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The sixth edition of Gender and Elections offers a systematic, lively, multi-faceted account of the role of gender in the electoral process through the 2024 elections. This timely, yet enduring, volume strikes a balance between highlighting the most important developments for women as voters and candidates in the 2024 elections and providing a more long-term, in-depth analysis of the ways that gender has helped shape the contours and outcomes of electoral politics in the United States. Individual chapters demonstrate the importance of gender in understanding and interpreting presidential, congressional, and state elections; voter participation, turnout, and choices; the role of social movements in elections; the participation of Black women and Latinas; the political history and success of LGBTQ+ women; the support of political parties and women's organizations; and candidate strategy. Without question, Gender and Elections is the most comprehensive, reliable, and trustworthy resource on the role of gender in electoral politics.
Within French subsidised performing arts institutions, productions involving non-professional contributors have been gaining traction over the last decade. The trend is spearheaded both by artists, seeking to increase their interactions with society, and by public authorities, preoccupied with people-participation. The recent acceleration of this trend notwithstanding, participatory productions have long been a peripheral phenomenon in French institutions, keen to differentiate their work from socio-cultural approaches. This Element investigates the current rise in participatory creation, examining the motivations underpinning it and charting the artistic processes and forms it produces. The aim is to explore the realities of the presumed democratic reinforcement attached to participation, placing particular emphasis on the nature and scope of the democratising modes in play both on and off stage, and discussing how they interact with the prevailing conventions and value systems of French public theatre.
Consciousness is often treated as unitary phenomenon. We challenge this and propose a framework that parses it into two functionally distinct representational media. Reviewing dominant theories, as well as studies of perceptual failures, neural activity, visual search and attention – we argue that phenomenal experience arises early as a detailed, analogue, and relatively generic representation of the physical world. Awareness, a later and more idiosyncratic representation of the world, results from enriching phenomenal experience via relevance-filtered semantic knowledge. This Multi-Representational Media (MRM) account unifies perception, memory, and cognition, reconciles rich and sparse consciousness views, and reframes concepts in unconscious cognition research.
This Element seeks to unpack the varied modalities of democratic erosion in Latin America by proposing a novel analytical framework that breaks down backsliding episodes into their constituent parts: 1) the actors that promote autocratization and those that resist it, 2) the strategies that autocratizers and oppositions employ, 3) the arenas of contention in which they struggle over democratic norms and institutions, and 4) the objectives that these different actors pursue in the promotion of or resistance to democratic erosion. We apply this framework to five contemporary cases that reflect a new, diversified wave of democratic erosion, including El Salvador, Mexico, Peru, Guatemala, and Honduras. Through comparative analysis, we derive preliminary insights on the kinds of strategies pursued by different constellations of autocratizers and opposition actors, in hopes of stimulating future avenues of research and contributing to scholar and practitioner efforts to reverse alarming autocratic trends in the region.
This Element provides a broad overview of autism spectrum disorder from early childhood through adolescence. The Element reviews high-impact areas of research relevant to young children, including the shifting diagnostic conceptualizations of autism, current best practices related to screening and diagnosis, our understanding of factors that increase the likelihood of receiving an autism diagnosis, the overlap between autism and other co-occurring conditions, and related contemporary approaches to supports and interventions for young children. The discussion of these topics addresses measurement of outcomes, reproducibility, and methodological rigor. By focusing on these methodological gaps and progress, future directions for research in each of these areas is highlighted.
Enslaved New World illuminates sixteenth-century Santo Domingo as the site of the Americas' earliest plantation and slave society and the first place where slavery became limited to people of African descent. Yet Santo Domingo was also home, Turits shows, to widespread continual flight from bondage and an ecology providing escapees with relatively easy refuge. This transformed the colony into a land in which predominantly self-emancipated Black people became the largest population group by the late seventeenth century, 150 years before slavery's abolition. Afterwards, slavery and legal racial hierarchy persisted, but the White elite often remained too poor and weak to overcome resistance and competing constructs of status and color emerged. By focusing on Santo Domingo's understudied African-descended majority population within novel frameworks, Turits opens up new understandings of Dominican history, slavery's racialization, race and racism's historical contingency, and an extraordinarily successful Afro-American trajectory of resistance.
This Element explores the evolutionary role of small groups as key actors in shaping human adaptability, resilience, and societal development. Drawing on cultural evolutionary theory and interdisciplinary scholarship, it illuminates the world-making and transformative capacities of small groups as primary agents of cooperative communication, cultural innovation and transmission. Through historical and contemporary case studies from Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Americas, it examines how small groups can function both as catalysts of moral imagination, cooperation, and democratic renewal, and as drivers of destructive and disintegrative ideologies. The study also revisits the relevance of evolutionary insights for addressing the major crises of the twenty-first century. By critically engaging with foundational thinkers and ongoing debates on democratic and institutional innovation, this Element offers insights for scholars, policymakers, and civic actors committed to empowering communities and countering authoritarian regression.
Taking a text, cases and materials approach, this book remains the main student textbook on European company law, providing valuable insights into the subject and shedding light on its future development. Textboxes for explanatory content, cases and materials – such as EU legislation, official documents and excerpts from scholarly papers – are clearly differentiated from the text, allowing students to quickly identify sources. Each chapter also includes suggestions for further reading. Structured in seven parts, the book explores topics ranging from what European company law is, and the common rules for the establishment, financing and accounting of a company, to corporate governance, the structure of the Societas Europaea Statute, EU company law directives, capital markets and takeover law, and insolvency. The book is an essential resource for the growing number of graduate courses on European company law, European business law, and comparative corporate law.
Everyone recognizes that it is, in general, wrong to intentionally kill a human being. But are there exceptions to that rule? In Killing and Christian Ethics, Christopher Tollefsen argues that there are no exceptions: the rule is absolute. The absolute view on killing that he defends has important implications for bioethical issues at the beginning and end of life, such as abortion and euthanasia. It has equally important implications for the morality of capital punishment and the morality of killing in war. Tollefsen argues that a lethal act is morally permissible only when it is an unintended side effect of one's action. In this way, some lethal acts of force, such as personal self-defense, or defense of a polity in a defensive war, may be justified -- but only if they involve no intension of causing death. Even God, Tollefsen argues, neither intends death, nor commands the intentional taking of life.
Argues that hegemonic Western cultural and military strategies have moved away from 'saving' women to 'empowering' girls, and traces the rise to dominance of the figure of the agential girl, analyzing how she has been incorporated into decision-making, securitizing, and policing operations as both a surveillance tool and a social justice goal.
What ethical norms and obligations apply to economic agents such as companies and consumers? This question sits between two distinct strands of thought: ethics and economics. While economic behaviour often centres on self-interest and competition, ethical thinking emphasises empathy and cooperation. Business ethics seeks to bridge this divide—but past approaches have leaned too heavily toward either moral idealism or economic detachment. This book proposes a more balanced framework, where both ethical and economic reasoning have their place. Drawing on historical and contemporary debates, the authors examine key issues including the profit motive, justice in prices and wages, market harms, the limited liability corporation, and corporate social responsibility. The resulting theory is sensitive to the unique moral dynamics of market contexts and their broader societal consequences. Between Ethics and Economics is essential reading for anyone interested in how ethics and economics intersect in today's marketplace.
This book offers a comprehensive introduction to Markov decision process and reinforcement learning fundamentals using common mathematical notation and language. Its goal is to provide a solid foundation that enables readers to engage meaningfully with these rapidly evolving fields. Topics covered include finite and infinite horizon models, partially observable models, value function approximation, simulation-based methods, Monte Carlo methods, and Q-learning. Rigorous mathematical concepts and algorithmic developments are supported by numerous worked examples. As an up-to-date successor to Martin L. Puterman's influential 1994 textbook, this volume assumes familiarity with probability, mathematical notation, and proof techniques. It is ideally suited for students, researchers, and professionals in operations research, computer science, engineering, and economics.
Critical Review for the MRCPsych is a practical and exam-focused resource to support preparation for the MRCPsych Critical Review paper. Written by the exam panel chair, this essential guide makes research methods and statistics accessible through clinically relevant examples. Complex concepts are explained in plain language and reinforced with psychiatry-focused examples, clear graphs, and easy-to-follow tables, making this ideal for readers without a formal research background. Each chapter is aligned with the MRCPsych Critical Review syllabus and concludes with concise summaries for quick revision. Practice multiple-choice questions throughout the book enable readers to test knowledge, sharpen exam technique, and build confidence. Combining clarity, accessibility, and exam relevance, it is an essential companion for mastering one of the most challenging areas of psychiatric training.
Despite rising life expectancies and growing attention to the increasing proportion of older persons in rich democracies, we still know surprisingly little about how people develop after 60. This book proposes an integrative approach to development in older age that expands sociocultural psychology across the life course. It shows that people develop into older age while acting, feeling, remembering, imagining, and moving in the spaces where they live and interact with others. The diversity and singularity of ageing trajectories is also studied, highlighting how deeply the environment can guide and support as well as expand upon or offer resources to older persons. The author demonstrates the role of carefully designed social and institutional settings and well-planned ageing policies in fostering 'ageing in place'. By exploring housing, formal and informal care networks, and everyday arrangements that help older persons live meaningful lives, this volume speaks to anyone concerned with ageing.
In this book, Nancy Cartwright, Eileen Munro and John Pemberton introduce a new method for assessing whether plans for how to affect change produced their intended outcome, or whether they are likely to do so in the future. The method offers the prospect of a step-change improvement in the accuracy of policy assessments, based on a new pluralistic theory of causation. This theory, which goes beyond existing ones, synthesises seven tried and tested familiar component accounts so as to license identification and systematisation of a wide range of evidence types. The authors outline well-grounded improvements to methods for policy development and assessment by the systematic use of real-world examples, including notably that of child welfare. Their book will be valuable for the burgeoning audience concerned with the critical issue of how to develop and implement policies that work across domains from welfare to education and economics to medicine.
Written by a team of leading experts, this groundbreaking handbook provides the first comprehensive and current account of Natural Linguistics. It offers a state-of-the-art survey of the theoretical developments that have arisen from, or are related to, the framework of Natural Phonology – across subfields as diverse as phonology, morphology, morphophonology, syntax, pragmatics and text linguistics. The handbook is split into five parts, with chapters covering the origins, foundational principles, semiotic, cognitive and functional bases of Natural Linguistics, as well as external evidence for the theory, and a critical appraisal of its position amongst modern linguistic theories. It fills a gap in the available accounts of modern linguistic theories and demonstrates the potential of the theory to a wider audience, addressing both advocates of the school, and those who are open to alternative approaches to linguistic science. It will be a definitive reference work on Natural Linguistics for years to come.
Language is integral to human doing, being, becoming and belonging, and its acquisition is naturally distributed in and across activity spaces over time. Different learning experiences form 'a dialectical unity', where one brings the others into existence, and the capacities fostered in one inform and transform those in the others. Thus, connected learning across time and space is fundamental to the coherence, relevance, and meaningfulness of language learning, yet is not given sufficient attention in second language education. Connected learning is particularly relevant in the GenAI era where learner-driven lifelong and lifewide learning is much emphasized. This Element hence conceptualizes the framework of connected language learning with technology, and discusses how the framework could be operationalized and implemented in teaching and learning. It further foregrounds four concepts in this learning framework – agential literacy, interest development, self-regulation support, and identity intervention – and charts out an agenda for research.
Gain confidence in the differential diagnosis of common clinical neurologic presentations with this selection of case studies uniquely formatted to test your knowledge. Each case is accompanied by a realistic patient history and a full neurological exam, allowing you to apply key information similar to that you would receive when examining a patient in practice. The book then challenges you to identify the most likely diagnosis as well as formulate less likely but possible differential diagnoses based on the evidence provided. After turning the page, you will discover the correct answer along with a description of the typical and atypical presentations of the condition and the diagnostic work-up. 30 cases are available based on commonly seen conditions which are often included on trainee and licensure certification boards. Ideal for medical students, neurology resident and fellow trainees studying or reviewing for boards, licensure exams or simply a clinical review.
In this innovative and accessible history of small arms and gun violence, Maartje Abbenhuis reveals how the invention of ready-to-use rifle cartridges in the industrial era revolutionised gun violence on and off the battlefield and made death accessible to all. The most famous of these expanding bullets, which flooded the market from the 1850s onward, was the dum-dum bullet. This bullet fundamentally altered perceptions of who might use a gun and when. The book examines why, of all military inventions, this bullet was regulated by international law, and traces the changing landscape of public responses to its use and abuse through the many wars and instances of state violence during the first half of the twentieth century. It shows that the legal framing of this 'barbarous' ammunition helped to entrench public expectations around its unacceptability, yet also hid a world of actual violence that employed the same technology repeatedly.