This chapter first examines the ways in which United States Information Agency addressed the race problem in America following the signing of the 1964 and 1965 civil rights legislation and during the very worst of the urban violence that occurred during the period from 1964 to 1968. This historical context is necessary in order to understand how America's public diplomacy attempted to deal with the complex intersections between the nation's civil rights problem and the blows to America's international prestige as a result of the Vietnam War, the Watergate scandal, and the resignation of President Richard Nixon in the early-to mid-1970s. The chapter discusses how and why the dominant portrayal of the civil rights issue in the United States that developed during the 1950s and early-1960s gave way to a new approach by the mid-1960s and then changed again following the election of Richard Nixon in 1968.

The chapter examines Israeli poetry of the 1980s within its historical context, highlighting the era’s distinctive characteristics. While many critiques of this poetry overlook historical considerations – a phenomenon termed a “dead-end” in national historical thought – the chapter uses Kfir Cohen Lustig’s framework on the interplay between literature, the nation-state, and capitalism, adapting it to the analysis of poetry. The chapter posits that in the 1980s, amid the rise of global capitalism and the prevailing trend of autonomization (notably its dominance over state power), the fundamental poetic form was metonymy. This structure, based on the physical proximity among signifieds, establishes diachronic, horizontal relationships between signifiers. The operation of metonymy is illustrated through two poems by Rammy Ditzanny. Furthermore, by examining several other poets through the lens of various scholars, it is argued that metonymy’s foundational poetic principle underlies the diverse poetic styles of the period, including Imagism, collage poetry, and “object poetry.” This principle frequently coincides with the devaluation or negation of the subject and a rejection of the Oedipal structure.

This chapter offers a description of the late phase of modernization of Hebrew literature, from the 1860s with the rise of the Hebrew press, to fin-de-siècle modernist poetics as expressed namely by the genre of the short story. It holds a double perspective, regarding the development of the infrastructure of both Hebrew print and editorial initiatives (the daily Hebrew press, the feuilliton, the Hebrew “penny books”) and the modernist poetics of representation (the figure of the alienated modern Jew in the early poetics of David Frishman, Reuben Brainin, Micha Josef Berdyczewski, Ben-Avigdor and Hayim-Nahman Bialik). Finally, this chapter discusses the cultural positions of influence and imitation in nineteenth-century Hebrew translation (Kalman Shulman, translator of Eugène Sue; Meir Halevy Leteris, translator of Goethe; Eduard Zalkinsohn, translator of Shakespeare; Nahum Slouschz, translator of Emile Zola).

Focusing approximately on the period 1584–1610, this chapter addresses the contrasting question of the translation of European world maps in China. The chapter argues that the creation of Matteo Ricci’s world map, which was based on European and Chinese sources with text in Chinese characters and the use of Chinese printing methods and materials, was motivated by the need to create a new identity for Europeans in China; Matteo Ricci’s world map created “The Great West” as a geographical and cultural category. The chapter also explores the intricacies of cartographic translation and the back and forths between China and Europe, covering the activities of Michele Ruggieri and Matteo Neroni

Intensive care unit (ICU) admissions create immense psychological challenges for patients and their loved ones. With increasing recognition of the psychological impact of an ICU admission, qualified psychologists have been incorporated into the care team both to address acute psychological stress during the admission and to help prevent continuing psychological difficulties after hospital discharge. This chapter describes the direct work that ICU psychologists do with patients, the support they provide for families, and other indirect ways they contribute to improving communication, psychological understanding, and the therapeutic environment in the ICU. Psychologists use a range of evidence-based approaches in their ICU work, including interventions based on cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). Research into the most effective ways of delivering psychological interventions in the ICU is still in its infancy and should be prioritized now that psychological professionals are increasingly engaged with ICU teams.

This chapter demonstrates how William Earle’s abolitionist novel Obi; or, The History of Three-Fingered Jack (1800) uses interpolated tales, along with other embedded forms, to vocalize multiple perspectives across cultural and racial difference, while acknowledging the vexed ethics of using a print text to speak for populations largely excluded from literacy and the literary marketplace. Interrupting the otherwise epistolary narrative, “Makro and Amri: An African Tale” allows an enslaved mother to transmit her native Feloop culture to her Jamaica-born son, inspiring him to lead the rebellion for which they both die fighting. Thus allying herself with violence and animating the plot, Amri emerges as one of the most powerful female speakers in late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century fiction. Under this approach, the colonial hierarchy of speaker and spoken for emerges as another lopsided power relation available to be acknowledged, denaturalized, and perhaps undermined once we observe and name the ironic breach between novel and tale.

Chapter 4 begins by tracing some reappearances and interconnections of Emersonian themes, in what Goodman calls paths of coherence in Emerson’s philosophy: not a complete system, but ways that his thoughts hang together. The chapter focuses on “Nominalist and Realist,” where Emerson sets out the competing metaphysics of particulars and universals without reconciling their opposition. Near the end of the essay, he draws a skeptical lesson from his epistemology of moods. “I am always insincere,” he writes, “as always knowing there are other moods.” This might be cause for despair, but Emerson’s tone in this final paragraph is more in tune with ancient skepticism and Montaigne. He ends “Nominalist and Realist” by withdrawing from the dispute, but this does not mean that he gives up inquiring. Skepticism can be both a withholding of final judgment, and, as Herwig Friedl observes, “a constant looking around, without any attempt at closure.”

This chapter considers new tools introduced in neuroscience over the past thirty years and claims that these tools will overcome traditional limitations. Some claim that tools lead scientific advances; I question this claim, not by negating the utility of new tools, but highlighting that they have to be applied to relevant concepts. Tool development has been and maintains a major aspect of neuroscience, with the US BRAIN initiative investing over a billion dollars by the end of the decade to develop new tools. I cover computer modelling, molecular genetics, connectomics, calcium and voltage imaging, optogentics and neural pixel probes. I highlight the advantages of each approach, but then discuss various caveats that should be highlighted to promote attempts to address them and improve the insight that the techniques can give.