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Now in its second edition, this Handbook is a current overview of Second Language (L2) research, providing state-of-the-art synopses of recent developments in each sub-area of the field, and bringing together contributions by emerging scholars and experts in Second Language Acquisition (SLA). Since the first edition, broad socio-political movements, alternative views of bilingualism, emergence of global markets, vast expansion of electronic resources, the development of social media, and the availability of big data have transformed the discipline, and this edition has been thoroughly updated to address these changes. It is divided into six main parts: Part I situates SLA in terms of research and practice; Part II explores individual cognitive, age-related and neurolinguistic similarities and differences; Part III outlines external, sociocultural, and interactive factors; Part IV presents profiles of bilinguals who take differing paths of acquisition; Part V describes interlanguage properties; and Part VI comprises clear models of L2 development.
The 20th century saw the development of many of the key concepts and theories in algebraic geometry. However, the evolution of style and approach over time has rendered the original texts challenging for modern readers to decipher. Bridging the gap between classical and modern algebraic geometry, this book explains classical results using modern tools and language. The second edition has undergone significant expansion. This second volume includes new chapters on quartic surfaces, and on the theory of congruences of lines, the first known modern treatment of the work of E. Kummer and R. Sturm. Furthermore, the expanded bibliography now encompasses over 800 references, including references to results obtained in the 12 years since the publication of the first edition. This carefully crafted reference will continue to keep classical algebraic geometry results alive and accessible to new generations of graduate students and researchers today.
Bronze was a prized medium for sculpture in the classical world, as reflected by the remnants of the thousands of bronze statues of gods, dignitaries, and intellectuals that once filled its cities and sanctuaries. Today, only a few hundred statues are preserved, counting heads without bodies and bodies missing heads and limbs. Fortunately, the few survivors – pieces of bronze statues, scraps dumped by ancient bronze foundries, ancient texts, and occasional new finds – offer invaluable insights into the ancient bronze statuary industry. In this magisterial work, Carol Mattusch brings her deep knowledge of ancient technology to the study of bronze sculpture from multiple perspectives. Analyzing ancient literary testimonia together with the material evidence, she charts the production process from start to finished statues and to modern workshop analogies. Exploring standards for size, appearance, and placement of classical public statuary, her volume also considers issues related to Roman private collections of bronzes, including taste, production, means of acquisition, display, and loss or occasional survival of ancient bronzes.
Offering a bold and original perspective, Leadership for Sustainability explores how leadership can drive meaningful sustainability transitions through local and regional governance. The authors introduce an interpretive framework developed around the concepts of myth, metaphor and narrative, revealing sustainability as a highly productive fiction – one that enables communities to observe their environment differently and envision and organize long-term futures. Through critical analysis of sustainability narratives and a careful dismantling of common leadership myths, this book uncovers the functions and roles of leadership within governance systems. This approach illuminates how leadership can foster new modes of observation, understanding, and organization that reconnect communities, governance, and the environment. Featuring a clear and concise overview of key issues, tools, concepts and contexts for the understanding of leadership for sustainability, this is an essential insight for scholars and practitioners working in sustainability, environmental issues, leadership studies, public policy, and administration.
Alejo Carpentier in Context examines one of the greatest novelists of Latin American literature in the 20th century. The Cuban Carpentier was one of the regions firmest supporters of the Cuban Revolution yet was revealed later to have hidden important details of his biography. A polymath of encyclopedic knowledge, contributions to this book showcase his influence, not only as a novelist but also as a musicologist, writer of ballet scenarios, radio broadcaster, opera aficionado and expert in modernist architecture. This volume offers perspectives on Carpentier's concept of the marvelous real, which later morphed into magical realism, as well as on the baroque as a defining characteristic of Latin American culture. Debates focus on Carpentier's role as a public intellectual in Cuba and abroad, on new revelations about his biography and readings of his major novels, introducing ecocritical perspectives, theories of intermediality and recent philosophies of history.
This is a study of the financial system that sustained the sixteenth-century empire of Philip II of Spain. Detailing the links between royal revenue sources, trade fairs, credit market, long-term debt, and contracts with Genoese bankers, it reveals how Philip's financial and military strategy complemented each other. Central to the narrative is Philip's struggle with the Cortes, which, under Castile's implicit constitution, imposed limits on public debt, forcing repeated renegotiations as military expenses and debt escalated. In this first analytical study of Philip's financial policies, Carlos Álvarez-Nogal and Christophe Chamley draw on extensive archival research and secondary sources to show that Philip's main challenge was not the bankers but the Cortes. He used temporary payment suspensions and financial crises as tools to pressure the Cortes for additional taxation. The book highlights the interplay between debt, political power, and state formation in early modern Europe.
This book offers a comprehensive introduction to Markov decision process and reinforcement learning fundamentals using common mathematical notation and language. Its goal is to provide a solid foundation that enables readers to engage meaningfully with these rapidly evolving fields. Topics covered include finite and infinite horizon models, partially observable models, value function approximation, simulation-based methods, Monte Carlo methods, and Q-learning. Rigorous mathematical concepts and algorithmic developments are supported by numerous worked examples. As an up-to-date successor to Martin L. Puterman's influential 1994 textbook, this volume assumes familiarity with probability, mathematical notation, and proof techniques. It is ideally suited for students, researchers, and professionals in operations research, computer science, engineering, and economics.
In a region known for its export of oil, Monarchies of Extraction explores how the Gulf states are simultaneously defined by the importation of food. Charting the economics and politics of the Gulf through an examination of its food system, Christian Henderson demonstrates how these states constitute a distinct social metabolism. Starting with the pre-oil phase, this book examines the politics of agrarian change in the Gulf. In the contemporary period, Henderson considers the way that the Gulf states represent 'inverted farms', where the import of prodigious quantities of agricultural commodities has enabled these economies to overcome their lack of arable land. As a result of this trade, states such as the UAE and Saudi Arabia have developed their own agribusiness sectors. Henderson further shows how food and consumption in the Gulf states constitute political questions of diet, sustainability, and boycott.
The Cambridge Companion to World Trade Law offers expert but compact discussion of the diverse perspectives, enduring issues, and emergent challenges in the field. This volume offers a lively and thorough overview of the subject in all its dimensions. It takes stock of the state of the field of trade law without allowing current events to dominate key debates. It is intended to be appreciated not only by a legal audience as a collection of concise yet thoughtful reflective pieces, but also by readers across the fields of business, economics, finance, sociology, diplomacy, and international relations who may have no specialist trade law knowledge. It will appeal not only to the novice but also to the seasoned trade law expert who might wish to have at hand a single-volume compendium of current expert analysis across the different dimensions of trade law.
The Cambridge Handbook of AI in Civil Dispute Resolution is the first global, in-depth exploration of how artificial intelligence is transforming civil justice. Moving past speculation, it showcases real-world applications-from predictive analytics in Brazil's courts to generative AI in the Dutch legal system and China's AI-driven Internet Courts. Leading scholars and practitioners examine the legal, ethical, and regulatory challenges, including the EU AI Act and emerging governance frameworks. With rich case studies and comparative insights, the book explores AI's impact on access to justice, procedural fairness, and the evolving public–private balance. Essential reading for legal academics, policymakers, technologists, and dispute resolution professionals, it offers a critical lens on AI's promise-and its limits-in reshaping civil dispute resolution worldwide.
This two-part book offers a rigorous yet accessible exploration of set theory and transfinite algebra, with a particular emphasis on the axiom of choice and its applications. Part I presents an informal axiomatic introduction to the foundations of set theory, including a detailed treatment of the axiom of choice and its equivalents, suitable for advanced undergraduates. Part II, aimed at graduate students and professional mathematicians, treats selected topics in transfinite algebra where the axiom of choice, in one form or another, is useful or even indispensable. The text features self-contained chapters for flexible use, and includes material rarely found in the literature, such as Tarski's work on complete lattices, Hamel's solution to Cauchy's functional equation, and Artin's resolution of Hilbert's 17th problem. Over 140 exercises, with full solutions provided in the Appendix, support active engagement and deeper understanding, making this a valuable resource for both independent study and course preparation.
An impressively comprehensive textbook adopting a phenomenological approach to quantum physics. The chapters cover everything from basic definitions of key concepts to detailed discussions of the underlying theoretical framework, walking students step-by-step through the necessary mathematics and drawing clear connections between the theory and the most important modern research applications including quantum optics, fluids, nanophysics, entanglement, information, and relativity. With this book, students and researchers will have access to hundreds of real-world examples, exercises, and illustrations to support and expand their understanding. Instructors can tailor the content to suit the length and level of their course and will have access to an online solutions manual with fully worked solutions to all 300+ exercises in the book. Other online resources include Python simulations, additional exercises, and detailed appendices.
How did Lady Church become a theological person and literary figure in patristic, medieval, and early modern texts? In this study, Lora Walsh recovers a feminine figure whose historical prominence has been overlooked. She traces the development of Lady Church in medieval and early modern England, providing new information and interpretations of works by well-known authors, including John Wyclif, William Langland, John Foe, and John Donne, among others. She also identifies significant changes and previously unrecognized continuities in religious culture from the medieval era into early modernity. Walsh incorporates literary texts into the field of historical theology, exploring their theological background and identifying the unique contributions of literature to ecclesiological thought. She demonstrates that the feminine image of the Church was not simply a rhetorical convention. Rather, it forms part of a rich tradition that many authors conceptually refined and vividly reimagined over more than a millenium of religious history.
Aristotle's account of justice has inspired thinkers as diverse as Thomas Aquinas and Martha Nussbaum. Concepts such as distributive justice, equity, the common good, and the distinction between just and unjust political organizations find articulations in his writings. But although Aristotle's account of justice remains philosophically relevant, its intellectual, social, and political origins in the Mediterranean world of the fourth century BCE have often been overlooked. This book places Aristotle's account of justice in dialogue with his fourth-century intellectual colleagues such as Plato, Xenophon, and Isocrates, and allows it to be understood within the framework of fourth-century institutions as they were experienced by citizens of ancient Greek political communities. It thus provides the modern reader with the framework which Aristotle presupposed for his original work in antiquity, including the intellectual debates which formed its context.
Representationalists view thought and language as mirrors of a mind-independent world. On this view, knowing is about accurately representing reality, and meaning lies in representational content. This book offers a pragmatist alternative: it argues that our practices are not just relevant but fundamental to both knowing and meaning—and that knowing-how should be seen as the primary form of knowledge. Building on neopragmatist tradition and engaging with classical pragmatism as well as recent work in epistemology, the philosophy of language, and the philosophy of science, the book develops and defends methodologism. This novel framework reorients questions of knowledge and meaning around rule-guided rational practices. The book will appeal to students and scholars in these fields, as well as readers across the humanities and social sciences interested in language, rationality, and their role in communities.
While Emerson's place in American literary history has remained secure, the New Cambridge Companion to Ralph Waldo Emerson draws on a wealth of recent Emerson scholarship which has highlighted his contemporary relevance for questions of philosophy and politics, ecology and science, poetics and aesthetics, or identity and race, and connects these to the key formal and interpretive issues at stake in understanding his work. The volume's contributors engage the full breadth of Emerson's writing, developing novel approaches to canonical works like Nature, the essays 'Self-Reliance' 'Experience,' or to his poetry and journals, and bringing critical attention to his lectures and to the long-overlooked texts of his later period. This New Cambridge Companion to Ralph Waldo Emerson thus both bears witness to the new Emersons that have emerged in the past decades, and draws a new circle in Emerson's reception.
The Cambridge Handbook of Behavioural Data Science offers an essential exploration of how behavioural science and data science converge to study, predict, and explain human, algorithmic, and systemic behaviours. Bringing together scholars from psychology, economics, computer science, engineering, and philosophy, the Handbook presents interdisciplinary perspectives on emerging methods, ethical dilemmas, and real-world applications. Organised into modular parts-Human Behaviour, Algorithmic Behaviour, Systems and Culture, and Applications—it provides readers with a comprehensive, flexible map of the field. Covering topics from cognitive modelling to explainable AI, and from social network analysis to ethics of large language models, the Handbook reflects on both technical innovations and the societal impact of behavioural data, and reinforces concepts in online supplementary materials and videos. The book is an indispensable resource for researchers, students, practitioners, and policymakers who seek to engage critically and constructively with behavioural data in an increasingly digital and algorithmically mediated world.
In the wake of Iran's revolution in 1978–79, a fundamentalist Islamic theocracy took control of the country. These dramatic changes impacted all sectors of society including a vast array of diverse peoples and cultures. In this book, Lois Beck provides an anthropological and historical account of Iran's many minorities. She focuses on the aftermath of the revolution, declaration of an Islamic republic, and Iraq-Iran war. Drawing on six decades of anthropological research, Beck provides frameworks for understanding how each of Iran's linguistic, religious, ethnic, ethno-national, and tribal minorities fashioned unique identities. These identities stem from factors relating to history, location, socioeconomic patterns, and sociocultural traits. They reflect the people's interactions with Iran's rulers and governments as they changed over time. A modern nation-state cannot be fully understood without knowing the extent of its reach in the peripheries and border regions and among its diverse peoples. This landmark study challenges existing scholarly accounts by offering broad and detailed perspectives on Iran's many distinct languages, religions, ethnicities, ethno-nations, and tribes.
Emerging technologies such as autonomous vessels, artificial intelligence, and alternative fuels are revolutionizing the way we operate at sea. This volume examines how advancements in information technology and biotechnology are influencing the evolution of ocean law and policy. These technologies, including blockchain, satellite and submarine cable communications, nuclear power at sea, seabed mining, underwater archaeology, marine genetics, and decarbonization, are changing the architecture of ocean governance. This volume explores both the opportunities and challenges these advancements pose to the law of the sea, which is evolving to adapt to ever accelerating rates of global change. Looking forward, the book considers the role of the law of the sea in the future of ocean governance. This title is also available as open access on Cambridge Core.
The development of artificial intelligence and machine learning is leading to a revolution in the way we think about economic decisions. The Economics of Language explores how the use of generative AI and large language models (LLMs) can transform the way we think about economic behaviour. It introduces the LENS framework (Linguistic content triggers Emotions and suggests Norms, which shape Strategy choice) and presents empirical evidence that LLMs can predict human behaviour in economic games more accurately than traditional outcome-based models. It draws on years of research to provide a step-by-step development of the theory, combining accessible examples with formal modelling. Offering a roadmap for future research at the intersection of economics, psychology, and AI, this book equips readers with tools to quantify the role of language in decision-making and redefines how we think about utility, rationality, and human choice.