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Computational mineralogy is fast becoming the most effective and quantitatively accurate method for successfully determining structures, properties and processes at the extreme pressure and temperature conditions that exist within the Earth's deep interior. It is now possible to simulate complex mineral phases using a variety of theoretical computational techniques that probe the microscopic nature of matter at both the atomic and sub-atomic levels. This introductory guide is for geoscientists as well as researchers performing measurements and experiments in a lab, those seeking to identify minerals remotely or in the field, and those seeking specific numerical values of particular physical properties. Written in a user- and property-oriented way, and illustrated with calculation examples for different mineral properties, it explains how property values are produced, how to tell if they are meaningful or not, and how they can be used alongside experimental results to unlock the secrets of the Earth.
In business terms, a 'unicorn' is a privately-owned startup company valued at over $1 billion. While unicorns have predominantly been a feature of well-developed economies, such as the USA and Europe, recent years have seen their increase in emerging economies – to the extent that these markets now host one-third of the world's unicorns. The emergence of unicorns from the Global South represents a transformative shift in the global business and innovation landscape. Despite limited systematic knowledge on this novel phenomenon, high-growth, innovation-driven companies from emerging economies are rapidly positioning themselves at the forefront of technology and business model innovation. These firms challenge the traditional dominance of established markets, asserting their influence on a global scale. This book offers an in-depth analysis of this fast-evolving process, covering a wide geographical range of unicorns. These dynamic new players have the impact and potential to reshape the future of business worldwide.
Expanding the boundaries of the 'moral turn' in criminology to the realm of punishment administration, this Element proposes reconceptualizing parole through a moral lens. Drawing from a mixed-method study of parole hearings for homicide cases in Israel, the author argues that during parole hearings, parole actors (Attorney General representatives, secondary victims, parole applicants, and parole board members) conduct complex forms of moral labor, specifically retributive-oriented. This moral labor goes beyond rehabilitation and risk assessment to 'do late justice.' In doing such moral labor, parole actors negotiate the moral meaning of crime, character, and deserved punishment with the passage of time. In conclusion, as demonstrated by the current study, Criminologists should engage to a greater extent with the moral meaning of punishment administration, and retributive theorists should aim to better understand the real experiences of punishment.
While most programmes in neuroscience are understandably built around imparting foundational knowledge of cell biology, neurons, networks and physiology, there is less attention paid to critical perspectives on methods. This book addresses this gap by covering a broad array of topics including the philosophy of science, challenges of terminology and language, reductionism, and social aspects of science to challenge claims to explanation and understanding in neuroscience. Using examples from dominant areas of neuroscience research alongside novel material from systems that are less often presented, it promotes the general need of scientists (and non-scientists) to think critically. Chapters also explore translations between neuroscience and technology, artificial intelligence, education, and criminology. Featuring accessible material alongside further resources for deeper study, this work serves as an essential resource for undergraduate and graduate courses in psychology, neuroscience, and biological sciences, while also supporting researchers in exploring philosophical and methodological challenges in contemporary research.
Consent has been celebrated as a guarantor of liberty and self-determination; however, its history suggests a different meaning. In this book, Sonia Tycko reconstructs the coercive role of contracts in early modern English labor. The long-term, long-distance, and high-risk nature of pauper apprenticeships, transatlantic indentured servitude, military conscription, and prisoners of war labor drove some English people to develop consent into a tool of labor coercion. Coercion could constitute valid consent for people whose social position, age, and gender fit the profile of natural laborers. Many subordinates experienced consenting-or the presumption of their consent-as a form of acceptance of, or even submission to, their position. This book reveals that early modern labor was one of the fields in which ideas of freedom of contract, voluntariness, and enticement developed.
South Asia's economies, as well as the scholarship on their economic histories, have been transformed in recent decades. This landmark new reference history will guide economists and historians through these transformations in Bangladesh, India and Pakistan. Part I revisits the colonial period with fresh perspectives and updated scholarship, incorporating recent research on topics such as gender, caste, environment, and entrepreneurship. The contributors highlight the complex and diverse experiences of different groups to offer a more nuanced understanding of the past. Part II focuses on economic and social changes in South Asia over the last seventy-five years, offering a comprehensive view of the region's historical trajectory. Together, the contributions to this volume help to reassess the impact of colonialism through a more informed lens, as well as providing analysis of the challenges and progress made since independence.
This Element offers a new historical account of Aristippus the Elder's views on pleasure and the present. Instead of treating Aristippus as merely proto-Cyrenaic or anachronistically modern, it uncovers in the ancient sources a neglected form of hedonism that endorses a present-focused therapeutic policy, while exploring its underlying motivations. Aristippan hedonism promotes a moment-to-moment disposition to pleasure rather than its maximization through future calculation, supporting a euthymic model of well-being that prioritizes the present. After distinguishing Aristippus from the later Cyrenaics regarding hedonic calculations to maximize pleasure, the Element yet supports continuity with his followers in the cognitive elements of the concept and the experience of pleasure, challenging his alleged sensualism in this way. Once the historical groundwork is in place, the Element introduces the hypothesis of the plasticity of the present, which moves beyond historical interpretation to offer an ethical-psychological account of a sustained focus on present time.
For a long time, scholarship on the end of the Aegean Bronze Age has been preoccupied with political, ethnic/racial, economic, environmental, and other change; however, it has rarely centered the discussion on social change. Drawing from anthropological and sociological critiques of social change, the Element compares the Greek archaeological record before and after the collapse of 1200 BCE, focusing on developments in the 12th to early 10th centuries, which are examined against the background of the Mycenaean palatial system of the 14th and 13th centuries. The seven sections of the Element cover the reasons for the collapse of the Mycenaean palaces; socio-political, demographic, and socio-economic change after the collapse; and the manifestation of this change in settlements, burials, and sanctuaries. The Appendix offers a discussion of the relative and absolute chronologies of the period, with emphasis on recent important but debatable suggestions for revisions.
This book offers a fresh examination of the significance of metaphorical thinking in comprehending human bodies and actions. It delves into numerous examples illustrating metaphor's role in conceptualizing body parts, illnesses, and various mundane and artistic bodily performances, fostering a deeper appreciation for metaphor's impact on human life. One key objective is to challenge the implicit dualism prevalent in much metaphor research, where the body is often considered in nonmetaphorical terms, with metaphors arising solely from cross-domain mappings involving abstract concepts. The book exposes the flaws in this traditional perspective, emphasizing the intrinsic connection between metaphor and understanding our bodies. Recognizing this connection is essential for grasping the extensive influence of metaphor across all realms of human cognition and behavior. Additionally, this book underscores cultural variations in how we conceptualize our bodies through metaphorical frameworks, enriching our understanding of diverse perspectives on bodily experiences.
This Element synthesizes a decade of research on who is doing what and where in global value chains. Moving beyond the traditional product- or industry-based approach, the authors introduce a task-based framework for analyzing trade and structural transformation. This novel perspective captures the increasingly fragmented and specialized nature of global production. They present new data and methods to measure the income and employment associated with task exports, and analyze evolving patterns of task specialization along countries' development paths. By demonstrating the versatility and policy relevance of this approach, they aim to inspire further research and inform debates on trade, growth, and development. This title is also available as open access on Cambridge Core.
This Element presents a computational theory of syntactic variation that brings together (i) models of individual differences across distinct speakers, (ii) models of dialectal differences across distinct populations, and (iii) models of register differences across distinct contexts. This computational theory is based in Construction Grammar (CxG) because its usage-based representations can capture differences in productivity across multiple levels of abstraction. Drawing on corpora representing over 300 local dialects across 14 countries, this Element undertakes three data-driven case-studies to show how variation unfolds across the entire grammar. These case-studies are reproducible given supplementary material that accompanies the Element. Rather than focus on discrete variables in isolation, we view the grammar as a complex system. The essential advantage of this computational approach is scale: we can observe an entire grammar across many thousands of speakers representing dozens of local populations.
This Element traces the history of Shakespearean bibliography from its earliest days to the present. With an emphasis on how we enumerate and find scholarship about Shakespeare, this Element argues that understanding bibliographies is foundational to how we research Shakespeare. From early modern catalogs of Shakespeare plays, to early bibliographers such as Albert Cohn (1827–1905) and William Jaggard (1868–1947), to present-day digital projects such as the online World Shakespeare Bibliography, this Element underscores how the taxonomic organization, ambit, and media of enumerative Shakespearean bibliography projects directly impact how scholars value and can use these resources. Ultimately, this Element asks us to rethink our assumptions about Shakespearean bibliography by foregrounding the labor, collaboration, technological innovations, and critical decisions that go into creating and sustaining bibliographies at all stages. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Founded in 1478 and not permanently abolished until 1834, the Spanish Inquisition has always been a notorious institution in history as an engine of religious and racial persecution. Yet, Spaniards themselves did not create its legal processes or its theoretical mission, which was to reconcile heretics to the Catholic Church. In this volume, leading international scholars assess the origins, legal practices, victims, reach, and failures of Spanish inquisitors across centuries and geographies. Grounded in recent scholarship and archival research, the chapters explore the Inquisition's medieval precedents as well as its turbulent foundation and eradication. The volume examines how inquisitors changed their targets over time, and how literal physical settings could affect their investigations and prosecutions. Contributors also demonstrate how deeply Spanish inquisitors cared about social status and legal privilege, and explore the scandals that could envelop inquisitors and their employees. In doing so, this volume offers a nuanced, contextual understanding of the Spanish Inquisition as a historical phenomenon.
The People's Two Powers revisits the emergence of democracy during the French Revolution and examines how French liberalism evolved in response. By focusing on two concepts often studied separately – public opinion and popular sovereignty – Arthur Ghins uncovers a significant historical shift in the understanding of democracy. Initially tied to the direct exercise of popular sovereignty by Rousseau, Condorcet, the Montagnards, and Bonapartist theorists, democracy was first rejected, then redefined by liberals as rule by public opinion throughout the nineteenth century. This redefinition culminated in the invention of the term 'liberal democracy' in France in the 1860s. Originally conceived in opposition to 'Caesarism' during the Second Empire, the term has an ongoing and important legacy, and was later redeployed by French liberals against shifting adversaries – 'totalitarianism' from the 1930s onward, and 'populism' since the 1980s.
This concise and self-contained book opens completely novel areas of research by directly implementing concepts from quantum physics into areas of social science. It constructs compelling arguments originating from fundamental concepts in physics and the philosophy of science, including key developments in economics and finance, then surveys the important work which has been performed to date through applying the formalism of quantum mechanics to decision making and finance. The book is accessible to graduate students and researchers in social science and physics, as well as avid interdisciplinary readers. This title is part of the Flip it Open Programme and may also be available Open Access. Check our website Cambridge Core for details.
Globally, most workers live precarious lives. In this examination of China's industrial relations since 1949, Xiaojun Feng explores why this should be. China provides an important case to examine this question because it has gone through both socialist revolution and marketized reforms, the major economic and political dynamics that have shaped the world since the twentieth century. Developing a comprehensive analytical framework for the interpretation of archives, interviews, and participant observation, Feng explores the causes of and remedies for labour precarity in China. Bridging the 1949 and 1976 divides, this study unveils continuities and more fundamental discontinuities across these watershed moments, and sheds fresh light on the extent to which popular policy can counter labour precarity and the future dynamics of labour movements.
Bridging the gap between linguistic theory and practice, this timely book demonstrates the transformative potential of corpus linguistics research and methods across a wide range of contexts. With contributions from a diverse range of authors, this book provides contemporary reflections on both established applications in language education, as well as emergent contexts in which corpus methods are driving social change, such as the media and law. Each chapter provides case studies that clearly demonstrate pathways from theory and analysis to application and impact, making the theory accessible without assuming specialised knowledge of specific contexts. Featuring the development of innovative methods and tools, the book shows readers that corpus linguistics is a discipline attuned to both methodological and societal impact. Showcasing the cutting-edge contributions that corpus linguistics is making to contemporary applied linguistics, this book is essential reading for academics, professionals, and anyone interested in the practical application of language data.
This Element demonstrates how Poland became a gothic setting in British fiction between the 1790s and the 1830s as a result of public interest in the partitions of Poland (1772–95) and their aftermath. It first discusses the ways Minerva gothics capitalised on the appeal of the Polish cause and showcases salient patterns for the 'Gothicisation' of Poland. This is followed by two focused readings of texts – Jane Porter's Thaddeus of Warsaw (1803) and Catherine Gore's Polish Tales (1833) – that build on this tradition and further explore the potential of female gothic frameworks and the gothic's long-standing investment in war and revolution to generalise and allegorise the political turmoil in Poland. This Element argues that the idea of Gothic Poland in British fiction was negotiated between the particular and the universal, the familiar and the unknown, the need for historical and factual accuracy and the prevalent patterns of gothic obfuscation.