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Artificial intelligence is transforming industries and society, but its high energy demands challenge global sustainability goals. Biological intelligence, in contrast, offers both good performance and exceptional energy efficiency. Neuromorphic computing, a growing field inspired by the structure and function of the brain, aims to create energy-efficient algorithms and hardware by integrating insights from biology, physics, computer science, and electrical engineering. This concise and accessible book delves into the principles, mechanisms, and properties of neuromorphic systems. It opens with a primer on biological intelligence, describing learning mechanisms in both simple and complex organisms, then turns to the application of these principles and mechanisms in the development of artificial synapses and neurons, circuits, and architectures. The text also delves into neuromorphic algorithm design, and the unique challenges faced by algorithmic researchers working in this area. The book concludes with a selection of practice problems, with solutions available to instructors online.
The Communist Party of China has ruled mainland China since 1949. From Marxist revolution and class struggle to market reforms and national rejuvenation, the Party has repeatedly reinvented itself and its justification for monopolizing political power. Bringing together experts from a range of disciplines around the globe, this collection serves as a guide to understanding the Party's unparalleled durability. They examine a range of themes including the mechanics and organisation of one-party rule, the ideologies underpinning party rule, the Party's control of public discourse, technologies of social control, and adaptive policymaking. Read together, these essays provide a comprehensive understanding of the reasons for the Party's continued grip on political power in China today.
The Cambridge History of Australian Poetry offers an authoritative and comprehensive engagement with poetries that range from some of the world's oldest to significant innovations of the twenty-first century. Bringing together insights from First Nations experts, internationally renowned scholars, distinguished practitioners, and future critical leaders, this volume analyses the role of poetry in the multiple cultural imaginaries of Australia within local, regional, and global contexts. Chapters consider the role of poetry as both shaping and critiquing settler-colonial, national, and identity formations; Aboriginal writing, song, and cultural leadership; children's poetry; the poetry of war and conflict; engagement with print, film, and the digital; major aesthetic movements; geographies of the city, region, Asia, the South, and Antarctica; diasporic movements; and environmentalism. The volume includes analyses of the archive, ballads and folk poetry, performance poetries, conceptual and concrete poetries, canon formation and diversification, and current perspectives on major authors.
The 2020 murder of George Floyd sparked mass protests that challenged many institutions, including for-profit companies, to reflect on how to address racial inequality. Between 2020 and 2024, corporations made systematic public statements to show alignment with causes that impact people of color. Corporations also used those public statements to protect their financial reputations against claims that their businesses may perpetuate racial inequality. Then in 2024, in response to conservative pushback, corporations began to retract the public commitments they previously made. Disclosureland argues that this process and others – including rhetoric that leaves out past corporate involvement in racial inequality, using disclosures about race as evidence of action toward addressing racial inequality, or pulling back on disclosures about race in response to conservatives – constrain true racial progress. Even when corporations made pledges to hire and promote people of color or fund racial equity causes through philanthropy, the book demonstrates how these pledges functioned to limit corporate responsibility. Critical, corrective, and hopeful, Disclosureland calls on a future functioning federal government and corporate stakeholders to regulate corporate race-conscious words to achieve true racial progress.
A groundbreaking critical introduction to folk music and song focused on questions of identity, community, representation, politics, and popular culture. Written by a distinguished international team of authors, this Companion is an indispensable resource for rethinking the confluence of sound, heritage, and identity in the twenty-first century. A unique addition to the literature, it highlights the fundamentally hybrid and (post)colonial dynamics that have shaped people's cultures around the globe, from the Appalachian mountains to the Indian subcontinent. It provides students with new critical paradigms essential for understanding how and why certain musical traditions have been characterised as 'folk'-and what continues to inspire folkloric imaginaries today. The twenty specially commissioned chapters explore folk music from a variety of perspectives including ethnography, revivalism, migration, race, class, gender, protest, and the public sphere. Among these chapters are four 'Artist Voices' by world-renowned performers Peggy Seeger, Angeline Morrison, Jon Boden, and Yale Strom.
By the end of the 'Great War', the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) had a reputation for being one of the most effective formations on the Western Front. After Anzac provides a critical and comparative analysis of how Australian infantry developed to embody this reputation, primarily as an element of the greater Imperial Force. The book opens with a comparison of the Australian Imperial Force (AIF) to the Canadian Expeditionary Force (CEF); both were Dominion formations who trained and developed under the British Expeditionary Force (BEF). Various AIF training and development instructed by the BEF are then explored, including infantry recruit and tactical training, weapons systems and specialist training, culminating in a critical analysis of how this resulted in the effectiveness and professionalism of Australian troops who served on the Western Front. The impact of the Anzac legend and the mythology of the Western Front are considered.
On the northern periphery of Nairobi, in southern Kiambu County, the city's expansion into a landscape of poor smallholders is bringing new opportunities, dilemmas, and conflicts. Drawing on extensive ethnographic fieldwork, Peter Lockwood examines how Kiambu's 'workers with patches of land' struggle to sustain their households as the skyrocketing price of land ratchets up gendered and generational tensions within families. The sale of ancestral land by senior men turns would-be inheritors, their young adult sons, into landless and land-poor paupers, heightening their exposure to economic precarity. Peasants to Paupers illuminates how these dynamics are lived at the site of kinship, how moral principles of patrilineal obligation and land retention fail in the face of market opportunity. Caught between joblessness, land poverty and the breakdown of kinship, the book shows how Kiambu's young men struggle to sustain hopes for middle-class lifestyles as the economic ground shifts beneath their feet.This title is also available as open access on Cambridge Core.
In the late summer of 1894, Sultan Abdülhamid II ordered several battalions of Ottoman soldiers to destroy Armenian 'bandits' operating in the remote mountains of Sasun. Over a three-week period, these soldiers systematically murdered men, women, and children, beginning a chain of events which led directly to the Hamidian massacres of 1895 to 1897 and prefigured many of the patterns of the Medz Yeghern (Great Crime) of 1915–1917. Taking a microhistorical approach, Owen Robert Miller examines how the Ottoman State harnessed three nascent technologies (modern firearms, steamboats, and telegraphs) to centralize authority and envisage new methods of conquest. Alongside developing an understanding of how the violence took place, this study explores how competing narratives of the massacre unfolded and were both disseminated and repressed. Emphasizing the pivotal significance of geography and new technologies, The Conquest of the Mountains reveals how the tragic history of these massacres underscores the development of Ottoman State authoritarianism.
In this study of Japan's imperial historiography in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Birgit Tremml-Werner examines the use of history to promote expansion in the Asia-Pacific region. Focussing on historian-diplomat Murakami Naojirō, she highlights the impact of the archive and translation in knowledge creation. Combining empirical examples including early modern diplomatic missions to Europe, indigenous Taiwanese history, colonial education and post-war cultural diplomacy, this work emphasizes how the past is represented in the intertwined environments of history and memory. She argues that the Japanese case also reveals wider questions around the myth-making of nation states, and the extent to which 'historiographical violence' has silenced the voices of actors, including Indigenous peoples and women, within the archival record. This title is also available as open access on Cambridge Core.
Knowledge-infused learning directly confronts the opacity of current 'black-box' AI models by combining data-driven machine learning techniques with the structured insights of symbolic AI. This guidebook introduces the pioneering techniques of neurosymbolic AI, which blends statistical models with symbolic knowledge to make AI safer and user-explainable. This is critical in high-stakes AI applications in healthcare, law, finance, and crisis management. The book brings readers up to speed on advancements in statistical AI, including transformer models such as BERT and GPT, and provides a comprehensive overview of weakly supervised, distantly supervised, and unsupervised learning methods alongside their knowledge-enhanced variants. Other topics include active learning, zero-shot learning, and model fusion. Beyond theory, the book presents practical considerations and applications of neurosymbolic AI in conversational systems, mental health, crisis management systems, and social and behavioral sciences, making it a pragmatic reference for AI system designers in academia and industry.
While nations, societies, and individuals have always been engaged with both the tangible and intangible aspects of cultural objects, such as archaeological artifacts, artworks, and historical documents, the twenty-first century is seeing a significant shift in the law, ethics, and public policy that have long characterized this field. This book offers a comprehensive analysis of recent developments concerning cultural property. It identifies the underlying forces that drive these changes, focusing on the new political balance between source countries and market countries, the strengthening of cross-border lawmaking and law enforcement, the growing impact of provenance research and due diligence as legal, professional, and ethical norms, and the transformative role of digital databases. The book sets out normative principles for designing a better synergy of the hard law and soft law mechanisms that govern cultural property policy and markets. It proposes a property theory of ownership and custody of cultural objects and outlines a model of 'new cultural internationalism' to promote cross-border collaboration on cultural heritage, including new restitution frameworks.
The reign of Constantine, Roman emperor from 306 to 337, was one of the most important periods in world history. Although literary texts often represented him as the first Christian emperor, the inscriptions engraved on monuments, statue bases, and milestones offer alternative perspectives. Inscriptions highlight the influence of the other emperors, the prominence of senators at Rome, the civic traditions for praising benefactors in provincial cities, the logistics of the economy, and the abiding importance of traditional cults. This book includes the Greek and Latin texts of over 800 inscriptions from the early fourth century, with translations and critical annotations. An extended Introduction and almost 200 short essays provide context by explaining the issues and problems, correlating the literary texts, and comparing the legends and images of coins. Without the emperor as the constant focus, the Age of Constantine becomes all the more fascinating.
Realism has been disparaged for over a hundred years as an outmoded form, and, more recently, as a pernicious illusion, typical of nineteenth-century novels and Hollywood movies alike. After a long period of disrepute, realism has had in recent years something of a revival among critics and theorists. Yet this revival still represents a minority, and much of the old critique of realism remains taken for granted. This book treats realism as a persistent aspect of narrative in American culture, especially after World War II. It does not seek to elevate realism above other forms of fictional narrative – that is, to restore it to some real or imagined past supremacy. Rather, the goal is to reclaim realism as a narrative practice that has remained vital despite a long history of critical disapproval, by showing how it functions in significant recent works across media.
Clinical ethics consultants navigate some of the most challenging cases in patient care, public health, and healthcare policy. The second volume richly details haunting cases pertaining to perinatal, paediatric, and end-of life issues; neurodiversity; disability; and employment of high-tech devices. Authors explain distinctive features of consultations in rural and pandemic contexts and complicated transitions into and out of inpatient care. Cases are grouped together by theme and organized uniformly. Each chapter includes a case presentation, the authors' professional reflections, description of haunting aspects, case outcome, and questions for discussion. Organizational ethics factors into many of the cases. The authors honestly describe the affective aspects of their work, including lingering regrets, doubts, and moral distress. They pay special attention to justice, equity and inclusivity. It is a fascinating and important read for clinicians and bioethicists engaged in clinical ethics consultations as well as ethics committee members and students.
Discover the foundations of classical and quantum information theory in the digital age with this modern introductory textbook. Familiarise yourself with core topics such as uncertainty, correlation, and entanglement before exploring modern techniques and concepts including tensor networks, quantum circuits and quantum discord. Deepen your understanding and extend your skills with over 250 thought-provoking end-of-chapter problems, with solutions for instructors, and explore curated further reading. Understand how abstract concepts connect to real-world scenarios with over 400 examples, including numerical and conceptual illustrations, and emphasising practical applications. Build confidence as chapters progressively increase in complexity, alternating between classic and quantum systems. This is the ideal textbook for senior undergraduate and graduate students in electrical engineering, computer science, and applied mathematics, looking to master the essentials of contemporary information theory.
The core topics at the intersection of human-computer interaction (HCI) and US law -- privacy, accessibility, telecommunications, intellectual property, artificial intelligence (AI), dark patterns, human subjects research, and voting -- can be hard to understand without a deep foundation in both law and computing. Every member of the author team of this unique book brings expertise in both law and HCI to provide an in-depth yet understandable treatment of each topic area for professionals, researchers, and graduate students in computing and/or law. Two introductory chapters explaining the core concepts of HCI (for readers with a legal background) and U.S. law (for readers with an HCI background) are followed by in-depth discussions of each topic.
What makes Arabic literature, Arabic? Casting critical new light on area-based approaches, this comparative study tracks the diverse literary practices in Arabic and French that, during and after decolonization, writers on both sides of North Africa and the Middle East used to found a transregional literary system. Influenced by anti-colonial Arab nationalism, they mapped this literary system's imaginative and circulational scale according to the experience that they believed decolonial literature must represent and amplify: a shared political experience they called “Arab.” As it develops the first account of transregional scale between Morocco and Iraq, and between national and world literatures, this study shows that a major expression of twentieth-century Arabic literature produced itself as a set of print culture practices, literary themes, and interpretive norms in response to evolving ideas of Arab experience and emancipation.
The modern international tax system is a complex framework of national laws, bilateral treaties, and multilateral agreements aimed at coordinating state tax entitlements. Historically, taxation was based on political allegiance, but globalization and increased mobility introduces new challenges. As more people and businesses operate across borders, it becomes harder to determine which states have the right to tax them. Fragmentation of individuals' economic and political lives has complicated states' abilities to balance liberty, justice, and collective decision-making. Taxing People addresses taxes on individuals, which are crucial for providing public goods, promoting justice, and legitimizing state power. Exploring the future of individual taxation, the book focuses on global tax governance, social changes like remote work, and the evolving relationship between people and states in a globalized economy. This title is part of the Flip it Open Programme and may also be available open access. Check our website Cambridge Core for details.
When people wonder about the appropriate course of action in a given situation, they are already engaging in moral reasoning. This also applies to the field of business, where an understanding of ethics could help businesspeople and market participants make morally informed decisions. This book aims to enlarge the body of ethical theories available in Business Ethics by illustrating three moral principles relevant to economic agents based on the ideas of Immanuel Kant, Antonio Genovesi, and Adam Smith. All three authors were prominent figures in the eighteenth-century European Enlightenment movement and have much to teach us about the origins of modern economics. Additionally, the book provides specific examples relating to contemporary business situations, focusing on the ethical challenges posed by incomplete contracts. Overall, this book demonstrates that the historical evolution of economic and philosophical concepts remains pertinent to current dialogues in Business Ethics.