This chapter surveys behavioural models across decisions and games that rationalise deviations from money maximisation and shows that, despite variety, they share a single foundation: economic consequentialism. It reviews bounded-rationality accounts (satisficing/aspiration dynamics, quantal response equilibria) and departures from expected utility (prospect theory) and from exponential discounting in intertemporal decisions (hyperbolic discounting), then introduces social-preference formulations (altruism à la Ledyard/Levine, inequity aversion a la Fehr–Schmidt and Bolton–Ockenfels, and models by Andreoni–Miller and Charness–Rabin). Finally, the chapter formalises the ‘economic representation’ of action profiles and defines economic consequentialism – utility as a function only of payoffs, probabilities, and timing for all parties – while noting limits that motivate alternative approaches.

Building on Chapter 1, Chapter 2 presents an in-depth case study of the fourth major organic farming movement in interwar Germany, biodynamic agriculture. With its Demeter and Weleda brands, this was the organic current that was most successful in garnering consistent support from Nazi patrons, and it remains the most high-profile form of organics in Germany today. Early biodynamic proponents particularly emphasized the ecological dimension of their work, framing their approach as the way to “heal the earth” from environmental harm. In part because of pre-existing ties to several groups of Nazi activists, the biodynamic movement flourished for much of the Third Reich until falling prey to intra-party disputes in 1941. Leading biodynamic figures worked closely with life reform officials within the Nazi apparatus, illustrating the active connections linking multiple strands of environmental advocacy across far-flung sectors of the regime. Through a detailed critical account based on previously unused archival sources, the chapter carefully delineates the reasons for the rise and eventual fall of the Reich League for Biodynamic Agriculture, concluding with a differentiated assessment of the space available for grassroots environmental initiatives in Nazi Germany.

This chapter analyses the left periphery of PIE with specific reference to the interaction between pragmatic fronting (topicalisation and focalisation) and clitic placement (Wackernagel’s law). This constitutes a mapping out of the CP layer in PIE, which forms a crucial part of relative clause structure, and lays the groundwork for analysing the precise syntactic behaviour of the relative pronoun, *REL.

Early Christianity, and the Pauline letters specifically, was concerned with questions of legality and its transcendence. In a process analogous to that described in the previous chapter, the flesh of Christ holds out the possibility of transcending the law itself, and remaking oneself and one’s community in the wake of the historical disruptions of the first century BC/AD. Communities throughout the empire, intrigued by the possibility of taking on new and different laws or, by contrast, freeing themselves from all laws, saw in the possibility of Christianity the opportunity for transformation. For Paul, real law is not concerned about materiality, but transcendence. There are important and underexplored commonalities between Paul’s interpretive moves and those of the sophists of the following chapter. The key body, however, is not the body of the orator, but the perfect body of Christ, which deserves to be imitated.

We were both part of the team that conducted the first systematic study about sexual harassment in academic medicine in Germany and this has informed our following practice and our contribution to this book. Coming from a background in clinical medicine and public health, as well as knowledge about organizations, and personal encounters with the topic, we feel that more awareness, prevention and actionable consequences are necessary to improve working conditions in academic medicine in Germany. The anonymized case study we present showcases many of the structural problems survivors encounter and, most importantly, the fact that they often shoulder the consequences of actions they have not called for and did not want. The #metoo movement supported public discussions about sexual harassment and led to some positive change, yet much still needs to be done to structurally change our workplaces and the hierarchical culture that characterizes academic medicine.

This chapter describes and assesses the arguments for transgender girls’ inclusion in girls’ sports that have dominated left-leaning public and political discourse. At core, the arguments focus on the subjective and objective harms of misgendering. The chapter describes and critiques subjective pain arguments as too indeterminate empirically and normatively to provide a basis for inclusion. The chapter next examines objective claims about human flourishing and hierarchies of oppression revealing their underlying assumptions and perhaps unintended consequences.

In Chapter 4, we introduce low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes, a class of powerful and efficient channel codes which admit a graphical representation based on sparse bipartite graphs. This chapter introduces fundamental concepts in LDPC coding theory and guides the reader through unstructured and structured LDPC code ensembles, including the important case of protograph-based LDPC code ensembles.

Juana Manso (1819–1875) has been described as “the first woman to be appointed to an official government position and arguably the most radical feminist in nineteenth century Argentina.” Born in Argentina, she left the country with her family in 1840, after her father was exiled by the Rosas regime. When she returned to Buenos Aires in 1853, she was already an experienced educator, author, and editor. In 1859, Domingo Faustino Sarmiento, then head of the Elementary Schools Department, appointed her as director of the Escuela de Ambos Sexos, the first co-educational school in Buenos Aires, and editor of the educational journal Anales de la Educación Común. As Argentine president, Sarmiento appointed her to the Board of Public Instruction in 1871. Manso not only advocated for women’s education but also for popular education more widely – her selected passages in our volume, originally published in the Album de Señoritas, serve to illustrate her most passionate interests in these causes.

Introduction

According to estimates made by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 2019, the global agro-food system's emissions account for about 21 per cent to 37 per cent of total anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (IPCC 2022a). Almost half of those emissions can be attributed to deforestation and land use changes associated mainly with the growth of the agricultural and livestock borders (Ecologistas en Acción n.d.). In this context, the production of soy for animal feed and biofuel represents a major contributor to the carbon footprint (Ecologistas en Acción n.d.). An estimate of 85 per cent of the worldwide soy production is used to feed animals (Ritchie and Roser 2021; WWF 2007).

The prevalent agribusiness model in the Latin American Southern Cone is characterized by the large-scale cultivation of genetically modified (GM) seeds, mainly of soy, which have been developed to tolerate primarily glyphosate, among other herbicides. Moreover, this model entails high levels of land concentration and monocultures and is one in which few large transnational corporations have high levels of market share for the production and distribution of both GM soy seeds and glyphosate. The other end of the value chain mirrors this scenario, with only a few retail companies dominating the market.

Since its introduction to the market in the 1990s, GM soy seeds and associated pesticide use have become one of the major drivers behind the decline of South America's natural ecosystems, especially in the tropics (Fehlenberg et al. 2017). The use of both products together has increased substantially over the years as weeds have evolved to become resistant to glyphosate (Perry et al. 2016; Tsatsakis et al. 2017).

This book comes in two parts; the first, consisting of §§1–7, offers an informal axiomatic introduction to the basics of set theory, including a thorough discussion of the axiom of choice and some of its equivalents. The second part, consisting of §§8–14, is written at a somewhat more advanced level, and treats selected topics in transfinite algebra; that is, algebraic themes where the axiom of choice, in one form or another, is useful or even indispensable.

Chapter 4 uses original survey data to test the book’s theoretical claims. The first set of findings focuses on property rights. Disputes over state land takings are concentrated where land values are greatest: close to urban centers. The second set of results focuses on how the legal system channels conflict; grievances of rural residents over state land takings often go unresolved. In the wake of state land takings, rural residents use law to fight village leaders and neighbors in order to get a bigger share of limited state compensation for lost land. The data also reveal which villagers are more likely to take action in the face of land grievances. Possible actions include mediating, petitioning, litigating, protesting, and contacting media or a local People’s Congress deputy. Personal connections to the party-state are key, while legal knowledge and party membership have no effect. The third set of results focuses on the official project of legal construction. Data analysis shows that state legal programming changes citizens’ legal consciousness and increases regime legitimacy, as measured by trust in the party-state, for the majority of citizens. Fourth, for the minority of the population that directly experiences grievances over land, trust in the state declines.