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In the history of Western music, no single figure has been as closely tied to the Enlightenment as Beethoven: he is regarded as the composer who embodies ideals such as freedom and humanism that many celebrate as the Enlightenment's legacy. This view, however, rests on a very narrow conception of the Enlightenment that aggressively stresses secularism and political liberalism. More recent historical research has shown that the Enlightenment's outlook on political and religious issues was more diverse and nuanced than traditional accounts have depicted it. The essays in this volume consider how new ways of thinking about the Enlightenment can alter the way we understand Beethoven and his music. By rethinking Beethoven and the Enlightenment, this book questions the Beethoven we know in both the popular and scholarly imagination and redefines the role the composer plays in the history of Western music.
This comprehensive guide presents a data science approach to healthcare quality measurement and provider profiling for policymakers, regulators, hospital quality leaders, clinicians, and researchers. Two volumes encompass basic and advanced statistical techniques and diverse practical applications. Volume 1 begins with a historical review followed by core concepts including measure types and attributes (bias, validity, reliability, power, sample size); data sources; target conditions and procedures; patient and provider observation periods; attribution level; risk modeling; social risk factors; outlier classification; data presentation; public reporting; and graphical approaches. Volume 2 introduces causal inference for provider profiling, focusing on hierarchical regression models. These models appropriately partition systematic and random variation in observations, accounting for within-provider clustering. Item Response Theory models are introduced for linking multiple categorical quality metrics to underlying quality constructs. Computational strategies are discussed, followed by various approaches to inference. Finally, methods to assess and compare model fit are presented.
This book explores the nexus between ecological research and restoration through the long-term Mulligans Flat – Goorooyarroo Woodland Experiment. It synthesises 20 years of collaboration between researchers, government decision-makers, and conservation practitioners, offering valuable insights into the challenges, successes, and best practices of ecological restoration.Designed for researchers, policymakers, and restoration practitioners, this book is an essential guide to establishing long-term restoration projects with multiple partner organisations. Challenges and successes are discussed throughout, with chapter summaries highlighting key takeaways, making it a practical resource for both practitioners and academics. A dedicated chapter on Synthesis for Ecological Teaching distils insights from the Recovering Threatened Species and Ecosystems course developed at The Australian National University, providing an invaluable case study for undergraduate, graduate, and professional education. The book concludes with reflections from land managers and a vision for future directions to guide to the integration of research and restoration for lasting ecological impact.
Spontaneous symmetry breaking lies at the heart of modern physics, shaping our understanding of matter, forces, and even the universe itself. From condensed matter physics to particle physics and cosmology, spontaneous symmetry breaking unifies phenomena that at first seem worlds apart. This graduate-level text offers a comprehensive yet accessible guide to the conceptual theory and practical consequences of spontaneous symmetry breaking. It introduces topics ranging from Noether's theorem, thermodynamic limits, and gauge freedoms to Nambu–Goldstone modes, topological defects, effective field theory, the Mermin–Wagner–Hohenberg–Coleman theorem, and the Anderson–Higgs mechanism within the Standard Model. Packed with exercises, with solutions available online, in-depth projects, and a myth-busting FAQ section addressing common pitfalls, this book equips readers to master both the fundamentals and modern frontiers of spontaneous symmetry breaking, making it an indispensable resource for students, teachers, and researchers.
This Element gives an advanced introduction to string diagrams and graph languages for higher-order computation. The subject matter develops in a principled way, starting from the two dimensional syntax of key categorical concepts such as functors, adjunctions, and strictication, and leading up to Cartesian Closed Categories, the core mathematical model of the lambda calculus and of functional programming languages. This methodology inverts the usual approach of proceeding from syntax to a categorical interpretation, by rationally reconstructing a syntax from the categorical model. The result is a graph syntax-more precisely, a hierarchical hypergraph syntax-which in many ways is shown to be an improvement over the conventional linear term syntax. The rest of the Element focuses on applications of interest to programming languages: operational semantics, general frameworks for type inference, and complex whole-program transformations such as closure conversion and automatic differentiation. This title is also available as open access on Cambridge Core.
In the 1970s radical economists campaigned to reform their discipline and their universities. They became journalists and activists, moving beyond academia, to forge new models of public engagement and collaborative knowledge in economic life. Radical Expectations tells the story of how these economists set out to make economics more democratic. It traces their campaign to bring protest movements to the campuses, triggering the emergence of an alternative understanding of expertise directed at validating and empowering the perspectives and voices of women, Black Americans, labor activists, and the urban poor. It shows how a radical identity formed and how radicals helped reform disciplinary institutions. Furthermore, it argues that the radical economics' legacy was the development of a language and models of expert–lay collaboration that empowers direct action in economic affairs. The book is about the community of radical economists who championed the promise of change and what came of it.
This comprehensive guide presents a data science approach to healthcare quality measurement and provider profiling for policymakers, regulators, hospital quality leaders, clinicians, and researchers. Two volumes encompass basic and advanced statistical techniques and diverse practical applications. Volume 1 begins with a historical review followed by core concepts including measure types and attributes (bias, validity, reliability, power, sample size); data sources; target conditions and procedures; patient and provider observation periods; attribution level; risk modeling; social risk factors; outlier classification; data presentation; public reporting; and graphical approaches. Volume 2 introduces causal inference for provider profiling, focusing on hierarchical regression models. These models appropriately partition systematic and random variation in observations, accounting for within-provider clustering. Item Response Theory models are introduced for linking multiple categorical quality metrics to underlying quality constructs. Computational strategies are discussed, followed by various approaches to inference. Finally, methods to assess and compare model fit are presented.
Bringing together new and accessible translations of texts from Plutarch's Lives and the Moralia, this volume demonstrates Plutarch's enduring importance in the history of political thought. The texts selected include the essays 'Beasts are Rational' and 'How to Profit from Enemies', which were taken up by key theorists including Hobbes and Rousseau, alongside full translations of lesser-known works including 'Life of Phocion', 'On Women's Courage' and 'Advice on the Conduct of Politics' which inspired numerous political actors and writers throughout Europe. With an introductory essay, explanatory notes on the translation and bibliography, the volume offers fresh insights for readers seeking an understanding of Plutarch's work and its continued influence and relevance for politics.
This is an exploration of how the spatial dimension of the Aeneid is enriched by history, memory, and prophecy. As the travel of Aeneas moves on through the Mediterranean, space is turning into place, and place is turning into a Romanized map of the world. Alessandro Barchiesi brings to bear on the poetry of Virgil issues that are central to historical studies, such as colonization, imperialism, exile, conquest, diaspora, ethnicity, and deportation. He clarifies a number of connections between space, geography, and historical memory, revealing the significance of landscapes and seascapes in the light of a poetics of empire. He further investigates the political significance of contact zones, the recurring role of cult and religion, and the function of intertextuality in the construction of space. The book encourages dialogue between ancient studies and ecocriticism and provides a case study of how poetry interacts with Roman ideologies of empire.
Combining cross-linguistic typology, experimental data and formal analysis, this book introduces a new theoretical model for understanding how and why vowels change in unstressed syllables - Mora Loss and Restoration (MLR) Theory. In MLR Theory, unstressed vowels lose moras – phonological elements that represent duration. This loss, which is distinct from feature loss, has pervasive phonological and phonetic effects, but can be reversed later in the derivation. This book addresses methodological challenges, emphasizing the importance of morphophonological alternations and acoustic measurements, and offers a comprehensive typology of vowel reduction patterns. The theory is backed up with a wealth of data from New Zealand English and European Portuguese speakers, bridging abstract phonological theory with concrete evidence. Written for researchers and students of phonology, phonetics and morphology, this book is a valuable resource for those exploring the theoretical and empirical dimensions of vowel reduction across languages, and especially the interaction of prosody and segments.
Is a literary text an act of communication, and if so, how does it work? Relating works of literature to everyday utterances, this book focuses on the relationship between meaning and language in literary works. It uses an influential theory from linguistic pragmatics, relevance theory, to reveal a connection between literature and ordinary talk, while maintaining that the effect of literariness is achieved through exploiting the communicative options open to us more deeply and in more complex ways in poetry and prose fiction. It provides an accessible introduction to relevance theory and connects the theory to ideas in evolutionary cognitive psychology, whilst also comparing it to other approaches in stylistics, literary studies and pragmatics. This book also includes detailed analyses of literary texts, supported with linguistic descriptions of form, examining texts and textual features such as satire, first and third person narratives, sound-patterned poetry, comic rhymes, literary parodies and metaphor.
This book offers a comprehensive introduction to Markov decision process and reinforcement learning fundamentals using common mathematical notation and language. Its goal is to provide a solid foundation that enables readers to engage meaningfully with these rapidly evolving fields. Topics covered include finite and infinite horizon models, partially observable models, value function approximation, simulation-based methods, Monte Carlo methods, and Q-learning. Rigorous mathematical concepts and algorithmic developments are supported by numerous worked examples. As an up-to-date successor to Martin L. Puterman's influential 1994 textbook, this volume assumes familiarity with probability, mathematical notation, and proof techniques. It is ideally suited for students, researchers, and professionals in operations research, computer science, engineering, and economics.
This collection of articles and interviews surveys human-centered approaches to machine learning that can make AI more human-friendly, usable, and ethical. It provides a handbook for students, researchers, and practitioners who want new ways of approaching AI that place humanity at their center. It shows how to apply methods from human-computer interaction to the new technologies of AI and ML with a view to enabling computing technology to become user-friendly and human-centric. The book has 13 articles and 9 interviews from a range of different perspectives, helping readers understand existing machine learning systems and their impacts on people and society. It is an ideal introduction both for human-computer interaction practitioners who are interested in working with ML and for ML experts interested in making their practice more human-centered. The book offers a critical lens on existing machine learning alongside an optimistic vision of AI in the service of humanity.
Thomas Aquinas regularly claims that metaphysics is not merely scientific, but the highest and most certain of all the sciences, and his conception of metaphysics is one of the boldest and most epistemically ambitious in the history of philosophy. This book presents a new account of Aquinas's metaphysics, approached from the perspective of his theory of science and knowledge. It offers a novel interpretation of his understanding of the properties of being, the principles of being, the requirements for demonstrative knowledge, and shows how Aquinas's account of metaphysics was able to meet those requirements in a more coherent and compelling way than any thinker who had come before him. It will be of interest to scholars of medieval philosophy, the Aristotelian tradition, metaphysics, epistemology, and philosophical methodology.
Who your friends are shapes who your enemies are and vice versa. Starting with this premise, Mixed Blessings takes up two related research questions: how does a state's relational web of security assistance (amity) influence its relationships of threat (enmity), and how does a state's relational web of enmity influence its relationships of amity? Drawing on theories of alliance politics and deterrence theory, Kyle Beardsley uncovers the causes and consequences of security assistance through quantitative examination of the networked and relational nature of international politics. Qualitative assessments of the end of the Cold War-with particular attention to the proxy wars in Central America and Southern Africa-and recent developments in the Indo-Pacific further illustrate the mechanisms in play while also seeding the ground for ongoing inquiry. The lessons learned from the analyses directly bear on questions of American statecraft and the collapsing liberal international order.
Corporate Ordering explains how modern corporations navigate social conflict when law is incomplete, politics are polarized, and shareholders disagree about corporate purpose. Drawing on original case studies from ridesharing, climate sustainability, and artificial intelligence companies, the book reveals the internal governance systems corporations use to set standards, justify decisions, and monitor their impact. Moving beyond the familiar debates between shareholder primacy and stakeholder capitalism, the book offers a clear framework for understanding how corporate power actually operates in practice. Written for scholars, practitioners, policymakers, and informed general readers, it provides a timely guide to corporate governance in a world where business decisions increasingly function as social policy.
Applied linguists' interests and values have expanded in synergy with evolving technologies over the past decades, and with the tools and concepts developed in other disciplines. This timely book explains applied linguists' interest in technology in connection with their study of language-related problems in the real world. The decades of history and intersections with other disciplines provide background for introducing 11 types of technology-mediated language learning activities, grounded in the research-practice interface characterizing applied linguistics. Examples of past research are interpreted through the lens of design-based research to examine how design principles are developed for language learning and language assessment. Concrete implications are outlined for language pedagogy and its evaluation, language teacher education, and technology studies in applied linguistics. These foundations of technology and language learning will animate a spirit of critical professional inquiry toward current and future digital technologies as they intersect with language learners.
Ancient apologetics is usually treated as a literary genre or a branch of early theology. This Element offers a different account. It argues that many Jewish and Christian texts conventionally labeled 'apologetic' are better understood through a bibliographic and archival lens: They produce authority not only by defending doctrines, but by organizing books, constructing corpora, mobilizing archives, and regulating interpretation. Tracing a trajectory from the Letter of Aristeas to Jerome's De viris illustribus, this Element shows how citation, collection, cataloguing, and textual ordering made traditions appear authoritative. Examining Aristeas, Josephus, Tatian, Justin, Origen, Pamphilus, Eusebius, and Jerome, it argues that apologetics is best understood as a form of curatorial power through which ancient communities learned to think with books. This title is also available as open access on Cambridge Core.