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This book offers the first comprehensive comparative study of how political polarization reshapes the role and functioning of supreme and constitutional courts. Drawing on case studies from the United States, the United Kingdom, Brazil, India, Israel, Germany, Spain, and other jurisdictions, it examines how courts are transformed when deep political and social divisions meet powerful judicial institutions. The book identifies the factors that drive courts toward partisanship, the mechanisms through which polarization alters judicial nominations, decision-making and public trust, and the broader implications for the rule of law and democratic stability. It also analyzes reform proposals aimed at reducing the political stakes surrounding courts or balancing their internal composition. Combining theoretical analysis with rich comparative materials, the book will be of interest to scholars, students, and readers seeking to understand the challenges that polarized democracies face in maintaining legitimate, independent, and effective courts.
Representationalists view thought and language as mirrors of a mind-independent world. On this view, knowing is about accurately representing reality, and meaning lies in representational content. This book offers a pragmatist alternative: it argues that our practices are not just relevant but fundamental to both knowing and meaning—and that knowing-how should be seen as the primary form of knowledge. Building on neopragmatist tradition and engaging with classical pragmatism as well as recent work in epistemology, the philosophy of language, and the philosophy of science, the book develops and defends methodologism. This novel framework reorients questions of knowledge and meaning around rule-guided rational practices. The book will appeal to students and scholars in these fields, as well as readers across the humanities and social sciences interested in language, rationality, and their role in communities.
By building knowledge in a deliberate and systematic manner, we can gain a more complete understanding of a given research area relevant to corpus linguists. Specifically, empirically informed hypotheses (i.e., hypotheses that result from a synthesis of findings from all relevant prior studies) play a key role in this endeavor in that they enable us to test to what extent generalizations from previous research are consistent with our results, or if we need to make adjustments to our existing knowledge or theory. In this Element, we aim to provide a practical and accessible introduction to select statistical methods for evaluating such empirically informed hypotheses. In particular, we illustrate techniques from the broader null-hypothesis significance testing framework (e.g., equivalence testing), and structural equation modeling framework (e.g., measured variable path analysis), with the goal of encouraging knowledge building in a more principled and systematic manner in corpus linguistics.
This study investigates the development of translated fiction within the United Kingdom publishing sector between 2001 and 2021. Drawing on NielsenIQ BookData, qualitative interviews with publishing professionals, and a detailed case study of Fitzcarraldo Editions, it analyses how translated literature has evolved from a marginal cultural pursuit into an increasingly significant area of publishing activity. The research identifies continuing structural challenges, including the costs of translation, limited linguistic and cultural diversity within publishing teams, and the dominance of a few internationally recognised authors. It also highlights the role of independent presses, literary prizes, and digital platforms in expanding visibility and readership. By situating these findings within debates on cultural diversity, symbolic capital, and global circulation, the study demonstrates how translated fiction reflects and reshapes contemporary publishing practices, contributing to a more inclusive and internationally connected literary landscape.
Sicilian curse practices have often been misread through Athenocentric paradigms. This book repositions Sicily at the centre of inquiry, offering the first holistic analysis of legal curse tablets (defixiones iudiciariae) from the sixth to the fourth centuries BCE, with particular focus on Selinous, Akragas and Kamarina. Moving beyond isolated textual readings, it situates these inscriptions within the legal, social and political environments that shaped their production. The study provides new editions and drawings of key tablets – revisited after decades of neglect – while addressing palaeographic, chronological and editorial issues. For the first time, it also assembles a complete set of images of all major examples, making them fully accessible. By embedding curses within civic life and predominantly elite rivalries, it reveals them as 'paralegal' instruments in the renegotiation of status, authority and power. Sicilian legal curses thus emerge as independent from, rather than appendices to, their better-known Attic and Athenian counterparts.
Generative AI (GenAI) technology is transforming the landscape of language teaching and learning and has attracted considerable attention from researchers and educators in the field of second language (L2) education. Research has shown that, when used appropriately, GenAI can support students throughout the writing process, provide high-quality feedback on written work, and facilitate the assessment of L2 writing. This Element presents five innovative topics that the co-authors have explored: (1) student–GenAI interaction during the writing process; (2) collaborative processing of GenAI-generated feedback; (3) GenAI-supported teacher feedback; (4) the potential of GenAI for L2 writing assessment; and (5) teacher education for the effective integration of GenAI in L2 writing instruction. By synthesizing current research and practical applications, this Element aims to inspire researchers, practitioners, and graduate students to further investigate the role of GenAI in L2 writing contexts.
Is innovation all we think it is? In this study, Saro Wallace challenges prevalent assumptions about innovation within post-colonial, post-industrial academic, and popular frameworks. She shows how they are often predicated on recent western culture and its dominant economic frameworks, and how they draw heavily on ecological and evolutionary models in the biological sciences. Using the ancient past to examine and recast innovation in long-term perspective, she reveals innovation's ultimate social determination, historicity, and non-innateness in human groups. Wallace offers core case studies from the ancient Mediterranean and west Asia and covers the origins of metals, ceramics, textiles and cultural landscapes starting 14000 years ago and ending in the first millennium BC. She demonstrates that her compelling, wide-ranging model also applies to historical and recent cases, suggesting that innovation is neither an engineerable phenomenon in society, nor is it inherent, organic, or inevitable.
The distinction between 'hearing' and 'listening' marks two modes of aural sense: one passive, the other actively attentive. Yet movement between them-deliberate or inadvertent-reveals liminal states that are neither fully hearing nor listening, a sense of the sonorous that exceeds the reach of these singular terms. Such thresholds have preoccupied late-twentieth- and twenty‑first‑century New Music composers and philosophers. This Element brings their work into dialogue to explore how these aural liminalities might be conceived. Central to the study is a close reading of the implicit liminalities in Jean-Luc Nancy's Listening (2007), which provides a framework for engaging works by Gérard Grisey, Luigi Nono, Pauline Oliveros, Morton Feldman, Bryn Harrison, and the Wandelweiser collective. By examining listening philosophies alongside musical parameters, the book amalgamates the fringes of language and sense-it is through the resulting dissonances that aural liminalities might be articulated.
Scholars have long known that writers such as Shakespeare, Milton and Marvell drew upon alchemy – the craft of chemical transmutation – to depict the transformative operations of the male literary imagination. But how did the female contemporaries of these male authors utilise alchemical discourse? Sajed Chowdhury shows that alchemy had particular relevance for women because of its affiliation with 'kitchen chymistry': the domestic production of medicine, culinary ingredients and cosmetics. He analyses how women writers manipulated 'chymical' discourse to foreground the transformative intellectual agency of female alchemical practitioners. Diverse authors and genres are discussed, including medical papers and prose meditations by Grace Mildmay, poetry by Hester Pulter and plays and fiction by Margaret Cavendish. Reintegrating women's literary thought and practice to early modern British 'chymical' understandings of mind, soul and body, this study is a landmark in histories of science and women's writing.
The Cambridge Companion to the Byzantine Church explores the intricate dimensions of the Church in Byzantium-its emergence, theology, art, liturgy and histories-and its afterlife, in captivity and in the modern world. Thirty leading theologians and historians of eastern Rome examine how people from Greece to Russia lived out their faith in liturgies, veneration of the saints, and other dimensions of church life, including its iconic art and architecture. The authors provide a rich overview and insights from the latest scholarship on the lives and beliefs of emperors and subjects across the Byzantine empire. The volume thereby fills a prominent gap in current offerings on the development and continuing impacts of the Byzantine church from the fourth to fifteenth centuries, and will serve as a valuable resource for scholars, a companion for students and an introduction for the wider community to this fascinating chapter in the history of Christianity.
Heather Salter uncovers a remarkable secret history of espionage and counterespionage, repression and resistance, corruption and courage, heartbreak and betrayal in Shanghai between the world wars. At the heart of this story lies the fate of Tatyana Moiseenko and Yakob Rudnik – known then only as Paul and Gertrud Ruegg – a couple arrested, tried, and imprisoned for running a clandestine communist spy ring. Against the backdrop of the battle between communism and anti-communism that would shape much of the twentieth century, this dramatic history provides a uniquely human perspective on the global volatility of the 1930s. Through Tatyana and Yakobs' eyes, Salter traces global police networks, MI6 in China, and the worldwide reach of the Comintern to shed light on the deep historical roots of antagonism between Russia, China, and the West.
The Minimalist Program is a long-established branch of Chomsky's Generative approach to linguistics, which, since its first incarnation in the early 1990s, has become one of the most prominent frameworks for syntax. Bringing together a team of world-renowned scholars, this Handbook provides a comprehensive guide to current developments in generative syntactic theory. Split into five thematic parts, the chapters cover the historical context and foundations of the program, overviews of the major areas of research within modern syntactic theory, and a survey of the variety of phenomena dealt with within Minimalism through a focus on concepts, primitives, and operations. It offers in-depth perspectives on the core concepts and operations in the Minimalist Program for readers who are not already familiar with it, as well as a complete overview of the state-of-the-art in the field, making it essential reading for both scholars and students in the field.
In this innovative history of the travels of law, Iza R. Hussin explores how law moves, what happens when it arrives, and how it gains its onward momentum and direction. Through the itineraries of Abu Bakar, Sultan of Johor (1833–1895), Hussin uncovers a world of sovereigns in the shadow of empire, from Hawaii to Singapore, Java to Japan, Delhi to Constantinople, Cairo to London. In his travels, Bakar navigated archipelagic and imperial logics of authority, chased sovereignty at sea, and translated Islam across a shifting global landscape. These itineraries gave rise to Southeast Asia's first constitution, and the world's longest-running continuous experiment in modern Islamic constitutionalism, revealing histories of imperialism and international law, and forgotten genealogies of sovereignty, constitutionalism, and Asian internationalism. Through the compelling story of Abu Bakar's travels, Hussin argues for a new understanding of the imperial international order, Islamic constitutional history, and the making of the modern Muslim state.
Artificial intelligence is reshaping decisions that affect people, institutions, and societies. Understanding how to design, deploy, and govern AI systems that can be trusted is now essential in many disciplines. This book offers a clear, concise introduction to trustworthy AI, treating AI not just as a technical artifact but as a socio-technical system embedded in human contexts. Developed from an internationally applicable educational framework, the book is designed for teaching and learning in computer science, data science, law, policy, business, and related fields. It equips students and professionals with the concepts and judgment needed to engage critically and responsibly with AI in practice. Combining ethics, governance, and practical insight, the book explains key concepts including transparency, fairness, accountability, human oversight, and stakeholder participation. An interdisciplinary approach makes the material accessible to both technical and non-technical audiences, with realistic scenarios and reflection questions so readers connect principles to real-world AI applications.
This volume recovers early scandals of sexuality shaping the underground press in antebellum New York. In 'racy' newspapers, periodical editors used the form and content of their publications to curate, create, and circulate new ideas about emerging and established social forms, including sexual expression and intimacies. Editors reported obsessively on female sex workers' outspoken performances, wavering between the lurid fascination of exposé and the urge to celebrate singularly compelling and disposable women. This study contends with the uneven archiving of these scandalous materials, focusing on The Broadway Belle and Mirror of the Times (1855), edited by notorious “city mysteries” novelist George Thompson. This volume follows boasting performances of masculine potency and editorial proficiency. Sections chart the rise of personal mythologizing and self-reflexiveness as lingering conventions of professional editorship long after the racy papers faded away. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Failures in marine structures are often caused by the accumulation of small cyclic loads over time. This new edition provides engineers with the knowledge required to assess fatigue risk through long-term loading analysis and cyclic stress calculation. Real-world examples highlight the critical importance of fatigue design, including a detailed account of the Alexander L. Kielland platform collapse. Laboratory testing methods are explained, along with procedures for deriving fatigue capacity and design S-N curves. The book presents numerical techniques for generalising test data, including finite element methods for extracting hot spot stresses. New chapters address fatigue in large-diameter flanged connections and early-age cycling in grouted joints, reflecting developments in offshore wind turbine structures. Updated standards and expanded sections on bolted connections and fracture mechanics support safe and efficient design. An essential resource equipping engineers with the tools to prevent fatigue failures and improve structural integrity in demanding marine environments.
This graduate-level book is a coherent and self-contained introduction to quantum field theory (QFT), with a distinctive focus on geometric and nonperturbative aspects. The opening part covers quantum fields and the Euclidean path integral, Yang–Mills field theories, and Wilsonian renormalization. Wilson's notion of the effective field theory and its heavy implication for the QFT framework itself are given particular attention. Next, geometric and topological aspects are thoroughly treated, accompanied by a healthy dose of underlying mathematics. Anomalies—quantum failures of classical symmetries—follow as crucial litmus tests for self-consistency, which are delineated in unprecedented detail, spanning decades of development. In the final part, the book asks how relativistic gravity, known to resist standard quantization schemes, may be reconciled with the quantum world. This question is approached by invoking the d = 2 Weyl anomaly, Hawking effects, black hole partition functions, and the renormalization of fundamental strings, with a view toward superstring theory.
How do you reconcile imperial power with the nation-state? This study explores the enduring legacy of German colonialism, tracing the imperial origins of the German nation-state as it emerged in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Following unification under Prussian leadership, Germany expanded overseas to assert its place among the global powers. The resulting colonial empire left lasting imprints not only on local communities in Africa, the Pacific, and China but also on the German metropole itself. Drawing on a wide range of primary sources from European and African archives, Matthias Leanza demonstrates how the challenges of colonial governance prompted domestic reforms that reshaped the political arena, strengthened federal authority over the states, and sharpened national identity. While Germany's overseas ambitions ended abruptly with the First World War, the legacy of empire endured, embedded within the structures of the nation-state.
This is the first book to place the autobiographical projects of canonical comics authors Art Spiegelman and Alison Bechdel alongside each other, focusing on new and neglected works (and with an epilogue on the Pulitzer Prize-winning tour-de-force debut of Tessa Hulls). The book offers a lively cast of five formal tropes-boxes, spirals, tic-tac-toe, mirrors, and webs-through which to model fundamental elements of the comics grammar and its material processes. Built around rich close readings, it shows what makes the comics form particularly suited to negotiate complex familial and creative inheritances and manage layered, relational identities. Interweaving accounts of Jewish identity, female embodiment, legacies of modernism, and feminist practice, the book traces how contemporary graphic memoirists visually work and rework their filiations and affiliations through form, situating the medium as a privileged site and staging ground for arguments about the enabling possibilities of form now.