Knowledge of the status of ecosystems is vital to help develop and implement conservation strategies. This is particularly relevant to the Arctic where the need for biodiversity conservation and monitoring has long been recognised, but where issues of local capacity and logistic barriers make surveys challenging. This paper demonstrates how long-term monitoring programmes outside the Arctic can contribute to developing composite trend indicators, using monitoring of annual abundance and population-level reproduction of species of migratory Arctic-breeding waterbirds on their temperate non-breeding areas. Using data from the UK and the Netherlands, countries with year-round waterbird monitoring schemes and supporting relevant shares of Arctic-breeding populations of waterbirds, we present example multi-species abundance and productivity indicators related to the migratory pathways used by different biogeographical populations of Arctic-breeding wildfowl and wader species in the East Atlantic Flyway. These composite trend indicators show that long-term increases in population size have slowed markedly in recent years and in several cases show declines over, at least, the last decade. These results constitute proof of concept. Some other non-Arctic countries located on the flyways of Arctic-breeding waterbirds also annually monitor abundance and breeding success, and we advocate that future development of “Arctic waterbird indicators” should be as inclusive of data as possible to derive the most robust outputs and help account for effects of current changes in non-breeding waterbird distributions. The incorporation of non-Arctic datasets into assessments of the status of Arctic biodiversity is recognised as highly desirable, because logistic constraints in monitoring within the Arctic region limit effective population-scale monitoring there, in effect enabling “monitoring at a distance”.

Lamotrigine is beneficial in bipolar disorder and is often prescribed to patients during their period of reproductive potential. We summarise aspects of the pharmacology of lamotrigine, highlight its uses in psychiatric practice, drawing attention to recent findings relating to potential hazards arising from lamotrigine exposure in utero, and make some suggestions for clinical management.

Aims: Sleep is altered during pregnancy, particularly during the third trimester. Low Vitamin D levels have been linked to shorter sleep duration, depression and anxiety. In the NiPPeR double-blind randomised controlled trial of nutritional supplementation, women received either a formulation with additional ingredients including Vitamin D (‘intervention group’) or standard prenatal vitamins (‘control group’). The association between Vitamin D deficiency, sleep, depression and anxiety was examined from pre-conception to six months post-partum. We aimed primarily to determine if women deficient in Vitamin D (<50nmol/L) were more likely to have disordered sleep compared with those Vitamin D sufficient. A secondary aim was to examine if women deficient in Vitamin D were more likely to be depressed or anxious compared with those with adequate Vitamin D levels.

Methods: We examined sleep data from women with at least one measurement of Vitamin D in the pregnancy and post-delivery periods (n=515). Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) scores were compared between those with sufficient or deficient Vitamin D levels: by convention a PSQI score of >5 is considered to indicate disordered sleep. Depression was assessed using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Score (EPDS), with a score >13 indicating depression. The State-Trait Anxiety short form scale was used to measure anxiety, with a cut off >45 indicating state anxiety. One-way ANOVA in Stata version 18.0 was used throughout.

Results: As reported previously, the intervention substantially reduced the proportion of women who were Vitamin D deficient during pregnancy but did not change EPDS scores; PSQI scores were also not changed by the intervention. In the combined control and intervention group total PSQI scores increased from pre-conception until six weeks post-delivery. Total hours of sleep declined from pregnancy weeks 19–20 to six weeks post-delivery. At recruitment preconception, PSQI scores were higher in those deficient in Vitamin D, compared with those with sufficient levels (p=0.015); at later time-points PSQI scores were higher in Vitamin D deficient women but not significantly so. Depression as assessed by EPDS >13 was associated with Vitamin D deficiency only at preconception recruitment (p=0.019) and at 7 weeks’ gestation (p=0.004), but not later in pregnancy or post-delivery. There was no association found between anxiety and Vitamin D status.

Conclusion: At pre-conception, sleep was worse in women with low Vitamin D levels. At preconception and early in pregnancy, low Vitamin D levels were associated with depression. Intervention with a Vitamin D containing supplement did not improve sleep in pregnant women.

The making of mistakes by organisms and other living systems is a theoretically and empirically unifying feature of biological investigation. Mistake theory is a rigorous and experimentally productive way of understanding this widespread phenomenon. It does, however, run up against the long-standing “functions” debate in philosophy of biology. Against the objection that mistakes are just a kind of malfunction, and that without a position on functions there can be no theory of mistakes, we reply that this is to misunderstand the theory. In this paper we set out the basic concepts of mistake theory and then argue that mistakes are a distinctive phenomenon in their own right, not just a kind of malfunction. Moreover, the functions debate is, to a large degree, independent of the concept of biological mistakes we outline. In particular, although the popular selected effects theory may retain its place within a more pluralistic conception of biological function, there is also need for a more forward-looking approach, where a robust concept of normativity can be an important driver of future experimental work.

The IntCal family of radiocarbon (14C) calibration curves is based on research spanning more than three decades. The IntCal group have collated the 14C and calendar age data (mostly derived from primary publications with other types of data and meta-data) and, since 2010, made them available for other sorts of analysis through an open-access database. This has ensured transparency in terms of the data used in the construction of the ratified calibration curves. As the IntCal database expands, work is underway to facilitate best practice for new data submissions, make more of the associated metadata available in a structured form, and help those wishing to process the data with programming languages such as R, Python, and MATLAB. The data and metadata are complex because of the range of different types of archives. A restructured interface, based on the “IntChron” open-access data model, includes tools which allow the data to be plotted and compared without the need for export. The intention is to include complementary information which can be used alongside the main 14C series to provide new insights into the global carbon cycle, as well as facilitating access to the data for other research applications. Overall, this work aims to streamline the generation of new calibration curves.

There is evidence for intergenerational transmission of substance use and disorder. However, it is unclear whether separation from a parent with substance use disorder (SUD) moderates intergenerational transmission, and no studies have tested this question across three generations. In a three-generation study of families oversampled for familial SUD, we tested whether separation between father (G1; first generation) and child (G2; second generation) moderated the effect of G1 father SUDs on G2 child SUDs. We also tested whether separation between father (G2) and child (G3; third generation) moderated the effect of G2 SUDs on G3 drinking. Finally, we tested whether G1-G2 or G2-G3 separation moderated the mediated effect of G1 SUDs on G3 drinking through G2 SUDs. G1 father-G2 child separation moderated intergenerational transmission. In families with G1-G2 separation, there were no significant effects of father SUD on G2 SUD or G3 drinking. However, in nonseparated families, greater G1 father SUDs predicted heightened G2 SUDs and G3 grandchild drinking. In nonseparated families, G1 father SUDs significantly predicted G2 SUDs, which predicted G3 drinking. However, G2-G3 separation predicted heightened G3 drinking regardless of G2 and G1 SUDs. Parental separation may introduce risk for SUDs and drinking among youth with lower familial risk.

Rough sleeping is a chronic experience faced by some of the most disadvantaged people in modern society. This paper describes work carried out in partnership with Homeless Link (HL), a UK-based charity, in developing a data-driven approach to better connect people sleeping rough on the streets with outreach service providers. HL's platform has grown exponentially in recent years, leading to thousands of alerts per day during extreme weather events; this overwhelms the volunteer-based system they currently rely upon for the processing of alerts. In order to solve this problem, we propose a human-centered machine learning system to augment the volunteers' efforts by prioritizing alerts based on the likelihood of making a successful connection with a rough sleeper. This addresses capacity and resource limitations whilst allowing HL to quickly, effectively, and equitably process all of the alerts that they receive. Initial evaluation using historical data shows that our approach increases the rate at which rough sleepers are found following a referral by at least 15% based on labeled data, implying a greater overall increase when the alerts with unknown outcomes are considered, and suggesting the benefit in a trial taking place over a longer period to assess the models in practice. The discussion and modeling process is done with careful considerations of ethics, transparency, and explainability due to the sensitive nature of the data involved and the vulnerability of the people that are affected.

The perinatal period is a vulnerable time for the development of psychopathology, particularly mood and anxiety disorders. In the study of maternal anxiety, important questions remain regarding the association between maternal anxiety symptoms and subsequent child outcomes. This study examined the association between depressive and anxiety symptoms, namely social anxiety, panic, and agoraphobia disorder symptoms during the perinatal period and maternal perception of child behavior, specifically different facets of development and temperament. Participants (N = 104) were recruited during pregnancy from a community sample. Participants completed clinician-administered and self-report measures of depressive and anxiety symptoms during the third trimester of pregnancy and at 16 months postpartum; child behavior and temperament outcomes were assessed at 16 months postpartum. Child development areas included gross and fine motor skills, language and problem-solving abilities, and personal/social skills. Child temperament domains included surgency, negative affectivity, and effortful control. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses demonstrated that elevated prenatal social anxiety symptoms significantly predicted more negative maternal report of child behavior across most measured domains. Elevated prenatal social anxiety and panic symptoms predicted more negative maternal report of child effortful control. Depressive and agoraphobia symptoms were not significant predictors of child outcomes. Elevated anxiety symptoms appear to have a distinct association with maternal report of child development and temperament. Considering the relative influence of anxiety symptoms, particularly social anxiety, on maternal report of child behavior and temperament can help to identify potential difficulties early on in mother–child interactions as well as inform interventions for women and their families.

Radiocarbon (14C) ages cannot provide absolutely dated chronologies for archaeological or paleoenvironmental studies directly but must be converted to calendar age equivalents using a calibration curve compensating for fluctuations in atmospheric 14C concentration. Although calibration curves are constructed from independently dated archives, they invariably require revision as new data become available and our understanding of the Earth system improves. In this volume the international 14C calibration curves for both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, as well as for the ocean surface layer, have been updated to include a wealth of new data and extended to 55,000 cal BP. Based on tree rings, IntCal20 now extends as a fully atmospheric record to ca. 13,900 cal BP. For the older part of the timescale, IntCal20 comprises statistically integrated evidence from floating tree-ring chronologies, lacustrine and marine sediments, speleothems, and corals. We utilized improved evaluation of the timescales and location variable 14C offsets from the atmosphere (reservoir age, dead carbon fraction) for each dataset. New statistical methods have refined the structure of the calibration curves while maintaining a robust treatment of uncertainties in the 14C ages, the calendar ages and other corrections. The inclusion of modeled marine reservoir ages derived from a three-dimensional ocean circulation model has allowed us to apply more appropriate reservoir corrections to the marine 14C data rather than the previous use of constant regional offsets from the atmosphere. Here we provide an overview of the new and revised datasets and the associated methods used for the construction of the IntCal20 curve and explore potential regional offsets for tree-ring data. We discuss the main differences with respect to the previous calibration curve, IntCal13, and some of the implications for archaeology and geosciences ranging from the recent past to the time of the extinction of the Neanderthals.

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: The objective of this study is to assess differences in outcomes between African Americans (AAs) and whites along the HCV care cascade. Primary outcome was retention in the HCV care cascade, measured in two ways. For viral RNA confirmation, retention was a percentage of those having screened antibody reactive. For hepatic ultrasound, primary care, HCV specialty clinic, treatment initiation, and sustained viral load (SVR), retention was a percentage of those found chronically infected by positive RNA viral load. Secondary outcome was time to follow-up from antibody screening to each subsequent step in the care cascade. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: A retrospective cohort study was performed. AA and white patients who tested HCV antibody reactive from March to October 2015 at the University Medical Center (UMC) Emergency Department in New Orleans, LA were included in this study. Outcomes were assessed using the HCV Continuum of Care model, delineating successive stages of care from identification to cure. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: A total of 728 patients screened HCV antibody reactive, including 446 AAs and 282 whites. AAs (53.5 years, SD 10.2) were disproportionately older than whites (46.7 years, SD 11.9) (p <0.001), more likely to be insured (89.2% vs 78.7%, p<0.001), had higher rates of Medicare (28.0% vs 12.1%, p<0.001), and less frequent history of intravenous drug use (IVDU) (32.3% vs 46.1%, p<0.001). For AAs, retention in the treatment cascade was 96.2% for viral RNA confirmation, 50.9% for hepatic ultrasound, 26.8% for primary care, 35.2% for HCV specialty clinic, 14.5% for treatment initiation, and 9.6% for sustained viral response (SVR). Among whites, retention in the treatment cascade was 96.8% for viral RNA confirmation, 37.8% for hepatic ultrasound, 16.1% for primary care, 23.3% for HCV specialty clinic, 8.8% for treatment initiation, and 7.8% for SVR. AAs had a higher likelihood of receiving a hepatic ultrasound (OR=1.70; CI=1.19-2.25; p<0.005), following up with primary care (OR = 1.91, CI=1.21-3.02, p<0.005), and attending the viral hepatitis specialty clinic (OR=1.79, CI=1.20-2.68, p<0.005), as compared to their white counterparts. After adjusting for age, insurance, and history of IVDU, AAs did not have a higher likelihood of receiving a hepatic ultrasound (aOR=1.09, CI=0.995-1.19) or seeking primary care (aOR=1.05, CI=0.98-1.14). AAs had attenuated odds of attending viral hepatitis specialty clinic (aOR=1.09, CI = 1.01-1.19). There was no statistically significant difference in follow-up time in the treatment cascade for AAs versus whites. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Race alone cannot explain differences in achievement along the care cascade. Significant differences in retention along the HCV care cascade appear to be related primarily to differences in age and insurance status. In our population, older AAs are disproportionately insured through Medicare, thereby expanding their access to health resources. Their white counterparts are younger and more uninsured, leading to decreased access to care and ability to attend HCV follow-up appointments. ED HCV screening programs are still in their infancy and have opportunities to improve their linkage to care rates. Additional interventions are needed to better connect patients screened positive in the ED to HCV specialist care, preserving equity across racial groups.