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Chapter 1 lays the groundwork for the subsequent legal analysis. Following the fundamentals, the chapter highlights ongoing global policy discussions and initial regulatory efforts, with particular emphasis on the latest developments within international organisations such as UNESCO, the OECD, the Council of Europe, and the EU. It also addresses relevant legal scholarship, ensuring a comprehensive understanding of the evolving regulatory debate surrounding these technologies.
This chapter examines how copyright reversion mechanisms developed in US copyright law. It traces the history of such provisions to its present day iteration (an inalienable right for creators to terminate copyright grants after around 35 years). As with the study of British reversionary rights, the chapter highlights how the US provisions have often been rendered ineffective through the behaviour of rightsholders (both before and after reversion mechanisms have been passed). It focuses on how the current termination scheme operates, highlighting its considerable problems: for example, uncertainty over whether sound recordings are covered, and the sheer difficulty of meeting the formalities necessary to exercise the statutory rights.
The book concludes by commenting on what can be said about the traditions that Cyril and Julian represent (Christianity and Hellenism) based on the focused analysis of the particular arguments of these two figures. Demonstrating narrative conflict between two individuals does not yet prove incommensurability between their traditions, and this concluding chapter points to how that larger question would need to be broached.
This paper explores diversifying legislatures within a context of ethnonationalism, populism, and democratic erosion. Although diversity and inclusion are often viewed as symbols of democratization, research increasingly challenges this. In fact, diversity and inclusion can occur in tandem with democratic erosion—how so? How do minorities navigate hostile environments? To answer this question, I analyze how women politicians with intersecting identities strategically use their gendered and racialized identities. I conduct a qualitative study of four different women politicians in the Israeli Knesset—Miri Regev of Jewish Mizrahi [Moroccan] descent, Pnina Tamano-Shata of Jewish Ethiopian descent, Merav Michaeli of Jewish Ashkenazi [European] descent, and Aida Touma-Suleiman, a Palestinian-Israeli. I find that women will highlight the aspects of their identities that they believe will benefit them the most, resulting in their promotion of ethnonational divisions and reducing opportunities for solidarity among minority populations.
The Older Finnish Twin Cohort was established 50 years ago and includes twins born in Finland before 1958. Members of the cohort have responded to detailed questionnaires about their health, habits, and lifestyle up to four times, in 1975, 1981, 1991, and 2011. In 2019, the Finnish Parliament approved the Act on the Secondary Use of Health and Social Data, which enables wider use of data from national social and healthcare registers as well as various patient systems and social services. This data resource article describes the linkage of the Older Finnish Twin Cohort to numerous social and healthcare registers, alongside linked data from their families and the broader Finnish population born in 1945−1957, which serves as a reference population for generalizability and other analyses.
As a material and literary world, the Silk Road ‘reorients’ our maps of both global capitalism and world literature. The commodities that circulated along the Silk Road included not only objects such as silks, leather, pottery, spices, silver and paper, but also artisans and courtesans, foods and cuisines, languages and knowledges, ideas, ideologies, texts and cultural institutions. This chapter explores the connections between world literature and Silk Road commodities, focusing on the global cultures of tea and specifically the literary culture of the teahouse, which it reads as a precursor to the coffeehouse of early modern literary culture. The history of tea’s origins and proliferation, and of its production and consumption as well as attendant technologies, material cultures, rituals and spaces, allows us to track its movement from the Silk Road to Europe, specifically through the rise and development of teahouses and the intercultural dialogues facilitated by the practice of tea consumption. Bringing together examples of tea poetry in Chinese, Japanese, Moroccan-Arabic and Sufi literatures this chapter shows how tea is a staple feature of fictional worlds across connected literary cultures. In doing so, it explores the broader potential for using the commodity cultures of the Silk Road as a framework for literary study in a global context.
This chapter presents evidence that some of the merchants under study either were actually ennobled or otherwise lived “nobly,” easily socializing with the lower nobility in German-speaking Europe and sometimes with the high nobility. Despite many historians’ claims otherwise, such merchants did not leave trade; nor did they marry “out of” the mercantile class, even if some of their wives bore names indicating noble status. The chapter also presents evidence assembled by other scholars that demonstrates the same patterns: merchants often lived as “city nobles” (Stadtadel) even while continuing their work in commerce.
Kant argues that sensible signs are necessary for thinking and considers only audible words adequate signs. For, since the sense of hearing does not immediately lead to specific images, only audible words express the generality of conceptual representations and have such a constitutive role in thought that deafness from birth constitutes an impediment to thinking. Words have this role because they are arbitrary and associated signs that serve to memorize the logical essence of concepts and function as mere characterizations that ‘mean nothing,’ unlike symbols, which provide images. Kant considers symbolic script a symptom of the lack of general concepts and banishes symbolic language from the core of his philosophy which he requires to provide acroamatic proofs that grant nothing to images. However, he not only recognizes the relevance of symbolic language in poetry and as a means of sensualizing abstract concepts, but appreciates its importance when he develops an interest in a heuristic methodology not based only on chance or luck, and in whose preliminary stages he recommends investigating metaphors, etymologies, and synonyms, and even rehabilitates topics, as heuristic tools to obtain insights that help formulate hypotheses to solve problems.
Kuwait has one of the highest rates of diabetes and obesity (1). Retinol plays a crucial role in metabolic regulations of lipids and glucose, and in mitochondrial bioenergetics (1-3). We hypothesized that retinol supplementation would prevent obesity and insulin resistance in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). We investigated the effect of retinol supplementation on weight changes and glucose homeostasis.
Mice (C57; male and female) were supplemented either for 4 weeks (HFD-R4) or 8 weeks (HFD-R8), while being fed HFD for 8 weeks. Two control groups were given either an HFD or a low-fat diet (LFD). At the end of the trial, animals were weighed, and blood and tissues were collected for various biomarkers and proteomic analysis. Data are expressed as mean (SD) of 5 replicates in each group. Group comparisons were performed with ANOVA with significance level at p<0.05.
No effect of retinol on body weight was seen in female mice. In male mice, the HFD-R8 group gained significantly less weight. Mean body weights were 29.6g, 41.3g, 41.2g, and 32.8g for control-LFD, Control-HFD, HFD-R4 and HFD-R8 groups, respectively. HFD-R8 grouphad better glucose control, and significantly lower levels of plasma leptin and insulin compared to all other groups. Proteomic analyses of liver samples revealed upregulation of 169 proteins in the HFD-R8 group (abundance ratio of ≥2) and downregulation of 143 proteins (abundance ratio of ≤0.5). Several of the upregulated proteins are involved in energy metabolism including glycogen phosphorylase, fatty acid-binding protein, complex I assembly factor TIMMDC1, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase isozyme 3, cytochrome b, pyruvate carrier 2, very-long-chain (3R)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydratase 2, NADH- ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 5, NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 7, ribulose-phosphate 3-epimerase, beta-enolase, glycerate kinase, Acyl-CoA (8-3)-desaturase, retinol dehydrogenase ADH4 and electron transfer flavoprotein regulatory factor 1. Notable down-regulated proteins included phosphorylase b kinase regulatory subunit beta, acyl-CoA desaturase 3, cytochrome c oxidase assembly protein COX16 homolog, hexokinase-1, glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 4, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase isozyme 2, and acylcarnitine hydrolase.
These findings indicate that retinol modulates weight gain and glucose homeostasis by regulating mitochondrial bioenergetics. This study highlights the potential of retinol supplementation in obesity prevention and warrants further studies in humans.
Nowadays, artificial intelligence (AI) is becoming a powerful tool to process huge volumes of data generated in scientific research and extract enlightening insights to drive further explorations. The recent trend of human-in-loop AI has promoted the paradigm shift in scientific research by enabling the interactive collaboration between AI models and human experts. Inspired by these advancements, this chapter explores the transformative role of AI in accelerating scientific discovery across various disciplines such as mathematics, physics, chemistry, and life sciences. It provides a comprehensive overview of how AI is reshaping the scientific research – enabling more efficient data analysis, enhancing predictive modeling, and automating experimental processes. Through the examination of case studies and recent developments, this chapter underscores AI’s potential to revolutionize scientific discovery, providing insights into current applications and future directions. It also addresses the ethical challenges associated with AI in science. Through this comprehensive analysis, the chapter aims to provide a nuanced understanding of how AI is facilitating scientific discovery and its potential to accelerate innovations while maintaining rigorous ethical standards.
At the end of the historical section, Katharine E. Harmon bridges the gap between the past and the present, inasmuch as she discusses what the Liturgical Movement brought about. This international and ecumenical movement promoted a deeper understanding of the liturgy as well as revisions and reforms it deemed necessary or desirable. Today, many scholars and church leaders are greatly indebted to the Liturgical Movement.
With the rapid development of artificial intelligence technology, human–AI interaction and collaboration have become important topics in the field of contemporary technology. The capabilities of AI have gradually expanded from basic task automation to complex decision support, content creation, and intelligent collaboration in high-risk scenarios. This technological evolution has provided unprecedented opportunities for industries in different fields, but also brought challenges, such as privacy protection, credibility issues, and the ethical and legal relationship between AI and humans. This book explores the role and potential of AI in human–AI interaction and collaboration from multiple dimensions and analyzes AI’s performance in privacy and credibility, knowledge sharing, search interaction, false information processing, and high-risk application scenarios in detail through different chapters.
Informal caregivers such as family members or friends provide much care to people with physical or cognitive impairment. To address challenges in care, caregivers often seek information online via social media platforms for their health information wants (HIWs), the types of care-related information that caregivers wish to have. Some efforts have been made to use Artificial Intelligence (AI) to understand caregivers’ information behaviors on social media. In this chapter, we present achievements of research with a human–AI collaboration approach in identifying caregivers’ HIWs, focusing on dementia caregivers as one example. Through this collaboration, AI techniques such as large language models (LLMs) can be used to extract health-related domain knowledge for building classification models, while human experts can benefit from the help of AI to further understand caregivers’ HIWs. Our approach has implications for the caregiving of various groups. The outcomes of human–AI collaboration can provide smart interventions to help caregivers and patients.