This chapter delves into the foundational sources and principles underpinning Chinese property law. It defines property rights and highlights their features, emphasising the distinctions between property rights and personal rights in the Chinese legal context. The core of the chapter explores the sources of property law, which include the Constitution, national legislation, administrative regulations, local regulations, judicial interpretations and civil customs. This section underscores the significant influence of Roman law and German civil law traditions on Chinese property law. Next, the chapter discusses the basic principles of property law: the principle of numerus clausus, which restricts the types of property rights to those defined by law; the principle of equal protection, which ensures that state, collective and private property rights are equally protected; and the publicity principle, which mandates that property rights must be publicly recorded to be enforceable against third parties. Finally, the chapter addresses the classification of property, distinguishing between corporeal and incorporeal property, as well as between movable and immovable property.

Chapter 3.8 introduces the basic principles of electricity, from current and flow in Ohm’s law, to resistance and impedance within electrical circuits. We discuss the danger of electricity within medical equipment, of the different types of electrical shock and measures in place to reduce the risk of electrical injury. We cover classification of electrical equipment according to safety measures.

Chronic pain can be categorised as nociceptive, neuropathic or nociplastic based on the underlying pathophysiology. It is considered a disease in its own right and can be sub-classified to differentiate types of chronic pain syndromes. Chronic primary pain is defined as pain in one or more anatomical regions, persisting or recurring for more than 3 months, and associated with significant emotional distress or interference with activities of daily life e.g. fibromyalgia or complex regional pain syndrome. Chronic secondary pain includes six subgroups where pain has initially developed as a symptom of another disorder or disease process e.g. chronic cancer-related pain and chronic neuropathic pain.

The experience of pain is a consequence of a variety of biological, psychological, and social factors and a wide range of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions are available. Pharmacological management involves opioid agents and non-opioid medications including simple analgesics, topical lidocaine, and capsaicin, anti-epilepsy drugs and antidepressants. Tolerance to opioids can develop rapidly. Misuse and abuse are increasing concerns. Non-pharmacological interventions include psychological and physical therapies. Patient engagement in the process is key and an interdisciplinary approach is recommended which focusses on the individual patient and uses a shared-decision model.

In this chapter, we introduce the reader to basic concepts in machine learning. We start by defining the artificial intelligence, machine learning, and deep learning. We give a historical viewpoint on the field, also from the perspective of statistical physics. Then, we give a very basic introduction to different tasks that are amenable for machine learning such as regression or classification and explain various types of learning. We end the chapter by explaining how to read the book and how chapters depend on each other.

Distinguishing between different phases of matter and detecting phase transitions are some of the most central tasks in many-body physics. Traditionally, these tasks are accomplished by searching for a small set of low-dimensional quantities capturing the macroscopic properties of each phase of the system, so-called order parameters. Because of the large state space underlying many-body systems, success generally requires a great deal of human intuition and understanding. In particular, it can be challenging to define an appropriate order parameter if the symmetry breaking pattern is unknown or the phase is of topological nature and thus exhibits nonlocal order. In this chapter, we explore the use of machine learning to automate the task of classifying phases of matter and detecting phase transitions. We discuss the application of various machine learning techniques, ranging from clustering to supervised learning and anomaly detection, to different physical systems, including the prototypical Ising model that features a symmetry-breaking phase transition and the Ising gauge theory which hosts a topological phase of matter.

Chapter 1 introduces common rock-forming minerals for igneous and metamorphic rocks. These are presented by mineral group, the optical properties used to recognize each mineral in thin-section are described, and each mineral’s distinctive characteristics and paragenesis is summarized. Color images show typical occurrence and textures with scale. Additional information on solid-solution and polymorphism is provided, as are mineral applications using imaging techniques, barometry, thermometry, and geochronology.

This chapter provides useful guidelines for the immunophenotypic identification of both indolent and aggressive B-cell lymphomas. An integrated diagnostics is necessary to provide the final classification, but flow cytometry allows for a quick orientation about the lymphoma subtype and may help in speeding targeted further assays and therapeutic decisions.

Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is the most common cancer in childhood but shows a very low frequency in adults. Even in the genomics era, multiparametric flow cytometry is still critical for ALL diagnosis and management. At diagnosis, it determines the proper therapeutic approach through blast characterization and lineage assignment. During treatment, it is an essential tool for response to therapy monitoring through minimal/measurable residual disease detection. Additionally, multiparametric flow cytometry is fundamental in the even more applied immunotherapy setting, recognizing any potential switch of blast immunophenotype.

Mature T- and natural killer (NK)-cell neoplasms comprise multiple distinct disease entities. Diagnosis and classification of these entities require the integration of morphology, immunophenotype and cyto- and molecular genetics and correlation with clinical presentation. Multiparameter flow cytometry (MFC) is an important tool to immunophenotype T and NK cells. Our knowledge of the constellation of immunophenotypic aberrancies associated with certain disease entities has increased by the simultaneous analysis of more markers and molecular genetic studies. Genotype-phenotype associations have been identified contributing to a better understanding of the disease biology and clinical behaviour. T- and NK-cell disease entities in which MFC plays a central role in the diagnosis and classification are reviewed in this chapter. T-cell clonality analysis by MFC has become an assay used in many diagnostic laboratories. The availability of the JOVI-1 antibody against the T-cell receptor β constant region 1 protein (TRBC1) has greatly facilitated the detection of clonal TCRαβ T cells with high specificity and sensitivity. Despite the major advances in the diagnostic flow cytometry assays for the detection of T- and NK-cell neoplasms, standardized protocols are needed to increase the accuracy of diagnosis and classification and facilitate the implementation of automated MFC data analysis.

“Anthropology from an Aesthetic Point of View” presents a major reassessment of Kantian anthropology, correcting a tendency, common in Kant scholarship and in broader debates about race, to view Enlightenment race theory solely through the lens of moral or political philosophy. Keeping the practical stakes firmly in the frame, I shift our understanding of Kant’s anthropology away from a moral register and toward an aesthetic one, arguing that the Critique of Judgment predicates the perfection of racialized bodies on their conformity to an ideal form or “shape [Gestalt].” These ideal forms, I contend, then serve as the crux of Kant’s mature race theory and the post-Kantian anthropologies examined in the next chapter.

“Ideals of Beauty” records the spread of idealist aesthetics from Kant, through European natural philosophy of the nineteenth century, to popular anthropology published in Victorian Britain and the American Civil War. Based on archival research, the chapter adduces a link between two influential, though largely forgotten, pieces of propaganda: Miscegenation, an invidious pamphlet that promoted interacial marriage in order to incite anti-abolitionist feelings; and Beauty: Illustrated Chiefly by an Analysis and Classification of Beauty in Woman (1836) by the Scottish anatomist Alexander Walker. Translating high Kantian theory into a more quotidian, though no less potent, ideological idiom, Miscegenation and Beauty adapt anthropological classifications in order to circumscribe categories of race and gender: black, white, male, female, and mixed-race types epitomize species of physiological perfection in these texts.

This chapter claims that two events marking the beginning and end of the decade—the Great Exhibition of 1851 and the publication of Charles Darwin’s On the Origin of Species—signal a continued interest in natural historic practices of classification, observation, and visualisation. Rajan argues more specifically that texts like On the Origin of Species and Charlotte Brontë’s Villette combine eighteenth-century practices of observation and description with contemporary modes of visualisation that were popularized through optical technologies like the stereoscope. While it has become customary to view Victorian visual technologies as breaking from the epistemological assumptions of early modern philosophy and science, Rajan demonstrates that accurate and vivid description in natural history and realist fiction in fact demanded a synthesis of competing epistemologies. The work of Darwin and Brontë thus allows us to trace a methodological overlap between nineteenth-century literature and science and reassess received intellectual histories of visual culture.