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Artificial intelligence is transforming industries and society, but its high energy demands challenge global sustainability goals. Biological intelligence, in contrast, offers both good performance and exceptional energy efficiency. Neuromorphic computing, a growing field inspired by the structure and function of the brain, aims to create energy-efficient algorithms and hardware by integrating insights from biology, physics, computer science, and electrical engineering. This concise and accessible book delves into the principles, mechanisms, and properties of neuromorphic systems. It opens with a primer on biological intelligence, describing learning mechanisms in both simple and complex organisms, then turns to the application of these principles and mechanisms in the development of artificial synapses and neurons, circuits, and architectures. The text also delves into neuromorphic algorithm design, and the unique challenges faced by algorithmic researchers working in this area. The book concludes with a selection of practice problems, with solutions available to instructors online.
The Indian Ocean has long connected people, objects, and ideas across continents and cultures. This book asks how contemporary writers reimagine the Indian Ocean through literary figurations of the past. In doing so, it offers an oceanic perspective for rethinking the paradigms of postcolonialism by way of rich historical context and intertextual readings of Afro-Asian fiction. Drawing on historiographical research, archival theory, and literary analysis, this book explores how writers including Amitav Ghosh, Abdulrazak Gurnah, Sophia Mustafa, Ananda Devi, Shenaz Patel, and Barlen Pyamootoo imaginatively probe the historical and cultural legacies of transoceanic pasts within the political contradictions and identarian divisions of the postcolonial present. Traveling between South Asia and Eastern Africa and between the past and the present through literary, filmic, theoretical, and archival texts, this book contends that any understanding of South Asian or African present is incomplete without a consideration of their entangled pasts.
For decades, psychiatry has focused on initiating treatment—which medication to prescribe, in what dose, and for how long. But what happens when treatment needs to stop? How a medication is stopped is just as important as how it is started, and abrupt discontinuation can lead to unnecessary suffering, relapse, and often preventable withdrawal symptoms. Based on the principles of the bestselling Stahl's Prescriber's Guide, this essential resource provides user-friendly guidance on deprescribing or switching psychotropic medications safely and effectively. 64 medications are presented in a consistent format to facilitate rapid access to deprescribing information. Divided into color coded sections, the book allows the reader to identify key details about when and why to deprescribe, the risks and mechanisms of withdrawal, tapering protocols, cross-titration strategies, and how to distinguish withdrawal symptoms from relapse. Evidence-based recommendations and expert clinical insights make this a must-have manual for all psychiatric prescribers.
Basque is a language of central importance to linguists because it is a 'language isolate,' a rare type of language that is typologically 'alone' and cannot be classified as a part of any language family. Language isolates remain somewhat a mystery, and this book aims to provide an important piece of the puzzle, by both exploring the structure of Basque and shedding new light on its unique place within the languages of the world. It meticulously examines various properties of Basque, including the alignment of intransitive verbs, the introduction of dative arguments, the nature of psych predicates, the causative/inchoative alternation, impersonals, and morphological causatives. By doing so, it presents a comprehensive overview of Basque's intricacies within the realm of argument structure alternations and voice. In its final chapter, it provides an introduction to potential formal analyses of the topics discussed, paving the way for future research in the field. This title is part of the Flip it Open programme and may also be available open access. Check our website Cambridge Core for details.
What makes Arabic literature, Arabic? Casting critical new light on area-based approaches, this comparative study tracks the diverse literary practices in Arabic and French that, during and after decolonization, writers on both sides of North Africa and the Middle East used to found a transregional literary system. Influenced by anti-colonial Arab nationalism, they mapped this literary system's imaginative and circulational scale according to the experience that they believed decolonial literature must represent and amplify: a shared political experience they called “Arab.” As it develops the first account of transregional scale between Morocco and Iraq, and between national and world literatures, this study shows that a major expression of twentieth-century Arabic literature produced itself as a set of print culture practices, literary themes, and interpretive norms in response to evolving ideas of Arab experience and emancipation.
Despite increasing global respect for disability rights since the 2008 entry into force of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), the equal right to live in the world for disabled people continues to be undermined. This undermining stems from a range of factors, not least the selective prevention and termination of disabled lives, along with long-standing barriers to life-sustaining care, including restricted access to controlled substances and experimental treatment. Investigating the problem of disability discrimination at the margins of life and death, Tony Bogdanoski draws on a range of materials, including international human rights law, reports of UN treaty monitoring bodies and special rapporteurs, and laws largely from the US, UK, and Canada to explore how selective reproduction, assisted dying, and drug control impact struggles for disability equality. His insights are broad in consequence, spanning the fields of disability studies, human rights, law, and bioethics.
Hedging has been widely viewed as an optimal foreign policy for small and middle powers. However, hedging was more effective in some cases than others and ultimately proved detrimental for certain states. This Element contributes to knowledge about hedging by explaining why some smaller powers can hedge successfully between competing great powers while others fail, suffering serious harm. It develops a theoretical model consisting of international-systemic and state-level variables that determine hedging outcomes. It then tests the model using cases in the post-Soviet space (Georgia, Ukraine) and Southeast Asia (Malaysia, Vietnam, the Philippines) exposed to great power rivalry but exhibiting different hedging outcomes. It shows that hedging failure occurs due to changes in three key variables – structural uncertainty, availability of protective options, and decisionmakers' geopolitical prudence – and interactions between them. The Element highlights the limits to smaller power hedging and argues that hedging should not be taken for granted.
In March 1989, US Treasury Secretary Nicholas Brady introduced a plan enabling distressed sovereigns to restructure unsustainable debts through 'Brady bonds.' Today, growing debt vulnerabilities have prompted calls for a modern Brady Plan to facilitate sovereign debt restructurings. This Element examines the macroeconomic impact of the original Brady Plan by comparing outcomes for ten Brady countries against forty other emerging markets and developing economies. It finds that following the first Brady-led restructuring in 1990, participating countries saw reductions in public and external debt burdens, alongside output and productivity growth anchored by strong economic reforms. The analysis reveals the existence of a 'Brady multiplier,' where declines in overall debt burdens exceeded initial face-value reductions. While similar mechanisms could again deliver substantial debt stock reductions during acute solvency crises, Brady-style solutions alone would not address current challenges related to creditor coordination, domestic reform barriers, and the rise of domestic debt, among others.
This book showcases the current state of the art of research on rhythm in speech and language. Decades of study have revealed that bodily rhythms are crucial for producing and understanding speech and language, and for understanding their evolution and variability across populations-not only adults, but also developmental and clinical populations. It is also clear that there is perplexing dimensionality and variability of rhythm within and across languages. This book offers the scientific foundation for harmonizing physiological universality and cultural diversity, fostering collaborative breakthroughs across research domains. Its fifty chapters cover physiology, cognition, and culture, presenting knowledge from neuroscience, cognitive science, psychology, phonetics, and communication research. Ideal for academics, researchers, and professionals seeking interdisciplinary insights into the essence of human communication. This title is also available as open access on Cambridge Core.
During armed conflict, non-State armed groups frequently establish their own judicial systems to resolve disputes, impose penal sanctions and implement social control. Examples such Hamas in Gaza, Rojava in Syria, or the 'People's Republics' in Eastern Ukraine demonstrate that this aspect of 'rebel governance' has become increasingly common. How can or should international law regulate the establishment of courts, conduct of trials and passing of penal sanctions by insurgent movements that challenge the judicial monopoly of states? Based on an in-depth doctrinal analysis, this study demonstrates that the administration of criminal justice by insurgents is not inherently illegal or illegitimate, and explains how to measure the conduct of armed groups against clear legal standards. Drawing on a broad range of real-world examples, this study makes a vital contribution to the law applicable in armed conflict.
Across the early modern Atlantic world, there were commodities just as valuable as sugar, tobacco or cotton: news and information. However, crossing an ocean beset by wars, pirates and bad weather made transoceanic communications irregular at best, posing significant challenges to the weekly European news cycle. With infrequent access to information, publishers had to navigate between speculation and confirmation, printing everything they could without losing credibility or customers. Michiel van Groesen explores this 'culture of anticipation' across the Atlantic world in Spain, Portugal, France, the Low Countries and England and also in the urban information centres of Renaissance Italy and the Holy Roman Empire. He argues that news from the Atlantic world underpinned all transatlantic exchanges, giving newspapers their rightful place in Atlantic history, and the Atlantic world its place in the history of news.
From the rise of China as a technological superpower, to wars on its eastern borders, to the belief that the US is no longer a reliable ally, the European Commission sees the world as more unstable than at any other time in recent history. As such, the Commission has become the Geopolitical Commission, working to serve the interests of the Geopolitical Union. Central to many of these conflicts is technology – who produces it, where it is produced, and who controls it. These questions are central to the Commission's pursuit of digital/technological sovereignty, Europe's attempt to regain control of technology regulation. Focusing on topics such as setting technological standards, ensuring access to microchips, reining in online platforms, and securing rules for industrial data and AI, this book explores the EU's approach to lawmaking in this field; increased regulatory oversight and promotion of industrial policy at home, while exporting its rules abroad.
In Illiberal Law and Development, Susan H. Whiting advances institutional economic theory with original survey and fieldwork data, addressing two puzzles in Chinese political economy: how economic development has occurred despite insecure property rights and weak rule of law; and how the Chinese state has maintained political control amid unrest. Whiting answers these questions by focusing on the role of illiberal law in reassigning property rights and redirecting grievances. The book reveals that, in the context of technological change, a legal system that facilitates reassignment of land rights to higher-value uses plays an important and under-theorized role in promoting economic development. This system simultaneously represses conflict and asserts legitimacy. Comparing China to post-Glorious Revolution England and contemporary India, Whiting presents an exciting new argument that brings the Chinese case more directly into debates in comparative politics about the role of the state in specifying property rights and maintaining authoritarian rule.
In our scientific era, there has been widespread talk about the demise of conventional notions about our agency. In this book, Jason Runyan examines our conventional thought and talk about our agency and the basis for thinking that it is inconsistent with scientific findings. Using clear language and concrete examples, he brings philosophy and science to bear on fundamental questions: What is true about us? Do we accomplish what we think we do in everyday life? And should our scientific discoveries upend the way we think about our agency? In the process, Runyan shows how analytic and empirical approaches should inform one another – how, together, they enable a more precise and expansive view, save us from the pitfalls of overreaching, and yield insights to live by.
This volume shows how remote work is regulated by a holistic set of arrangements that govern all forms of employment, weaving together labor institutions in complex ways that the book presents and explains. The scholarship assembled here examines the handling of remote work through institutional analysis cutting across national cases and focusing on both fundamental rights and regulatory challenges. The rights that are examined – by analyzing their nteraction with employer powers – include privacy, equality and non-discrimination as well as collective rights and the distribution of responsibilities in the workplace. The book shows how the location of work interacts with new technologies redefining the universe of labor relations and the institutional system governing employment. This title is also available as open access on Cambridge Core.
Since the United States hosted the Leaders' Summit on Climate in 2021, numerous countries have committed to net-zero emission targets. Given the size of their economies, populations, and greenhouse gas emissions, emerging markets and developing economies in South, East, and Southeast Asia will play a key role in determining whether or not these targets are achieved. The Net-Zero Transitions in Energy and Finance focuses on the net-zero transition in Southeast Asia and applies the lessons learned to other major emerging markets and developing economies. It argues that net-zero emission targets require not only synchronised changes of the complementary elements in energy systems but also in the financial institutions that fund and invest in facilitating system transitions. Proposing novel frameworks for analysing electricity system transitions with empirical evidence, this book identifies enabling factors, drivers, and barriers, and offers solutions for overcoming the challenges of multi-sector transitions.
In recent years a group of influential authoritarian states has emerged that fall between the ranks of great powers and small states. These authoritarian middle-powers – such as Turkey and the United Arab Emirates – exert considerable influence, particularly in their region. Yet this development has been overlooked in favor of a focus on superpowers, especially China and Russia. We therefore lack a framework for understanding their behavior and impact. This Element offers the first comprehensive analysis of how non-democratic middle-powers engage abroad. Drawing on case studies of states and regions, it shows how the combination of authoritarian politics and mid-level status leads to distinctive foreign policies. In particular, these approaches erode global democratic norms and institutions through a combination of hard power tempered by hedging and legitimation strategies. In this way, authoritarian middle-powers are helping to unravel the liberal rules-based order. This title is available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Sufficientarianism is the view that justice is fulfilled when everyone has enough. But how should we interpret this view as an ideal of distributive justice? This book develops and defends the umbel view as a new theory of sufficientarian justice. The umbel view suggests that justice is fulfilled if, and only if, no one is below the threshold level in any relevant sphere of value, and that below this level, we should give absolute priority to meeting people's basic needs. The book unpacks this new theory of sufficientarian justice as a framework with eight spheres of justice-relevant capabilities. It discusses the theory's implications for discrimination, political feasibility, and public policy, and ends by demonstrating how the umbel view shows great potential for policy guidance on issues such as universal basic income, health inequality, and extreme wealth.
Although the spatial dimension is embedded in most issues studied by environmental and resource economics, its incorporation into economic models is not widespread. As a result, significant aspects of important problems remain hidden, which could lead to policy failures. This Element fills this gap by exploring how space can be integrated into environmental and resource economics. The emergence of spatial patterns in economic models through Turing's mechanism is explained and an extension of Pontryagin's maximum principle under spatial dynamics is provided. Examples of the use of spatial dynamics serve to illustrate why space matters in environmental policy design. Moreover, the differentiation of policy when spatial transport mechanisms are considered is made clear. The tools presented, along with their applications, provide foundations for future research in spatial environmental and resource economics in which the underlying spatial dimension – which is very real – is fully taken into account.
Islam and Modern Cosmology examines how contemporary cosmological theories intersect with Islamic theology, exploring how modern science and Islamic thought can be brought into meaningful dialogue. It begins with a concise overview of modern cosmology, followed by an exploration of the Qur'an's cosmological perspectives and the philosophical models of creation proposed by Muslim thinkers, comparing these ideas with current scientific understandings. The discussion then considers the fine-tuning argument for God's existence and addresses the multiverse hypothesis, proposing that, under certain reasonable assumptions, the Islamic conception of God suggests the possibility of multiple universes. Finally, from a Muslim – specifically Sufi – perspective, it reflects on the problem of the significance of human life within this vast cosmos.