In this poster, using the POSYDON code, we present results on binary progenitors of stripped-envelope SNe and their companions. We find that most progenitors are expected to explode, according to typical SN prescriptions (in contrast to single star progenitors). We also show the expected masses and position in the HR diagram of the companions of these SNe at the moment of explosion, allowing us to do a first statistical comparison with the compiled sample of observational detections (or upper limits) on these companions.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Variants in voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSC) are a common cause of severe early onset epilepsy. Changes in CSF neurotransmitters (NT) were identified in 2 cases of VGSC-related epilepsy. Here we investigate NT changes in patients and a novel mouse model of VGSC-related epilepsy. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We conducted a single site IRB approved retrospective chart review of patients with VGSC-related epilepsy who underwent CSF NT testing for diagnostic purposes. In parallel, we examined NT levels from the brains of wild-type (WT) and a novel VGSC-related epilepsy mouse model after obtaining IACUC approval. We rapidly isolated forebrain, cortex, striatum, and brainstem from 5-6 animals per sex and genotype. A combination of HPLC with electrochemical detection and mass spectrometry were used to quantify NT levels from brain samples. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We identified 10 patients with VGSC-related epilepsy who received CSF NT testing. Two of these patients had abnormal NT results including changes to dopamine (DA) or serotonin (5-HT) metabolites. We analyzed NT levels from four brain regions from male and female WT and VGSC-related epilepsy mice. We anticipate that most of the NT levels will be similar to WT, however subtle changes in the DA or 5-HT metabolites may be seen in VGSC-related epilepsy. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Patients with VGSC-related epilepsy often have autism spectrum disorder, sleep, and movement disorders. Understanding the role of aberrant NT levels in VGSC-related epilepsy may provide additional therapeutic targets that address common neuropsychological comorbidities as well as seizures.

Hydrogen lithography has been used to template phosphine-based surface chemistry to fabricate atomic-scale devices, a process we abbreviate as atomic precision advanced manufacturing (APAM). Here, we use mid-infrared variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry (IR-VASE) to characterize single-nanometer thickness phosphorus dopant layers (δ-layers) in silicon made using APAM compatible processes. A large Drude response is directly attributable to the δ-layer and can be used for nondestructive monitoring of the condition of the APAM layer when integrating additional processing steps. The carrier density and mobility extracted from our room temperature IR-VASE measurements are consistent with cryogenic magneto-transport measurements, showing that APAM δ-layers function at room temperature. Finally, the permittivity extracted from these measurements shows that the doping in the APAM δ-layers is so large that their low-frequency in-plane response is reminiscent of a silicide. However, there is no indication of a plasma resonance, likely due to reduced dimensionality and/or low scattering lifetime.

This paper dwells upon investigating the effect of aspect ratio (AR) variation on the aerodynamic performance of unconventional control surfaces called grid fins by virtue of a series of subsonic experiments on a simplified grid fin variant called the cascade fin. Wind tunnel tests were performed for different AR (variable span) grid fins. The same had been investigated for different gap-to-chord ratio (g/c) variants. Results demonstrated a tangible increase in the aerodynamic efficiency as well as stall angle reduction for higher AR. Moreover, higher AR leads to increased pitching moment, which emphasizes elevated hinge moment requirements. The study ensued the presence of higher deviation between the low AR fins, that is $AR<2$ compared to the pertinent deviations between the high AR fins, that is $AR\geq2$. The effect associated with these variations was termed as span effect in this paper. It was established that, the deviations arising due to this phenomena were lesser for higher g/c and higher AR. The analysis of AR variation for different g/c presented a limiting value of AR reduction for stall performance enhancement. Thus, optimised selection of the g/c and AR values can lead to enhanced aerodynamic efficiency alongside an improved stalling characteristic.

We examined the association between life course body weight percentile trajectories and risk for preterm delivery (PTD). Data about women’s weight at birth, age 18, and before pregnancy were obtained by retrospective self-report in a cohort of 1410 black women in metropolitan Detroit. Growth mixture models were used to categorize women with similar weight percentile trajectories across these time points. Log-Poisson models were used to examine the association between the trajectory groups and PTD. Four trajectory groups with different beginning and endpoints of their weight percentiles (high-high, high-low, low-high and low-low) best fit the data. The groups with the highest prevalence of PTD were those that started low (low-high, 21%; low-low, 18%). The low-high group had a higher prevalence of PTD than the high-high trajectory group in unadjusted models (prevalence ratio=1.49 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.11, 2.00]). The association became not significant after adjusting for maternal age at delivery, income, diabetes and hypertension. When compared with the high-high trajectory group, the low-low trajectory seemed to also have a higher prevalence of PTD after adjusting for maternal age at delivery, income, diabetes and hypertension (prevalence ratio=1.35 [95% CI 1.00, 1.83]). Results suggest that a woman’s risk for PTD is influenced by her body weight trajectory across the life course.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of a high-protein meal replacement (HPMR) on weight and metabolic, lipid and inflammatory parameters in overweight/obese Asian Indians. In this 12-week open-label, parallel-arm randomised controlled trial, 122 overweight/obese men and women were administered either a HPMR or a control diet after 2 weeks of diet and exercise run-in. Body weight, waist circumference (WC), percentage body fat (%BF), fasting blood glucose, post-oral glucose tolerance test (post-OGTT) blood glucose, fasting and post-OGTT serum insulin, lipid profile, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), kidney function and hepatic aminotransferases were assessed before and after the intervention. Additional improvement in mean values for the following parameters in the HPMR group compared with the control group was observed: body weight, 4·9 % (95 % CI 3·8, 6·1; P<0·001); WC, 3·8 % (95 % CI 2·5, 5·1; P<0·001); %BF, 6·3 % (95 % CI 4·3, 8·2; P<0·001); systolic blood pressure, 2·8 % (95 % CI 0·4, 5·1; P=0·002); diastolic blood pressure, 3·5 % (95 % CI 0·7, 6·3; P= 0·01); post-OGTT blood glucose, 7·3 % (95 % CI 1·4, 13·1; P=0·02); total cholesterol, 2·5 % (95 % CI 1·6, 3·5; P<0·001); LDL-cholesterol, 7·3 % (95 % CI 1·7, 12·9; P<0·01); alanine aminotransferase, 22·0 % (95 % CI 2·1, 42; P=0·03) and aspartate aminotransferase, 15·2 % (95 % CI 0·9, 29·5; P=0·04). The absolute reduction in BMI was 0·9 units in the intervention arm compared with the control arm (–0·9 %, 95 % CI –1·4, –0·5; P<0·001) and in serum TAG was 11·9 mg/dl (–11·9 mg/dl, 95 % CI –21·1, –2·7; P<0·01). The reduction in fasting serum insulin in the intervention v. the control arm was 3·8 v. 0 % (P=0·002); post-OGTT serum insulin was 50·3 v. 77·3 mU/l (P=0·005); and hs-CRP, 16·7 % v. 0 % (P=0·002). These findings show that intervention with HPMR may lead to significant weight loss and improvement in obesity measures, metabolic, lipid and inflammatory parameters and hepatic transaminases in overweight/obese Asian Indians.

Survey data of 2,538 dairy farmers located in 12 southern states were used to analyze the factors influencing farmers' choice of milk handlers. Results from a qualitative response model indicate that a combination of price and non-price factors contribute to dairy farmers' attitudes toward their milk handlers. Specifically, the decision to change milk handlers was significantly influenced by prices paid and deductions charged. However, non-price factors including field services, friendly personnel, and loyalty to a handler contributed to the longer term affiliation of dairy farmers with their milk handlers.

Incorporation of properly designed nanostructures in solar cells improves light trapping and consequently their power conversion efficiencies. Due to its unique structure, a silicon nanowire (SiNW) matrix provides excellent light trapping and thus offers a promising approach for cost-effective, stable and efficient silicon thin film photovoltaics. Moreover, by decoupling the light absorption and carrier collection directions, radial junction solar cells built around the SiNWs allow the use of very thin active layers. As a matter of fact, radial PIN junctions with 9.2% power conversion efficiency have already been demonstrated on glass substrates with only 100 nm thick intrinsic hydrogenated amorphous silicon layers. The most straightforward way to further improve the short circuit current density is to use an active layer with a lower band gap. In this work, the performances of devices with two different low band gap materials, e.g., hydrogenated microcrystalline silicon (μc-Si:H) and hydrogenated amorphous silicon germanium alloy (a-SiGe:H) are presented. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a-SiGe:H radial junction solar cell.

A formalism for investigation of the propagation characteristics of various order short duration (pico second) Gaussian/dark hollow Gaussian laser pulse (DHGP) in a tunnel ionized plasma has been developed, which takes into account the electron-ion recombination. Utilizing the paraxial like approach, a nonlinear Schrödinger wave equation characterizing the beam spot size in space and time has been derived and solved numerically to investigate the transverse focusing (in space) and longitudinal compression (in time) of the laser pulse; the associated energy localization as the pulse advances in the plasma has also been analyzed. It is seen that in the absence of recombination the DHGP and Gaussian pulse undergo oscillatory and steady defocusing respectively. With the inclusion of recombination, the DHGP and Gaussian pulse both undergo periodic self-focusing for specific parameters. The DHGPs promise to be suitable for enhancement of energy transport inside the plasma.

In the present study, we report the enhancement in figure-of-merit (ZT) of nanostructured n-type Silicon-Germanium (Si80Ge20) thermoelectric alloy synthesized using high energy ball milling followed by spark plasma sintering (SPS). After 90 h of ball milling of elemental powders of Si, Ge and P (2 at.%), a complete dissolution of Ge in Si matrix has been observed forming the nanostructured n-type Si80Ge20 alloy powder. X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) confirmed the crystallite size of the host matrix (Si) to be ∼7 nm and also indicated the formation of an additional phase of SiP nano-precipitates after SPS. HR-TEM analysis revealed that the nano-grained network was retained post-sintering with a crystallite size of size of 9 nm and also confirmed the SiP precipitates formation with a size of 4 to 6 nm. As a result, a very low thermal conductivity of ∼2.3W/mK at 900°C has been observed for Si80Ge20 alloy primarily due to scattering of phonons by nanostructured grains and nano-scaled SiP precipitates which further contribute to this scattering mechanism. Electrical conductivity values of SiGe sintered alloy are slightly lower to that of reported values in literature. This was attributed to the formation of SiP which creates a compositional difference between the grain boundary region and the grain region, leading to a chemical potential difference at interface and the grain region. Figure-of-merit (ZT) of n-type Si80Ge20 nanostructured alloy was found to be ≈1.5 at 900°C, which is the highest reported so far at this temperature.

We hypothesized that placental villous branching that is measured by disk chorionic plate expansion and disk thickness is correlated with factors also involved in regulation of branching growth of other fetal viscera (e.g. lung, kidney) including neuronal dendrites, and thus may be associated with variation in childhood intelligence quotient (IQ). IQ at age 7 years was assessed using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children. Placental measures [placental weight (g), thickness (mm), chorionic plate surface diameters (cm), area (cm2), shape, and cord length and cord eccentricity] were independent variables in regression analyses of age 7-year IQ in 12,926 singleton term live born infants with complete placental data. Analyses were stratified on gender with adjustment for socioeconomic status, race, parity, gestational age, exact age at testing and centered parental ages. After adjustment for covariates, placental measurements were independently associated with IQ at age 7 years but results varied by gender. Chorionic plate diameters were only associated with higher IQ in girls. Placental thickness was positively associated with higher IQ for boys and girls. We have previously shown that placental measures affect age 7-year body mass index and diastolic blood pressure. Here we demonstrate that specific measures, placental chorionic plate diameters in girls and disk thickness, independent of gender, are correlated with age 7-year IQ. Further exploration of the possible interaction of these factors on the placental villous arborization reflected by the chorionic plate expansion and placental thickness that correlate with age 7-year IQ, as well as other age 7 somatic features as previously addressed, is indicated.

Amorphophallus paeoniifolius, popularly known as elephant foot yam, is an important tropical tuber crop in India. Its modified stem (corm) is consumed as a vegetable after boiling, baking or frying. Mealybug (Rhizoecus amorphophalli), a soft-bodied insect, infests the corms both in storage and in the field. Though pesticides are effective in controlling mealybugs, they can be hazardous to human health and the environment. Two experiments, one in storage followed by one in the field, were conducted during 2009 and 2010 at the Regional Centre of Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, Dumuduma, Bhubaneswar, India, to determine the effect of six low cost and environmentally safe management practices on mealybug. In the absence of mealybug control measures, mealybug numbers increased by 4–5 times during the storage period. The pest affected the quality of the corms and reduced subsequent field establishment and crop growth. Salt (NaCl) solution (1000 ppm), cow urine, cow dung slurry (2 kg of cow dung in 1 litre of water) and clay slurry (1 kg of clay in 1 litre of water) treatments were effective in reducing mealybug numbers and the associated corm damage. However, availability of cow urine, cow dung and clay slurry limit their usage. Common salt is cheap, widely available and easy to use in treating the corms prior to storage. Relative to untreated corms, those treated with salt solution recorded greater emergence when field planted as well as producing plants with more vigorous growth.

The material characterization toolbox has recently experienced a number of parallel revolutionary advances, foreshadowing a time in the near future when material scientists can quantify material structure evolution across spatial and temporal space simultaneously. This will provide insight to reaction dynamics in four-dimensions, spanning multiple orders of magnitude in both temporal and spatial space. This study presents the authors’ viewpoint on the material characterization field, reviewing its recent past, evaluating its present capabilities, and proposing directions for its future development. Electron microscopy; atom probe tomography; x-ray, neutron and electron tomography; serial sectioning tomography; and diffraction-based analysis methods are reviewed, and opportunities for their future development are highlighted. Advances in surface probe microscopy have been reviewed recently and, therefore, are not included [D.A. Bonnell et al.: Rev. Modern Phys. in Review]. In this study particular attention is paid to studies that have pioneered the synergetic use of multiple techniques to provide complementary views of a single structure or process; several of these studies represent the state-of-the-art in characterization and suggest a trajectory for the continued development of the field. Based on this review, a set of grand challenges for characterization science is identified, including suggestions for instrumentation advances, scientific problems in microstructure analysis, and complex structure evolution problems involving material damage. The future of microstructural characterization is proposed to be one not only where individual techniques are pushed to their limits, but where the community devises strategies of technique synergy to address complex multiscale problems in materials science and engineering.

Our previous work suggests that stressors that impact placental vascular growth result in a deformed chorionic surface shape, which reflects an abnormal placental three-dimensional shape. We propose to use variability of placental disk thickness as a reflector of deviations in placental vascular growth at the finer level of the fetal stems. We hypothesize that increased variability of thickness is associated with abnormal chorionic surface shape, but will be a predictor of reduced placental functional efficiency (smaller baby for a given placental weight) independent of shape. These measures may shed light on the mechanisms linking placental growth to risk of adult disease. The sample was drawn from the Pregnancy, Infection and Nutrition Study. In all, 94.6% of the cohort consented to placental examination. Of the 1023 delivered at term, those previously sectioned by the Pathology Department were excluded, leaving 587 (57%) cases with intact placentas that were sliced and photographed. The chorionic surface shape and the shape of a central randomly oriented placental slice were analyzed and measures were compared using correlation. Lower mean placental disk thickness and more variable disk thickness were each strongly and significantly correlated with deformed chorionic plate shapes. More variable disk thickness was strongly correlated with reduced placental efficiency independent of abnormal chorionic surface shape. Variability of placental disk thickness, simple to measure in a single randomly oriented central slice, may be an easily acquired measure that is an independent indicator of lowered placental efficiency, which may in turn program the infant and result in increased risk for development of adult diseases.

Although Injury is being looked into as a major public health problem in India, most of the data coming is mortality related data from the National Crime Records Bureau and projections based on that data. There is complete absence if injury related data both surveillance data as well as outcome based data. Apex Trauma Center, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi is one of the pioneering centers to understand the need to record the injury related data of all trauma cases which are admitted to the Apex Center, thus establishing a first of its kind hospital based Trauma Registry in India. This trauma registry will serve as a means for collating trauma data that will further help in the evaluation, prevention, and research of trauma care and can be used for quality control and planning future research and injury prevention activities, in India. Later, the center has an objective of networking all regional hospitals for data collection with an aim to establish a National Trauma Registry. Although several trauma registry software's exist from Western hemisphere but the Apex Trauma Center decided to formulate and designed its own Trauma Registry form and develop the related software which includes: Basic Identification; Demographic profile; Brought by personnel and vehicle; Condition at time of arrival; ED Interventions; Detailed Diagnosis; Definitive Procedures; Disposition/ Outcome The Trauma registry is being maintained, under the leadership of a Faculty and the data is collected and entered by the Trauma Nurse Coordinators, who follow the patient from admission to discharge. The data collection for the JPNATC Trauma Registry had started w.e.f. April 2009, but initially there were usual problems of data loss and non-availability of data. This has been overcome gradually and we hope that the registry will attain its full potential in another year or so.

The influence of the intrinsic spin of electrons on the propagation of circularly polarized waves in a magnetized plasma is considered. New eigenmodes are identified, one of which propagates below the electron cyclotron frequency, one above the spin-precession frequency, and another close to the spin-precession frequency. The latter corresponds to the spin modes in ferromagnets under certain conditions. In the non-relativistic motion of electrons, the spin effects become noticeable even when the external magnetic field B0 is below the quantum critical magnetic field strength, i.e. B0 < BQ = 4.4138 × 109T and the electron density satisfies n0 ≫ nc ≃ 1032m−3. The importance of electron spin (paramagnetic) resonance (ESR) for plasma diagnostics is discussed.

We hypothesized that the altered placental proportions that influence birth weight affect childhood body proportions, and that these effects would be independent of birth weight. We also hypothesized that altered placental proportions might affect the fetal cardiovascular system, and may be reflected in variation in childhood blood pressure. By using linear regression with birth weight as the dependent variable, placental variables were entered as predictors. The predicted birth weights based on placental factors were then obtained. The ratio of the actual birth weight to that predicted by placental parameters (observed/expected ratio, OER) was used as the independent variable in analyses of age 7 year body mass index (BMI) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in the 15,902 singleton liveborns delivered between 34 and 43 weeks. The standardized residual birth weight was also used as a variable to examine the effects of birth weight that is not consistent with placental parameters. For each unit increase in the OER, BMI at 7 years increased 1 kg/m2 (P < 0.0001). The OER also had a significant effect on DBP (β = 4.52, P < 0.001) at 7 years of age but only among African-American children. Results for the standardized residual birth weight variable were consistent with the OER. All results were adjusted for gestational age, sex, socioeconomic status, African-American race and maternal pre-pregnancy BMI. Being larger or smaller than predicted by one’s placenta affects childhood body composition and blood pressure. The placental measurements provide insight into pathophysiological mechanisms of the developmental origins of adult disease.