This chapter explores, for condensed matter formed by other elements, the novel physical and chemical properties that are dominated by full quantum effects. This includes elementary substances including relatively light elements (e.g., helium (He), lithium (Li), carbon (C), and boron (B)) as well as relatively heavy elements (e.g., oxygen (O) and silicon (Si)), and their compounds. The objects studied include liquid and solid helium, lithium bulk metal and clusters, bulk boron, borophene, boron nitride nanotubes, hexagonal boron nitride, magnesium diboride, diamond, graphene, carbon atoms in organic molecules, strontium titanate, barium ferrite, silicon semiconductors, etc. The related physical and chemical properties include superfluidity, supersolidity, elastic or plastic deformation, heat capacity, high-pressure phase diagram, bonding lengths, diffusion, crystal structure, electron–phonon coupling, bandgap renormalization, thermal expansion coefficient, thermal conductivity, phonon frequency distribution, superconducting temperature and light absorption, etc. Through a variety of fruitful aspects readers would overview the situations where full quantum effect is pronounced and even critical.

This chapter provides multiple-choice questions designed to reinforce and expand your knowledge of bipolar disorder, including symptom presentation and assessment, neurobiology, treatment mechanisms, clinical characteristics of treatments, treatment strategies, and considerations for special populations.

Making decisions about prescribing medication for mental disorders in childbearing women is a task that may have profound and long-lasting implications for a mother and her family, and it is important that prescribers have access to up-to-date summaries and interpretations of research that examines how safe these medications are in pregnancy and lactation.

Because it is not possible to test a drug’s reproductive safety in randomised controlled trials, research has to rely on less rigorous study designs. The inherent difficulties and other methodological problems have meant that interpretation of the evidence has often been difficult. However, the volume and quality of research has dramatically increased in recent years. Current findings concerning antidepressant, antipsychotic and mood-stabilising medication during pregnancy and lactation are summarised in this chapter, and recommendations for clinical practice are made referring to published guidelines where they are available.

Which of the following is associated with increased risk for primary polydipsia?

This chapter examines the development of the “mode of exchange” in Zimbabwe’s diamond sector. Before 2006, Zimbabwe’s small diamond production mostly went to Western Europe. During an extensive boom in diamond production from 2006 to 2010, many diamonds were smuggled out of the country amid foreign sanctions and a decline in the formal sector. Since 2010, the formal sector has bounced back, and many diamonds have been sold to the United Arab Emirates. Since 2016, Western Europe has once again become an export destination. However, in all periods, smuggling around the formal economy has persisted and had significant consequences for state capacity and institutions, which are examined in this chapter. This also traces the mode of exchange for other resources, particularly gold and lithium, which have been increasingly important. However, the drastic increase in diamond production that started in 2006 has uniquely impacted the Zimbabwean state. It provided an outlet to ZANU-PF during the economic collapse and increased political scrutiny, especially after the contested 2008 election, and contributed to the party being able to survive politically.

This chapter describes material and immaterial labour in the context of the industrial production, resource extraction, and global circulation of the silvery-alkali metal known as lithium. It focuses on the different kinds of material labour involved in lithium’s extraction from local sites in and around the Atacama Desert in Latin America, as well as less visible forms of labour underpinning the mining industry, including the labour of social reproduction and colonial dispossession. In this context, it asks: how do narrative arts document the violence of lithium’s extraction as it materialises in damaged and dispossessed bodies and environments, as well as those less visible traces of lithium’s circulation around the world, and the different affective economies it inhabits? I suggest that a contradiction or tension between materiality and immateriality, between what is seen and unseen, defines every level of lithium’s transformation into a commodity, as registered within global networks of labour. These larger systems, I argue, are rendered invisible; just as lithium silently provides the charge for iPhone and Tesla, it is a vanishing mediator to what some thinkers have described as ‘new extractive imperialism’. This, however, becomes visible—precisely as a kind of ideological dissimulation—across a whole range of narrative forms.

Humankind came to substances early. Poppy pods have been found with Neanderthal burials and spiritual and other group practices, still seen today but with millennia behind them, bear witness to the role of induced experiential change in human social evolution. Despite generations of history, the knowledge to unlock what mind-altering substances might do and the substrates through which they do it has only started to reveal itself within living memory through development of innovative investigative methods and an expanding cast of centrally acting compounds with clinical and laboratory potential.

A widening, if somewhat artificial, distinction has emerged where those who seek to modify brain systems with patients are considered psychopharmacologists, while those seeking to unravel mechanisms are considered neuropharmacologists. Expertise may differ, but the quest of clinician and basic scientist is the same, each benefitting from knowledge of the other.

This was a happy and productive time. Increase in writing and work productivity. Explored theories for my illness, and did lots of music, reading, and socialising, with generally elevated mood. Diagnosis was revised again to bipolar disorder, well controlled on lithium. Further ECT continued as an out-patient; unilateral treatment has less affect on memory.

Increasing pressure to return to work coupled with increasing feelings of inadequacy. Reached rock bottom, and was persuaded to start lithium, and after all this time, started to slowly improve.

Started work as a core psychiatric trainee in the Scottish Borders, with very supportive staff, although still had to work full-time. It was still a difficult switch from being patient to psychiatrist; Passed MRCGP exam, then became pregnant again. I then became pregnant again.

Aggression is often defined with reference to the intended consequences of an act exhibited by a person, or as any behaviour exhibited by a person where they intentionally acted to cause harm to another. Behaviours which cause harm but without associated intent tend not to be defined as aggression. Some people with intellectual disability may engage in behaviours with intent to cause harm to another, while for others, especially those with severe to profound intellectual disability, an absence of intent may exist. Aggressive behaviour exhibited by people with intellectual disability can take the form of verbal threats, physical aggression directed towards others including punching, kicking, slapping and biting, amongst other behaviours, as well as property damage and destruction. Aggressive behaviour can cause serious harm to others which may be life-threatening and result in social exclusion and a reduced quality of life. This chapter provides an overview of severe aggression and self-injurious behaviour relevant to people with disorders of intellectual development, and focuses on the evidence base for the various challenging behaviours and whether there is benefit from medication or alternative approaches.