University students face vast mental health challenges, and both attitudinal and structural barriers to seeking care. Embedding interventions in college courses is one solution. Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is an ideal candidate intervention given its emphasis on values, context, and skill building from a transdiagnostic perspective. This study embedded a brief ACT intervention in a required freshman seminar that was delivered by trained but unlicensed graduate students. In two class sessions of the freshman seminar taught by the same instructor, one session was randomly assigned to receive the course as usual, and one session received the ACT intervention. ACT content was delivered to all students in the intervention course on five consecutive weekly class periods. Students in both classes who chose to participate in the study completed assessments before and after the intervention and at follow-up. There were no significant changes with tests that were run, including non-parametric tests given the small sample sizes. Descriptively, the intervention group had slight improvements in wellbeing and mindfulness and decreases in distress, and the control group had worsened wellbeing, mindfulness and distress. A moderate portion of intervention group students enjoyed the intervention and indicated use of ACT skills, particularly mindfulness. Results suggest that this classroom-based intervention was feasible and acceptable, but further study should occur given small sample sizes. Future work should continue course-based ACT interventions, and should also explore potential applications of student training to deliver interventions given the shortage of mental health providers on college campuses.

Background: Current literature provides little consensus on universal guidelines for first-line treatment of chronic subdural hematomas (cSDH). However, administration of local tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) may enhance the traditional method of twist drill drainage (TDD). The study aims to explore the efficacy of TDD with and without tPA, at achieving clinically relevant drainage (200mL) and reducing recurrence of cSDH. Methods: A retrospective review of patients (N=34) with cSDH is presented. Patients who received TDD with tPA (n=17) were identified and matched, based primarily on age and hematoma volume, to a control group (n=17), TDD without tPA. Variables of interest include initial hematoma volume, volume drained, length of stay, and recurrence rates. Descriptive analysis was run. Results: Average age for patients was 74.6 with 76% male. Mean drainage volumes for the tPA cohort was 381.6mL and TDD without tPA cohort was 151.3mL. The addition of tPA resulted in drainage volumes nearly double (1.9x) the clinically relevant amount and had low recurrence rates (12.5%). TDD without tPA failed to result in clinically relevant drainage and had a recurrence rate of 52.9%. Average length of stay differed by two days (9.71 tPA; 7.71 control). Conclusions: TDD with tPA was effective at treating cSDH in our population.

Background: A subset of patients experience poor outcomes following anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF). Our study aimed to identify postoperative trajectories of disability, neck/arm pain and determine baseline measures that predict subgroup membership. Methods: Patients with cervical spondylotic radiculopathy undergoing ACDF are presented. Prognostic factors comprised demographic, health and surgery-related variables. Study outcomes were trajectories of neck disability index scores, numeric rating scales for neck/arm pain modeled with latent-class growth analysis. Associations were explored using robust Poisson models and reported with risk ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Results: Patients (N = 352; mean (SD) age = 50.9(9.5) years, 43.8% female) identified trajectories for disability (excellent=45.3%,fair=39.2%,poor=15.5%),arm pain (excellent=24.5%,good=52.0%,poor=23.5%),and neck pain (excellent=13.7%,good=63.1%,poor=23.2%). Greater physical and mental health-related quality of life were associated with a reduced risk of poor outcome(per SD,0.40[0.30,0.53]-0.80[0.65,0.99]), while higher risk for depression (per SD, 1.36[1.12,1.65]-2.26[1.84,2.78]), longer wait time(per 90 days, 1.31[1.05,1.63]-1.64[1.20,2.24]), and longer procedure time (per 30 min,1.07[1.03,1.10]-1.08[1.05,1.12]) were associated with an increased risk of poor outcome for all outcomes. Poor disability was increased with self-reported depression(3.03[1.76,5.21]), greater neck-to-arm pain ratio (2.63 [1.28 to 5.40]), ASA score > 2(2.26[1.33,3.83]), and preoperative opiates (2.05[1.18,3.56]), while preoperative physiotherapy (0.51[0.30, 0.88]), spinal injections (0.48[0.23 to 0.98]), and regular exercise (0.44 [0.24, 0.79]) decreased risk. Receiving compensation and smoking were associated with poor outcome for neck pain. Remaining candidate prognostic factors were not associated with clinical outcome. Conclusions: Perioperative factors were shown to decrease risk of poor outcomes for pain and disability two years following ACDF.

Background: Current literature provides little consensus on universal guidelines for first-line treatment of chronic subdural hematomas (cSDH). However, administration of local tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) may enhance the traditional method of twist drill drainage (TDD). The study aims to explore the efficacy of TDD with and without tPA, at achieving clinically relevant drainage (200mL) and reducing recurrence of cSDH. Methods: A retrospective review of patients (N=34) with cSDH is presented. Patients who received TDD with tPA (n=17) were identified and matched, based primarily on age and hematoma volume, to a control group (n=17), TDD without tPA. Variables of interest include initial hematoma volume, volume drained, length of stay, and recurrence rates. Descriptive analysis was run. Results: Average age for patients was 74.6 with 76% male. Mean drainage volumes for the tPA cohort was 381.6mL and TDD without tPA cohort was 151.3mL. The addition of tPA resulted in drainage volumes nearly double (1.9x) the clinically relevant amount and had low recurrence rates (12.5%). TDD without tPA failed to result in clinically relevant drainage and had a recurrence rate of 52.9%. Average length of stay differed by two days (9.71 tPA; 7.71 control). Conclusions: TDD with tPA was effective at treating cSDH in our population.

In recent years, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology has expanded to include UAV sprayers capable of applying pesticides. Very little research has been conducted to optimize application parameters and measure the potential of off-target movement from UAV-based pesticide applications. Field experiments were conducted in Raleigh, NC during spring 2018 to characterize the effect of different application speeds and nozzle types on target area coverage and uniformity of UAV applications. The highest coverage was achieved with an application speed of 1 m s−1 and ranged from 30% to 60%, whereas applications at 7 m s−1 yielded 13% to 22% coverage. Coverage consistently decreased as application speed increased across all nozzles, with extended-range flat-spray nozzles declining at a faster rate than air-induction nozzles, likely due to higher drift. Experiments measuring the drift potential of UAV-applied pesticides using extended-range flat spray, air-induction flat-spray, turbo air–induction flat-spray, and hollow-cone nozzles under 0, 2, 4, 7, and 9 m s−1 perpendicular wind conditions in the immediate 1.75 m above the target were conducted in the absence of natural wind. Off-target movement was observed under all perpendicular wind conditions with all nozzles tested but was nondetectable beyond 5 m away from the target. Coverage from all nozzles exhibited a concave-shaped curve in response to the increasing perpendicular wind speed due to turbulence. The maximum target coverage in drift studies was observed when the perpendicular wind was 0 and 8.94 m s−1, but higher turbulence at the two highest perpendicular wind speeds (6.71 and 8.94 m s−1) increased coverage variability, whereas the lowest variability was observed at 2.24 m s−1 wind speed. Results suggested that air-induction flat-spray and turbo air–induction flat-spray nozzles and an application speed of 3 m s−1 provided an adequate coverage of target areas while minimizing off-target movement risk.

Following publication, errors were discovered in the y-axis labels of the electron and hole concentration plots in the following figure panels: figure 4c, figure 4d, figure 5c, figure 5d, figure 6c, figure 6d, figure 8c and figure 8d. The error does not affect the description, analysis or conclusions. The correct representation of the figure panels are shown here.

Objectives: Individuals with moderate–severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) experience a transitory state of impaired consciousness and confusion often called posttraumatic confusional state (PTCS). This study examined the neuropsychological profile of PTCS. Methods: Neuropsychometric profiles of 349 individuals in the TBI Model Systems National Database were examined 4 weeks post-TBI (±2 weeks). The PTCS group was subdivided into Low (n=46) and High Performing PTCS (n=45) via median split on an orientation/amnesia measure, and compared to participants who had emerged from PTCS (n=258). Neuropsychological patterns were examined using multivariate analyses of variance and mixed model analyses of covariance. Results: All groups were globally impaired, but severity differed across groups (F(40,506)=3.44; p<.001; ŋp2 =.206). Rate of forgetting (memory consolidation) was impaired in all groups, but failed to differentiate them (F(4,684)=0.46; p=.762). In contrast, executive memory control was significantly more impaired in PTCS groups than the emerged group: Intrusion errors: F(2,343)=8.78; p<.001; ŋp2=.049; False positive recognition errors: F(2,343)=3.70; p<.05; ŋp2=.021. However, non-memory executive control and other executive memory processes did not differentiate those in versus emerged from PTCS. Conclusions: Executive memory control deficits in the context of globally impaired cognition characterize PTCS. This pattern differentiates individuals in and emerged from PTCS during the acute recovery period following TBI. (JINS, 2019, 25, 302–313)

Increasing evidence suggests that the presence of mobile ions in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) can cause a current–voltage curve hysteresis. Steady state and transient current–voltage characteristics of a planar metal halide CH3NH3PbI3 PSC are analysed with a drift-diffusion model that accounts for both charge transport and ion vacancy motion. The high ion vacancy density within the perovskite layer gives rise to narrow Debye layers (typical width ~2 nm), adjacent to the interfaces with the transport layers, over which large drops in the electric potential occur and in which significant charge is stored. Large disparities between (I) the width of the Debye layers and that of the perovskite layer (~600 nm) and (II) the ion vacancy density and the charge carrier densities motivate an asymptotic approach to solving the model, while the stiffness of the equations renders standard solution methods unreliable. We derive a simplified surface polarisation model in which the slow ion dynamics are replaced by interfacial (non-linear) capacitances at the perovskite interfaces. Favourable comparison is made between the results of the asymptotic approach and numerical solutions for a realistic cell over a wide range of operating conditions of practical interest.

This study aimed to compare the quality of beef from suckler bulls raised on a high-energy concentrate ration and slaughtered at different carcass weights (CW)/ages. In total, 42 spring-born, Charolais and Limousin-sired, weaned suckler bulls were provided with a finishing diet of ad libitum concentrates and grass silage until they reached target CW of 340, 380 and 420 kg. Intramuscular fat (IMF) content tended (P<0.06) to be higher for 420 kg CW than for 380 and 340 kg CW. Sensory tenderness was lower (P<0.001) for 420 kg CW than for 380 and 340 kg CW. Juiciness was higher (P<0.05) for 420 kg CW than for 380 kg CW. Flavour liking was higher (P<0.05) for 420 and 380 kg CW (which did not differ) than for 340 kg CW. Overall, an increase in CW resulted in a slight increase in IMF content which could be responsible for the increase in juiciness and flavour liking of the beef. An increase in CW led to a decrease in the tenderness of the beef even though the overall liking of the beef was not affected.

In grass-based beef production systems (PS), early maturing (EM) breed types may be preferable to late maturing (LM) breed types in achieving adequate carcass fat cover. Biochemical and organoleptic characteristics of muscle from suckler bulls were investigated in EM and LM (n=28/breed) assigned to one of two PS (ad libitum concentrates and grass silage to slaughter (C) or ad libitum silage plus 2 kg concentrate daily during winter followed by 99 days at pasture and then an indoor finishing period on C (GSPC)) in a 2 breed type×2 PS factorial arrangement of treatments. Bulls were managed to have a common target carcass weight of 380 kg. Intramuscular fat (IMF) content was higher (P<0.05) for EM than LM, and for C than GSPC bulls. Collagen solubility was higher (P<0.05) for C than GSPC bulls. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and phosphofructokinase activities were higher (P<0.05) for LM than EM. Isocitrate dehydrogenase activity and the Type I myosin heavy chain (MyHC) proportion were higher (P<0.05) for EM than LM. The LDH activity and the Type IIX MyHC proportion were higher (P<0.05) for C than GSPC bulls. Sensory ratings for tenderness and juiciness were higher (P<0.01) for beef from EM than LM while sensory ratings for tenderness, flavour liking and overall liking were higher (P<0.001) for C than for GSPC bulls. Differences in sensory quality were largely eliminated when adjusted for IMF. Overall, carcass fat scores, IMF and sensory scores were higher in EM than LM and in C than GSPC bulls but most differences in sensory quality could be attributed to differences in IMF.

Bull beef production is traditionally based on high concentrate rations fed indoors. Inclusion of grazed grass, which is generally a cheaper feed, would decrease the cost of bull beef production, but may affect beef quality. Accordingly, the organoleptic quality and composition of beef from continental-sired suckler bulls (n=126) assigned to either ad libitum concentrates to slaughter (C), grass silage (GS) ad libitum for 120 days followed by C (GSC) or GS followed by 100 days at pasture and then C (GSPC) and slaughtered at target carcass weights (CW) of 360, 410 or 460 kg was examined. Tenderness, flavour liking and overall liking were lower (P<0.05) for GSPC than for C and GSC. Intramuscular fat content and soluble collagen proportion were lower (P<0.05) for GSPC than GSC which was lower (P<0.05) than C. Soluble collagen proportion was lower (P<0.05) for 460 kg than 410 kg CW, which was lower (P<0.05) than 360 kg CW. Inclusion of a grazing period decreased the ratings of tenderness, flavour liking and overall liking, but age of the bulls at slaughter had no clear influence on sensory characteristics.

The idea of using the reaction of a jet of water pumped sternwards from a ship is endowed with a respectable antiquity, but tests on the efficiency of such propellers, whether model or full-scale, have not been extensive. Perhaps the most thorough tests were those of S. W. Barnaby (Thornycroft and Co.) in 1880, described by him in the Proceedings of the Institute of Civil Engineers, Vol. LXXVII, page 1, 1883. This investigator measured the reaction on a nozzle delivering water under pressure into still water by a force balance connected to the nozzle itself. As a result, the “ Waterwitch,” a vessel of 1,160 tons, was constructed to work on this principle, the jet being supplied by a centrifugal pump which took water from a scoop amidships. The efficiency of the jet itself worked out at .71, but with the pump the combined efficiency was only .38.

In this paper I have endeavoured to give an account of the various methods which have been employed in the past ten years to alter—for better or worse— the conditions in the boundary layer of a body in turbulent flow. I have refrained from speaking of “ control ” in reference to the-boundary layer, since in the minds of most people, this implies an amelioration of the flow and a reduction of drag. As will appear in what follows, some of the devices in which I and other experimenters have been concerned have just the opposite effect. Nevertheless, following the principles current in clinical research in medicine, I think we should find both what conditions will cause “ deterioration ”—if one may use the term—as well as those which will cause “ improvement ” of the flow round a body, if we are to progress in our knowledge of the state of affairs in the boundary layer. Working rather on my own in aerodynamics and not being committed to any rigid programme of research, I have followed my bent to explore unorthodox paths of experiment, the results of which I present with some diffidence in the hope that engineers may pursue them further with better equipment. I am afraid I have not gone deeply into the vexed question of the efficiency—in the engineering sense—of the devices I am going to describe to you, since, as a physicist that—nevertheless, important—aspect of the question does not interest me.

Small phosphatic fossils recovered from acid residues of the Galena Group Middle (Ordovician) of Wisconsin were recently described by Clark et al. (1999) as weird things. Here, we report that specimens identified by those authors as Thing 3 and Thing 6 are fragments of conulariids belonging to two species that occur widely through Middle Ordovician strata of eastern North America. Similarly disintegrated, conspecific specimens from the Trenton Limestone of northwestern Indiana, and articulated, conspecific specimens from Ohio and New York, are introduced for comparison.

Using a stochastic version of the POLYSYS modeling framework, an examination of projected variability in agricultural prices, supply, demand, stocks, and incomes is conducted for corn, wheat, soybeans, and cotton during the 1998–2006 period. Increased planting flexibility introduced in the 1996 farm bill results in projections of significantly higher planted acreage variability compared to recent historical levels. Variability of ending stocks and stock-to-use ratios is projected to be higher for corn and soybeans and lower for wheat and cotton compared to the 1986–96 period. Significantly higher variability is projected for corn prices, with wheat and soybean prices also being more variable. No significant change in cotton price variability is projected.