I first heard of the term ‘Chinglish’ when I was at Baiduizi (白堆子) Beijing Foreign Languages School in the 1970s, through Janet Adams’ book, From Chinglish to English. The book contained 60 short dialogues in simple American English. It was meant to be teaching us colloquial English, compared to, I suppose, the textbook English written by Chinese teachers. I found the term Chinglish rather odd, and it was an odd thing for us pupils at that particular school to be made aware of, because the school was, quite literally, the only school in China at the time where foreigners were directly teaching Chinese children foreign languages and cultures. Few of these foreign teachers had formal teaching qualifications, and they were not using any textbooks written by Chinese teachers, but in their own ways using material the school compiled specially for the pupils. It was a form of audio-lingual and direct method. The language we were taught was pretty colloquial and we did not, as far as I could tell, speak Chinglish that the examples in Adams’ book illustrated.

Process parameters (laser power and scanning speed) for H13 steel specimens produced by selective laser melting (SLM) are optimized, and microstructural characteristics and mechanical properties are investigated. The optimum process parameters are a laser power of 170 W and a scanning speed of 400 mm/s according to the maximum relative density of 99.2%. The microstructure consists of cellular grains and columnar crystal, which are composed of lath martensite and retained austenite, and there are no carbides or other second-phase particles present. The size of cellular grains is 1 μm. Compared with the common processed (forged and heat-treated) H13, SLM H13 has similar microhardness (561 HV) and tensile strength (1909 MPa) values. However, the elongation (12.4%) is a factor of ∼3 times higher and the impact energy (14.4 J) of the SLM specimen is somewhat lower. The relationship between the microstructure and mechanical properties is discussed. Fine grains and no second-phase precipitation determine the strength and plasticity of SLM samples.

In this paper many studies have been carried out to ascertain the phenomenon of strain-induced precipitation and coarsening of carbides in AISI H13 hot-work die steel during the tests at 700 °C. The microstructure of H13 with various loadings was studied to identify the effects of mechanical strain on the evolutionary behavior of carbides. SEM and TEM were used to observe the size and distribution of the carbides of each sample. It was found that the coagulation of carbides is more obvious in mechanical strained samples than that in mechanical strain-free sample which means mechanical strain promotes the precipitation and coarsening of carbides, and these processes are affected by the mechanical strain amplitude. Precipitation is increased by the strain enhanced because of more nucleation sites produced and accelerate the diffusion of solute atoms. Moreover, the results are shown that lower strain rates are more beneficial for precipitation and coarsening of carbides under the same strain because they provide a longer time to nucleate and grow into nuclei.

TiC/H13 nanocomposite parts were processed by selective laser melting using various energy densities; one part also underwent hot isostatic pressing (HIP). The effect of energy density and HIPing on densification, microstructure, and hardness were evaluated. It was found that the densification was not largely affected by the energy density, but the HIP-treated sample displayed a large improvement in relative density. With increasing energy density, the microstructures showed high levels of dispersion of nanoparticles, while HIP treatment coarsened the microstructure and induced agglomeration. Both HIP treatment and increased energy density lowered hardness markedly; this was likely due to annealing effects.

The aim of this research was to investigate the influence of substrate roughness on the adhesion and tribological performance of thin TiN coatings obtained by physical vapor deposition. For that purpose, substrates of AISI H13 steel with surface finishes of 0.06, 0.28 and 0.90 μm in Ra were coated with TiN under the same coating conditions. The chemical composition of the steel, as well as that of the TiN coating, were obtained using EDS analysis. Adhesion tests were carried out following the procedure of BSi 1071-8 standard while hardness was evaluated by ASTM C 1327-03. On the other hand, dry sliding friction tests were conducted with a pin-on-disk tribometer, according to the ASTM G 99-05 standard. This study showed that the roughness of the coating increases as the substrate roughness increases. Regarding adhesion and hardness, all the samples showed an adhesion class 1 according to the standard and a hardness value of 14.51 GPa. Nevertheless, the highest substrate roughness produced the best adhesion. On the other hand, the lowest values for the friction coefficient and wear behavior were obtained by the sample with the lowest substrate roughness of 0.06 µm. In addition, it was found that friction and wear increase when the substrate roughness increases.

The tribological properties for pulsed W+C and Mo+C dual implanted H13 steel are given in this paper. The pulsed ion of W, Mo and C were implanted at 40KV to dose of (3~12)×1017/cm2 with ion flux from 25 to 100µA/cm2 using MEVVA implanter. The results show that the wear resistance life and hardness of the dual implanted H13 steel increase 2~3 times. The comparison of dual implantation with single implantation shows that the dual implantation is better. The tribological properties of W+C dual implanted H13 steel is better than Mo+C dual implanted H13 steel. The TEM and X-ray diffraction analysis show that the super high hardening dispersed phases of MoC, MoCx, WC and W2C were formed during ion implanting. The iron compounds of tungsten and molybdenum and iron carbides were obtained also. That is, the strengthening effect in H13 steel of phases MoC and WC is better than FeMo, Fe3Mo2, Fe2W and Fe7W6.

H13 tool steel was deposited using the additive manufacturing technique Direct Metal Deposition to produce a part having a wedge geometry. The wedge was characterized both in terms of microstructure and residual stress. It was found that phase transformations were significantly influencing the microstructure, which was then linked to the residual stress distribution as seen in Fig. 8. The residual stress distribution was found to be opposite to that reported in the literature. This was attributed to the low temperature martensitic phase transformation of the H13 tool steel and the subsequent tempering of the microstructure with an increasing number of layers of deposited material. The high hardness and compressive residual stress of the top 4 mm of the wedge are ideal in die casting and forging dies, as it will resist thermal fatigue. It also has a hardness higher than that produced by typical heat treatment processes.

This article is a case study on the Yunnanese scholar Li Yuanyang under the background of the Ming's incorporating and sinicizing Yunnan, exploring how he views the Ming's actions and writes Yunnan's becoming a part of China. First, it retells Li's life experiences and examines the Yunnan native things and Chinese traditions in his writings. Then, after noting his emphasis of Yunnan's belonging to China, it concentrates on his comments on the Ming's military campaigns. As it analyzes, on the one hand, he justifies these campaigns against indigenous rebellions, on the other hand, he also criticizes unnecessary wars and some imperial officials' selfish deeds. Besides, he considers the constructing and reconstructing projects as a symbol of the central state's righteous governance, which should also bring benefit and benevolence to the indigenes. In a word, Li's case reflects the deep impact of the Ming's invasion on the local elites, as well as how they react to this.

The chemical change in the surface of H13 steel or aluminum is produced by implanting a reactive elements, such as Ti, Mo and W. The X-ray diffraction pattern shows that implanted Ti at 400 C has reacted with carbon(0.35 in wt.%) forming a second phase TiC. Auger analysis shows that the carbon atoms have been condensed in the Ti implanted region. Carbon peak concentration of 30 At.% is greater than Ti atom peak concentration of 12 At.%.

Several second phases are formed during pulsed Mo ion implantation 2 into aluminum with high ion flux of 50˜80µA/cm2 which raises the target temperature from 400°C to 600°C.

More second phases are formed by dual Mo+C implantation with high dose of 3˜5×10 17/cm2 and high flux of 50˜75µA/cm2 . And the target temperature is raised from 400 to 600°C. The FeMo Fe3Mo2, Fe2MoC, Mo2C, MoC, MoCx, phases and iron carbides are identified by X-ray diffraction technique.

The discovery in 1977 at Fuyang (Anhui province) of several mantic instruments dating from the beginning of Western Han (ca. 165 B.C.E.) marked a decisive change in modern studies of early Chinese science, divination, and religion, many of which now regard the shi 式 as the material basis for modes of thought in Warring States, Qin, and Han culture. While the examples of devices discovered to date have provided a valuable interpretative key to early Chinese schematic cosmography, the meaning of the term shi remains a source of perplexity as its connotations are imprecise and can vary from one author to the next. Whether this change is an accurate representation of ideas about the shi in pre-Han and Han is precisely the issue at stake in the present paper. The following conclusions are drawn: (1) the existence during the Han of several instruments of the shi type no longer permits the use of the term to refer to a singular and unique device, even though evidence drawn from the received texts tends to show the contrary; (2) the multiple meanings of the term shi, as well as the gradual shift between its strict sense as mantic device (shipan 式盤) and its broad sense as calendrical astrology (shizhan 式占) give rise to serious misunderstandings when it is used alone; (3) since these mantic devices are primarily offshoots of pre-Han and early Han astrographic and calendrical theories, the patterns and designs that appear on their surface (shitu 式圖) need to be considered within the larger scope of the spatial representations of calendrical time cycles, of which the excavated texts and artifacts now offer numerous examples; (4) the widespread use of the term shi-method (shifa 式法) in modern studies when referring to some mantic techniques described in the manuscripts raises the interesting question of how to delineate boundaries between the early developments in calendrical astrology and the hemerological practices in general.

Extrusion is an efficient hot working process to aluminum production and AISI H13 (4Cr5MoSiV1) as the main material of extrusion tool suffers from fatigue and creep damage due to its extreme working condition. A new mean plastic strain life prediction has been proposed based on the energy method. In addition, statistical analysis is also taken into consideration to complement this physic-based model due to other unmeasured and unknown exogenous influences. To validate the model, a series of AISI H13 fatigue and fatigue–creep tests were conducted at 500 °C close to the practical aluminum extrusion process. The strain-controlled tests were used for obtaining the parameters, while the stress-controlled tests were utilized for validating the proposed model. It shows that the model predictions were in good agreement with the experimental results.

This article begins with biographical sketches of the Ming thinker Luo Rufang 羅汝芳 (js. 1553, 1515–1588), which take place in the Jiajing reign (1522–1566). This time period marks the first high tide of Wang Yangming's philosophy. As a lecturer, Luo Rufang headed discussion gatherings (jiangxue 講學) and implemented community compacts (xiangyue 鄉約), all of which derived inspiration from Wang Yangming. Although Luo could confidently instill Confucian values in his audience, behind his endorsement of moral learning lay a personal history of doubt, struggle, and search for authority. To uncover the personal search for meaning and moral authority, Luo is an excellent example. A selection of conversations Luo had with his students and followers reveal his personal struggles, which can be aligned with his biography. Luo's quest for sagehood is less abstract; it is a personal reflection on which sage ought to be followed.