The house-money effect, understood as people’s tendency to be more daring with easily-gotten money, is a behavioral pattern that poses questions about the external validity of experiments in economics: to what extent do people behave in experiments like they would have in a real-life situation, given that they play with easily-gotten house money? We ran an economic experiment with 122 students to measure the house-money effect on their risk preferences. They received an amount of money with which they made risky decisions involving losses and gains; a randomly selected treatment group received the money 21 days in advance and a control group got it the day of the experiment. From a simple calculation we found that participants in the treatment group only spent on average approximately 35 % of their cash in advance. The data confirms the well documented results that men are more tolerant to risk than women, and that individuals in general are more risk tolerant towards losses than towards gains. With our preferred specification, we find a mean CRRA risk aversion coefficient of 0.34, with a standard deviation of 0.09. Furthermore, if subjects in the treatment group spent 35 % of the endowment their CRRA risk aversion coefficient is higher than that of the control group by approximately 0.3 standard deviations. We interpret this result as evidence of a small and indirect house money effect operating though the amount of the cash in advance that was actually spent. We conclude that the house money effect may play a small role in decisions under uncertainty, especially when involving losses. Our novel design, however, could be used for other domains of decision making both in the lab and for calibration of economic models used in micro and macroeconomics.

The relevance of education and outreach (E&O) activities about the Antarctic Treaty has been recognized at the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings (ATCM) and at the Committee for Environmental Protection (CEP). This study examines the key topics and the target audiences detailed in papers submitted to the ATCM on E&O. Since the Antarctic Treaty entered into force in 1961, a total of 216 ATCM papers on E&O have been produced. The number of papers has increased substantially since the mid-1990s. ‘Science’ (76.9%) and ‘Wildlife/Biodiversity/Environment’ (75.5%) were the most addressed topics in these papers, while the ‘Public’ (81.0%) and those attending ‘Schools’ (69.0%) are the main target audiences. ‘Science’ in ATCM papers increased ~120-fold from 1961–1997 to 2015–2023, while ATCM papers discussing engagement with the ‘Public’ increased ~40-fold during the same period. ‘Climate change’ was first mentioned in 2006, and the number of papers per year increased fourfold by 2015–2023. This study shows the increasing interest in E&O through time, addressing key topics to relevant audiences related to the Antarctic region. From an educational perspective, attention should be paid to emerging topics (e.g. equity, diversity and inclusion), and the engagement of early-career professionals and educators should be made a priority.

The Atlantic Forest is one of the most threatened biomes globally. Data from monitoring programs are necessary to evaluate the conservation status of species, prioritise conservation actions and to evaluate the effectiveness of these actions. Birds are particularly well represented in citizen-collected datasets that are used worldwide in ecological and conservation studies. Here, we analyse presence-only data from three online citizen science datasets of Atlantic Forest endemic bird species to evaluate whether the representation of these species was correlated with their global threat status, range and estimated abundance. We conclude that even though species are over- and under-represented with regard to their presumed abundance, data collected by citizen scientists can be used to infer species distribution and, to a lesser degree, species abundance. This pattern holds true for species across global threat status.

Dioctophyme renale, the giant kidney worm, is a nematode related to Trichuris sp and is distributed worldwide. These parasites locate in the kidney of their definitive hosts (mainly belonging to the order Carnivora) and have an indirect life cycle with an annelid as the main intermediate host. Humans are rarely affected, but in those that are, 1 or both kidneys are destroyed. In South America, D. renale is widespread in riparian regions where changing climatic conditions, environmental degradation, and compromised sanitation are increasing the risk of distribution of this parasite, including humans. Here, we provide the descriptions of the genetic diversity of the parasite in the region by analysing 73 adult D. renale samples collected from domestic and wild carnivores. The most common hosts were (Canis lupus familiaris) and maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus Fam. Canidae) among domestic and wild carnivores, respectively. This work shows the descriptions of the genetic diversity of this parasite complementing molecular methods and classical and probabilistic phylogeography. Our results strongly suggest that this parasite has been present on the continent long enough to develop local genetic variants. Also, the phylogenies show transmission between localities and bidirectional transmission between domestic and wild species. We now have new tools to understand the ecological dynamics of this parasite such as molecular markers to study its genetic diversity as well as for identification and reporting in cryptic cases.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is reshaping the world as we know it, impacting all aspects of modern society, basically due to the advances in computer power, data availability and AI algorithms. The dairy sector is also on the move, from the exponential growth in AI research, to ready to use AI-based products, this new evolution to Dairy 4.0 represents a potential ‘game-changer’ for the dairy sector, to confront challenges regarding sustainability, welfare, and profitability. This research reflection explores the possible impact of AI, discusses the main drivers in the field and describes its origins, challenges, and opportunities. Further, we present a multidimensional vision considering factors that are not commonly considered in dairy research, such as geopolitical aspects and legal regulations that can have an impact on the application of AI in the dairy sector. This is just the beginning of the third tide of AI, and a future is still ahead. For now, the current advances in AI at on-farm level seem limited and based on the revised data, we believe that AI can be a ‘game-changer’ only if it is integrated with other components of Dairy 4.0 (such as robotics) and is fully adopted by dairy farmers.

We present detailed characterization of laser-driven fusion and neutron production ($\sim {10}^5$/second) using 8 mJ, 40 fs laser pulses on a thin (<1 μm) D${}_2$O liquid sheet employing a measurement suite. At relativistic intensity ($\sim 5\times {10}^{18}$ W/cm${}^2$) and high repetition rate (1 kHz), the system produces deuterium–deuterium (D-D) fusion, allowing for consistent neutron generation. Evidence of D-D fusion neutron production is verified by a measurement suite with three independent detection systems: an EJ-309 organic scintillator with pulse-shape discrimination, a ${}^3\mathrm{He}$ proportional counter and a set of 36 bubble detectors. Time-of-flight analysis of the scintillator data shows the energy of the produced neutrons to be consistent with 2.45 MeV. Particle-in-cell simulations using the WarpX code support significant neutron production from D-D fusion events in the laser–target interaction region. This high-repetition-rate laser-driven neutron source could provide a low-cost, on-demand test bed for radiation hardening and imaging applications.

We recently reported on the radio-frequency attenuation length of cold polar ice at Summit Station, Greenland, based on bi-static radar measurements of radio-frequency bedrock echo strengths taken during the summer of 2021. Those data also allow studies of (a) the relative contributions of coherent (such as discrete internal conducting layers with sub-centimeter transverse scale) vs incoherent (e.g. bulk volumetric) scattering, (b) the magnitude of internal layer reflection coefficients, (c) limits on signal propagation velocity asymmetries (‘birefringence’) and (d) limits on signal dispersion in-ice over a bandwidth of ~100 MHz. We find that (1) attenuation lengths approach 1 km in our band, (2) after averaging 10 000 echo triggers, reflected signals observable over the thermal floor (to depths of ~1500 m) are consistent with being entirely coherent, (3) internal layer reflectivities are ≈–60$\to$–70 dB, (4) birefringent effects for vertically propagating signals are smaller by an order of magnitude relative to South Pole and (5) within our experimental limits, glacial ice is non-dispersive over the frequency band relevant for neutrino detection experiments.

Raptors play a unique role in ecosystem services and are regarded as effective indicators of ecosystem health. In recent years, varieties of anthropogenic factors have threatened the majority of raptor species worldwide. Nepal is considered a global hotspot for threatened and declining raptor species, but there is limited information on the direct human threats to the raptor populations living in the country. In this paper, we identify important anthropogenic threats to raptors in Nepal based on raptor mortality data collected by powerline surveys and from monitoring of GPS-tagged raptors, complete various reports, and social media. We found that powerlines, poisoning, and persecution, mainly shooting, are significant threats to raptors in Nepal that were largely overlooked previously. We report 54 electrocuted raptors affecting eight species, 310 poisoned raptors of 11 species, and five persecuted raptors of four species; among them vultures are the most affected (>88%). Based on our findings, to safeguard the future of Nepal’s raptors, we propose the retrofitting of power poles and the use of flight diverters on powerlines in the most affected areas to reduce raptor interactions with powerlines, as well as an effective conservation education programme to prevent the use of unintentional poisoning.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in a group of victims of CSA in Puerto Rico and determine the impact of both the offender and the number of victimizations on the presentation of cardiovascular risk factors. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: A study design of a retrospective chart review at a clinical forensic service in Puerto Rico. The demographic variables were age, sex, and health plan; the CV risk factors were family health history, level of physical activity, blood pressure, BMI, and lipid profile. Sexual violence experience variables were sexual assault, sexual molestation, the relationship with the offender, and the number of victimizations. Medical records were used to identify cardiovascular risk factors and variables associated with child sexual abuse victimization. Central tendency and frequencies were used to describe the risk factors and victimization. The Mann–Whitney and Fisher exact tests were used to determine the differences between the type of victimization and the risk factors for cardiovascular health. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Most of the victims were female (81%), with an average age of 10 (SD 3.8). According to the 31 reviewed charts, 55% were victims of sexual assault, the offender was a family member (84%), and the assault had occurred more than once (81%). The study also found that systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, and body mass index (BMI) were at unhealthy levels (based on age and sex); when the victim reported sexual assault, the offender was a family member, and more than one assault occurred. Systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and fasting blood sugar were statistically significant among victims who reported being either sexually assaulted or sexually molested when the offender was a family member, and the victimization occurred more than once. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: This study indicated a higher prevalence of CVD risk factors in children victims of sexual assault. The blood pressure, lipid profiles, and BMIs were much higher than the standards. Early childhood screening is crucial in alerting health professionals to a child’s exposure to trauma.

Cryptosporidium is a leading global cause of diarrhoea with many reported outbreaks related to water and zoonotic transmission. This study summarizes data from Public Health Surveillance reports since 2010 in New Zealand to describe exposures associated with human diarrhoea outbreaks caused by Cryptosporidium. We investigate the species and subtypes of cases involved in some of the outbreaks to elucidate transmission routes and the predominant aetiological agents of cryptosporidiosis. For the period 2010–2017, 318 cryptosporidiosis outbreaks were reported in New Zealand resulting in 1634 cases and 20 hospitalizations. The most important mode of transmission was person-to-person (primary infections and secondary or close contacts infections), relating to 260 outbreaks and 1320 cases, followed by 113 outbreaks associated with animals, resulting in 436 human cases. From 2018 to 2021, there were 37 cryptosporidiosis outbreaks associated with 324 cases. We identified the subtypes by using polymerase chain reaction targeting the gp60 gene and the likelihood of mixed subtype infections with the Tracking of Indels by DEcomposition (TIDE) algorithm. Subtype families Ib and Ig of Cryptosporidium hominis and IIa and IId of Cryptosporidium parvum were found among cases; however, C. hominis subtypes occurred in 8 of the 11 outbreaks reviewed where molecular data were available. Examination of the chromatograms showed no mixed subtype infections in the samples assessed. Subtyping data need to be routinely incorporated into national surveillance programmes to better understand the epidemiology, sources, transmission and extent of cryptosporidiosis outbreaks in New Zealand. Our study highlights the value of integrating epidemiological information and molecular typing to investigate and manage clusters of cryptosporidiosis cases.

The hawksbill sea turtle Eretmochelys imbricata is categorized as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List and its population has declined by over 80% in the last century. The Eastern Pacific population is one of the most threatened hawksbill populations globally. Western Mexico is the northern distribution limit for hawksbill sea turtles in the Eastern Pacific and recent research indicates that the Mexican Pacific portion of the population is a separate management unit because of the restricted movements of these turtles. Here we use the most complete database of sighting records in the north-west Pacific of Mexico to identify sites where hawksbill turtles are present. We also develop a conservation index to determine the conservation status of hawksbill turtle sites. Our results demonstrate the importance of this region for juveniles and the relevance of rocky reefs and mangrove estuaries as habitats for hawksbill turtles. We identified 52 sites with records of hawksbill turtles. Most of these sites (71%) are not protected; however, sites with high conservation value included islands and coastal sites along the Baja California peninsula that are established as marine protected areas. Reefs and mangrove estuaries relevant for hawksbill turtles are probably also significant fish nursery areas that are important for local fishing communities, creating opportunities for conservation strategies that combine science, local engagement and policy to benefit both local fishing communities and hawksbill sea turtle conservation.

The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of adiposity-based chronic disease (ABCD) and its association with anthropometric indices in the Mexican population. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 514 adults seen at a clinical research unit. The American Association of Clinical Endocrinology/AACE/ACE criteria were used to diagnose ABCD by first identifying subjects with BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 and those with BMI of 23–24·9 kg/m2 and waist circumference ≥ 80 cm in women or ≥ 90 cm in men. The presence of metabolic and clinical complications associated with adiposity, such as factors related to metabolic syndrome, prediabetes, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidaemia and arterial hypertension, were subsequently evaluated. Anthropometric indices related to cardiometabolic risk factors were then determined. The results showed the prevalence of ABCD was 87·4 % in total, 91·5 % in men and 86 % in women. The prevalence of ABCD stage 0 was 2·4 %, stage 1 was 33·7 % and stage 2 was 51·3 %. The prevalence of obesity according to BMI was 57·6 %. The waist/hip circumference index (prevalence ratio (PR) = 7·57; 95 % CI 1·52, 37·5) and the conicity index (PR = 3·46; 95 % CI 1·34, 8·93) were better predictors of ABCD, while appendicular skeletal mass % and skeletal muscle mass % decreased the risk of developing ABCD (PR = 0·93; 95 % CI 0·90, 0·96; and PR = 0·95; 95 % CI 0·93, 0·98). In conclusion, the prevalence of ABCD in our study was 87·4 %. This prevalence increased with age. It is important to emphasise that one out of two subjects had severe obesity-related complications (ABCD stage 2).

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Research Education Towards Opportunities (RETO) Mentoring Offering Training Opportunities for Research (MOTOR) 1 – 2 and the elective courses (INTD 5998/ MDCL 101) in CTR of Title V Coop were designed to provide the participants from higher education institution (HEI) in Puerto Rico (PR), interdisciplinary – interprofesional knowledge in CTR. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Since April 2017, Research Education Towards Opportunities (RETO) and Mentoring Offering Training Opportunities for Research (MOTOR) 1 - 2 trainings were offered as part of the Title V Coop. In addition, since January 2020, as part of the institutionalization of the trainings in CTR, two elective courses (INTD 5998 and MDCL 101) were created-offered. The trainings/courses present the main concepts underlying CTR performance through lectures, workshops and presentations, in hybrid modalities, as well as the services-resources of the Center Research Education and Science Commnunication Opportunities (CRESCO). These programs have given students (undergraduate and graduate) and faculty the opportunity to get started in CTR and to integrate in Clinical and Translational Mentoring Teams (CTMT). RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Eight (8) cycles of RETO-MOTOR 1 and seven (7) cycles of RETO-MOTOR 2; two sessions of INTD 5998 and one session of MDCL 101 were offered. The RETO-MOTOR 1 training was completed by 219 participants and RETO-MOTOR 2 by 130 participants. The INTD 5998 course was completed by 22 students and the MDCL 101 course by 18 students. A total of 389 participants have been initiated in the CTR. Of the trainings, 90% indicated that the knowledge acquired in CTR was invaluable, 85% understand that the most significant achievement, as students, was present at a scientific conference, and 100% indicated interest in continuing to do CTR. Of the courses, 100% indicated that they were a good learning experience, helped them increase their knowledge in CTR, met their expectations and would recommend other students to take the course. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: The RETO-MOTOR 1, RETO-MOTOR 2 trainings and CTR courses provide a based of research knowledge and valuable interprofessional experience for those who whish to start in the clinical and translational research. The Title V Cooperative Project provides this opportunity to undergraduate and graduate students such as faculty of HEI in PR.