS/DD and also focus on explaining the association between the two.

Synkinesis is a distressing sequela of peripheral facial palsy (PFP). This study aimed to translate and validate the Synkinesis Assessment Questionnaire (SAQ), a reliable patient-reported outcome evaluation tool for synkinesis, in French. The SAQ was translated following a standard forward–backward translation procedure. After a cognitive debriefing with 10 PFP patients, the SAQ-F was assessed amongst 50 patients for internal consistency, known-group validity, construct validity, criterion validity, and test–retest reliability. Results demonstrated that the SAQ-F was valid, reliable, and had a unidimensional structure. The SAQ-F should be accompanied by clinician-based scales, to provide valuable additional information on the severity of synkinesis.

Prenatal exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) has been associated with the development of metabolic syndrome-related diseases in offspring. According to epidemiological studies, father’s transmission of environmental effects in addition to mother’s can influence offspring health. Moreover, maternal prenatal dietary folic acid (FA) may beneficially impact offspring health. The objective is to investigate whether prenatal FA supplementation can overcome the deleterious effects of prenatal exposure to POPs on lipid homeostasis and inflammation in three generations of male rat descendants through the paternal lineage. Female Sprague-Dawley rats (F0) were exposed to a POPs mixture (or corn oil) +/− FA supplementation for 9 weeks before and during gestation. F1 and F2 males were mated with untreated females. Plasma and hepatic lipids were measured in F1, F2, and F3 males after 12-h fast. Gene expression of inflammatory cytokines was determined by qPCR in epididymal adipose tissue. In F1 males, prenatal POPs exposure increased plasma lipids at 14 weeks old and hepatic lipids at 28 weeks old and prenatal FA supplementation decreased plasma total cholesterol at 14 weeks old. Prenatal POPs exposure decreased plasma triglycerides at 14 weeks old in F2 males. No change was observed in inflammatory markers. Our results show an impact of the paternal lineage on lipid homeostasis in rats up to the F2 male generation. FA supplementation of the F0 diet, regardless of POPs exposure, lowered plasma cholesterol in F1 males but failed to attenuate the deleterious effects of prenatal POPs exposure on plasma and hepatic lipids in F1 males.

We consider the nonlinear optimisation of irreversible mixing induced by an initial finite amplitude perturbation of a statically stable density-stratified fluid with kinematic viscosity $\unicode[STIX]{x1D708}$ and density diffusivity $\unicode[STIX]{x1D705}$. The initial diffusive error function density distribution varies continuously so that $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}\in [\bar{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}}-\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}_{0}/2,\bar{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}}+\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}_{0}/2]$. A constant pressure gradient is imposed in a plane two-dimensional channel of depth $2h$. We consider flows with a finite Péclet number $Pe=U_{m}h/\unicode[STIX]{x1D705}=500$ and Prandtl number $Pr=\unicode[STIX]{x1D708}/\unicode[STIX]{x1D705}=1$, and a range of bulk Richardson numbers $Ri_{b}=g\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}_{0}h/(\bar{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}}U^{2})\in [0,1]$ where $U_{m}$ is the maximum flow speed of the laminar parallel flow, and $g$ is the gravitational acceleration. We use the constrained variational direct-adjoint-looping (DAL) method to solve two optimisation problems, extending the optimal mixing results of Foures et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 748, 2014, pp. 241–277) to stratified flows, where the irreversible mixing of the active scalar density leads to a conversion of kinetic energy into potential energy. We identify initial perturbations of fixed finite kinetic energy which maximise the time-averaged perturbation kinetic energy developed over a finite time interval, and initial perturbations that minimise the value (at a target time, chosen to be $T=10$) of a ‘mix-norm’ as first introduced by Mathew et al. (Physica D, vol. 211, 2005, pp. 23–46), further discussed by Thiffeault (Nonlinearity, vol. 25, 2012, pp. 1–44) and shown by Foures et al. (2014) to be a computationally efficient and robust proxy for identifying perturbations that minimise the long-time variance of a scalar distribution. We demonstrate, for all bulk Richardson numbers considered, that the time-averaged kinetic-energy maximising perturbations are significantly suboptimal at mixing compared to the mix-norm minimising perturbations, and also that minimising the mix-norm remains (for density-stratified flows) a good proxy for identifying perturbations which minimise the variance at long times. Although increasing stratification reduces the mixing in general, mix-norm minimising optimal perturbations can still trigger substantial mixing for $Ri_{b}\lesssim 0.3$. By considering the time evolution of the kinetic energy and potential energy reservoirs, we find that such perturbations lead to a flow which, through Taylor dispersion, very effectively converts perturbation kinetic energy into ‘available potential energy’, which in turn leads rapidly and irreversibly to thorough and efficient mixing, with little energy returned to the kinetic-energy reservoirs.

Through a comparison of Leo Strauss's and Raymond Aron's interpretations of Thucydides's history, this paper sheds light on the relationship between political history and political philosophy. In continuing the dialogue between the two thinkers, I demonstrate that in spite of their opposed views on modern historical consciousness, they converge in a defense of the object and method of classical political history. However, there is a deeper disagreement regarding the relationship between philosophy and politics. While Strauss makes the case for the compatibility of classical political history and classical political philosophy on the grounds that Thucydides is a “philosophic historian,” Aron argues that it is precisely because Thucydides is not a philosopher that he succeeds in understanding an essential feature of political things, namely, contingency in history.

At least three sets of moraines mark distinct glacial stands since the last glacial maximum (LGM) in the Three Sisters region of the Oregon Cascade Range. The oldest stand predates 8.1 ka (defined here as post-LGM), followed by a second between ∼ 2 and 8 ka (Neoglacial) and a third from the Little Ice Age (LIA) advance of the last 300 years. The post-LGM equilibrium line altitudes were 260 ± 100 m lower than that of modern glaciers, requiring 23 ± 9% increased winter snowfall and 1.4 ± 0.5°C cooler summer temperatures than at present. The LIA advance had equilibrium line altitudes 110 ± 40 m lower than at present, implying 10 ± 4% greater winter snowfall and 0.6 ± 0.2°C cooler summer temperatures.

The steady incompressible viscous flow in the wide gap between spheres rotating rapidly about a common axis at slightly different rates (small Rossby number) has a long and celebrated history. The problem is relevant to the dynamics of geophysical and planetary core flows, for which, in the case of electrically conducting fluids, the possible operation of a dynamo is of considerable interest. A comprehensive asymptotic study, in the small Ekman number limit $E\ll 1$ , was undertaken by Stewartson (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 26, 1966, pp. 131–144). The mainstream flow, exterior to the $E^{1/2}$ Ekman layers on the inner/outer boundaries and the shear layer on the inner sphere tangent cylinder $\mathscr{C}$ , is geostrophic. Stewartson identified a complicated nested layer structure on $\mathscr{C}$ , which comprises relatively thick quasigeostrophic $E^{2/7}$ - (inside $\mathscr{C}$ ) and $E^{1/4}$ - (outside $\mathscr{C}$ ) layers. They embed a thinner ageostrophic $E^{1/3}$ shear layer (on $\mathscr{C}$ ), which merges with the inner sphere Ekman layer to form the $E^{2/5}$ -equatorial Ekman layer of axial length $E^{1/5}$ . Under appropriate scaling, this $E^{2/5}$ -layer problem may be formulated, correct to leading order, independent of $E$ . Then the Ekman boundary layer and ageostrophic shear layer become features of the far-field (as identified by the large value of the scaled axial coordinate $z$ ) solution. We present a numerical solution of the previously unsolved equatorial Ekman layer problem using a non-local integral boundary condition at finite $z$ to account for the far-field behaviour. Adopting $z^{-1}$ as a small parameter we extend Stewartson’s similarity solution for the ageostrophic shear layer to higher orders. This far-field solution agrees well with that obtained from our numerical model.

Introduction: As part of the multicenter C-CARE (Cross-Canada Anaphylaxis Registry) project, this study aimed to describe the characteristics of anaphylactic reactions and assess if emergency physicians follow treatment guidelines. Methods: A cohort study was conducted in the emergency department of Sacré-Cœur Hospital, a university-affiliated, urban tertiary care hospital. For each anaphylaxis case recruited by the treating physician, a standardised questionnaire was completed. The information for missed cases was collected retrospectively through chart review. Results: Between May 2012 and May 2015, 280 cases (205 prospective and 75 retrospective) of anaphylaxis were identified from a total of 182,408 ED visits. The median age was 36.21 years (IQR 27.8), 61.8% were female, and 12.5% of all patients were children (<18 years old). The majority of reactions were triggered by food [54.3% (95%CI:48.5-60.1%)], followed by medications [18.2% (95%CI:13.7-22.7%)] and venom [5.7% (95%CI:3.0-8.4%)]. Among all cases, 66.8% (95%CI:61.3-72.3%) received epinephrine; 26.1% (95%CI:21.0-31.2%) received it prior to their arrival and 46.8% (95%CI:41.0-52.6%) in-hospital. As for other in-hospital treatments, 85.4% of patients (95%CI:81.3-89.5%) received corticosteroids, 81.1% (95%CI:76.5-85.7%) received H1 antihistamines, and 41.1% (95%CI:35.3-46.9%) received H2 antihistamines. Out of all patients who had anaphylaxis, 86.4% (95%CI:82.4-90.4%) were prescribed an epinephrine auto-injector in-hospital or had already had one prescribed. Conclusion: Our results reveal that food is a major trigger of anaphylaxis and that despite current guidelines, there is under use of epinephrine and preferential use of corticosteroids and antihistamines.

Background: Current opinions regarding the use of dexamethasone in the treatment of chronic subdural hematomas (CSDH) are only based on observational studies. Moreover, the use of corticosteroids in asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic patient with this condition remains controversial. Here, we present data from a prospective randomized pilot study of CSDH patients treated with dexamethasone or placebo. Methods: Twenty patients with imaging-confirmed CSDH were recruited from a single center and randomized to receive dexamethasone (12 mg/day for 3 weeks followed by tapering) or placebo as a conservative treatment. Patients were followed for 6 months and the rate of success of conservative treatment with dexamethasone versus placebo was measured. Parameters such as hematoma thickness and clinical changes were also compared before and after treatment with chi-square tests. Adverse events and complications were documented. Results: During the 6-month follow-up, one of ten patients treated with corticosteroids had to undergo surgical drainage and three of ten patients were treated surgically after placebo treatment. At the end of the study, all remaining patients had complete radiological resolution. No significant differences were observed in terms of hematoma thickness profile and impression of change; however, patients experienced more severe side effects when treated with steroids as compared with placebo. Dexamethasone contributed to many serious adverse events. Conclusions: Given the small sample size, these preliminary results have not shown a clear beneficial effect of dexamethasone against placebo in our patients. However, the number of secondary effects reported was much greater for corticosteroids, and dexamethasone treatment was responsible for significant complications.

Sentence repetition is part of the assessment tasks used to better characterise aphasic patients’ oral production. Moreover, impaired sentence and phrase repetition is a core feature of the logopenic variant of primary progressive aphasia. The aim of this study is to present the TEFREP (TEst Français de RÉpétition de Phrases), a French sentence repetition task that manipulates psycholinguistic variables known to affect the performance of aphasic patients. The final version of the TEFREP consists of 24 sentences in which length, semantic reversibility and type of sentence have been manipulated. The task shows good psychometric properties (validity and reliability). Norms according to age and education level have been developed from a sample of 80 healthy adults and older adults. In conclusion, the TEFREP fulfills the current need for a reliable assessment tool of sentence repetition in Canadian French-speaking populations and contributes to the differential diagnosis of language impairment.

Résumé. Une analyse de contenu de la couverture médiatique des campagnes électorales fédérales 2005–2006 et 2008 par des réseaux de radio et de télévision de langue française montre un effet du financement des médias sur le mode de cadrage de la campagne et sur le ton, plus ou moins critique, que les journalistes adoptent vis-à-vis des politiciens et des partis politiques qu'ils couvrent. Ainsi, plus un média est imperméable à la concurrence, plus ses journalistes s'attardent à la couverture des enjeux et plus le ton de leur couverture est descriptif. Nous constatons aussi que c'est lorsqu'ils cadrent la campagne sous l'angle de la course et des stratégies que les journalistes sont les plus critiques à l'endroit des politiciens, par opposition au cadrage orienté vers les enjeux.

Abstract. A content analysis of media coverage during the 2005–2006 and 2008 Canadian federal elections by French-language radio and television networks provides evidence of a significant impact of funding mode on campaign framing and journalists' tone towards politicians and political parties. The more a media outlet is shielded from market competition, the more likely are its journalists to frame the campaign through an issue schema and to feature a descriptive tone. We also present evidence that journalists are less descriptive as they cover the campaign through horse-race journalism rather than issue journalism.

The present study aimed to examine if bilingualism affects executive functions and verbal fluency in Marathi and Hindi, two major languages in India, with a considerable cognate (e.g., activity is actividad in Spanish) overlap. A total of 174 native Marathi speakers from Pune, India, with varying levels of Hindi proficiency were administered tests of executive functioning and verbal performance in Marathi. A bilingualism index was generated using self-reported Hindi and Marathi proficiency. After controlling for demographic variables, the association between bilingualism and cognitive performance was examined. Degree of bilingualism predicted better performance on the switching (Color Trails-2) and inhibition (Stroop Color-Word) components of executive functioning; but not for the abstraction component (Halstead Category Test). In the verbal domain, bilingualism was more closely associated with noun generation (where the languages share many cognates) than verb generation (which are more disparate across these languages), as predicted. However, contrary to our hypothesis that the bilingualism “disadvantage” would be attenuated on noun generation, bilingualism was associated with an advantage on these measures. These findings suggest distinct patterns of bilingualism effects on cognition for this previously unexamined language pair, and that the rate of cognates may modulate the association between bilingualism and verbal performance on neuropsychological tests. (JINS, 2012, 18, 305–313)