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This Element presents an economic analysis of Augustine's Laws and Weapons Systems. It explores and evaluates their economic content and subjects them to critical analysis. The Element is both theoretical and empirical and the empirical work uses an original UK data set on military aircraft over the period 1934 to 1964. The period embraces major technical changes involving war and peace and the shift to jet powered aircraft.
William of Ockham's Summa Logicae (The Sum of Logic), composed in the mid-1320s, is a major work in the history of Western philosophy. It was highly influential for several centuries following its appearance. Ostensibly a textbook on logic, the work is an essential resource for understanding Ockham's philosophical project at large and contains numerous innovative ideas about thought, language, and ontology that are now attracting much interest in contemporary philosophy. Despite an abundant growth in Ockham scholarship in recent decades, this Critical Guide is the first collection of essays to be devoted to the Summa Logicae. The volume covers a wide range of topics, including nominalism, metalanguage, modes of signifying, Ockham's theory of the categorical syllogism, and modal logic. It provides both fresh perspectives on existing debates and new contributions on topics that have not yet entered mainstream scholarship on Ockham.
Audiences in eighteenth-century Vienna attended the city's popular public balls, where they danced the minuet. This book explores the public dance culture of Vienna in the late eighteenth century as an essential context in which to understand minuet composition from this period, focusing on the music of Haydn, and restores the array of kinaesthetic associations and expectations that eighteenth-century audiences brought to the listening experience through their knowledge of the dance. It reconstructs the choreography of the minuet as it was performed in the Viennese dance halls and examines the repertoire of minuets composed specifically for dancing, bringing new perspectives to the minuet genre. This recovered bodily knowledge allows the author to put forward an analytical method of 'somatic enquiry' and apply it to Haydn's symphonic minuets from the 1790s, revealing previously hidden features in this music that come to light when listening with an understanding of the dance.
Venal Origins is a comparative and historical study of the roots of spatial inequalities in Spanish America. The book focuses on the Spanish colonial administration and the 18th-century practice of office-selling-where colonial positions were exchanged for money-to analyze its lasting impact on local governance, regional disparities, and economic development. Drawing on three centuries of rich archival and administrative data, it demonstrates how office-selling exacerbated venality and profit-seeking behaviors among colonial officials, fostering indigenous segregation, violent uprisings, and the institutionalization of exploitative fiscal and labor systems. The enduring legacies from their rule remain visible today, in the form of subnational authoritarian enclaves, localized cycles of violence, and marginalized indigenous communities, which have reinforced and deepened regional inequalities. By integrating perspectives from history, political science, and economics, Venal Origins provides a nuanced and empirically grounded analysis of how colonial officials shaped-and still influence-subnational development in Spanish America.
The Making of Revolutionary Feminism in El Salvador tells the stories of rural and working-class women who fought to overthrow capitalism, patriarchy, and US imperialism. Covering five decades of struggle from 1965 to 2015, Diana Carolina Sierra Becerra weaves oral histories with understudied archival sources to illustrate how women developed a revolutionary theory and practice to win liberation. A multigenerational movement of women broke with patriarchal tradition. In the 1960s and 1970s, teachers and peasant women led militant class struggle against the landed oligarchy and military dictatorships. Women took up arms in the 1980s to survive US-backed state terror and built a revolution that bridged socialism and women's liberation. In the guerrilla territories, combatants and civilians politicized reproductive labor and created democratic institutions to meet the needs of the poor. Highlighting women's agency, Sierra Becerra challenges dominant narratives of revolutionary movements as monolithic, static, and dominated by urban men.
With roots in the Homeric scholarship produced in the Library of Alexandria in the third and second centuries BCE, the ancient scholia to the Iliad constitute the richest and most extensive collection of ancient criticism on the most widely read poem in Greco-Roman antiquity. Excerpted from lost works of ancient scholarship and transmitted as marginal and interlinear comments in medieval manuscripts of the Iliad, these scholia contain a remarkable wealth of insights into the constitution of the Homeric text, the readings and editorial principles of ancient grammarians, the literary interpretations of ancient critics, and the lessons that ancient readers took from Homer. This volume provides the first English translation of the ancient scholia to Iliad books 1–2. With a clear and accessible introduction, extensive explanatory notes, and a glossary of ancient scholars, this book serves as the ideal guide to this complex and fascinating tradition.
Climate change will increase the occurrence of floods in cities and open areas. As well as the widely documented social and economic impacts of floods, these events can also have a significant and long-lasting impact on water quality. This multidisciplinary edited volume provides a comprehensive overview of the impact of floods on water quality, with chapters written by experts on water chemistry, water management, flood risk management, and urban engineering and planning. It presents global case studies, ranging from Australia and Canada to India and China, and includes contributions by scholars from Asia, Latin America, and Europe. It evaluates precautionary measures, such as the need for early warning systems to predict pluvial flood events, and practical solutions involving urban drainage, in the context of the needs of different regions. This book will be of interest to researchers, policy makers and professionals working in water management, environmental engineering and urban flooding.
The idea that God became incarnate as a human is a doctrine at the core of historic Christianity. Defined by the Great Councils and Creeds of the Christian church, the study of this doctrine, Christology, has been a focus of inquiry for two millennia. This Companion reflects the most recent paths of inquiry for our understanding of Christology. Covering Biblical and other sources, it explores the reception of Christology over the course of Christianity's history, from the early Patristic Ages to post-modernity, as well Jewish and Islamic treatments of the Christological claims. The volume also considers the recent contributions of systematic theology, metaphysics, and political theology to the study of Christology. It demonstrates how the conceptual substance of Christological doctrine interacts with a range of areas on the intellectual landscape. Designed for use by students and experts, The Cambridge Companion to Christology also points to the new and dynamic directions in scholarship on this topic.
This Element provides an argumentative introduction to the doctrines of karma and rebirth in Hinduism. It explains how various Hindu texts, traditions, and figures have understood the philosophical nuances of karma and rebirth. It also acquaints readers with some of the most important academic debates about these doctrines. The Element's primary argumentative aim is to defend the rationality of accepting the truth of karma and rebirth through a critical examination of an array of arguments for and against these doctrines. It concludes by highlighting the relevance of karma and rebirth to contemporary philosophical debates on a variety of issues.
Lying between the Indian and Pacific Oceans, Australia served as a crossroads for trade and migration across the British Empire. Australia's settler colonies were not only subject to British immigration but were also the destination of emigration from Asia and 'Asia Minor' on terms of both permanent settlement and fixed indenture. Amanda Nettelbeck argues that these unique patterns shaped nineteenth-century debates about the relationship of the settler colonies to a porous empire. She explores how intersecting concerns around race and mobility – two of the most enduring concerns of nineteenth-century governance – changed the terms of British subjecthood and informed the possibilities of imagined colonial citizenship. European mobility may have fuelled the invasive spread of settler colonialism and its notion of transposed 'Britishness', but non-European forms of mobility also influenced the terms on which new colonial identities could be made.
The 'Pamphlet Wars' of the seventeenth century, the activist texts of the Labour Movement, and the recent campaigns for climate justice have all drawn on the affordances of pamphleteering to advance their cause: pamphlets circulate across geographical boundaries and social divides, they attract a readership that is usually excluded from the classical public sphere, they can be produced at low cost, and they often provide anonymity to their authors. This Element provides a brief history of short-form polemical literature from the Reformation to the present. It argues that popular dissent and popular political agency must be understood in light of the material and, more recently, digital history of polemical literature. It makes the case that current online polemic is best understood as a late infrastructural transformation of classical and modern pamphleteering. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Is Kierkegaard a phenomenologist? Much depends on what we take 'phenomenology' to mean, since the word has been stretched in all possible directions since Edmund Husserl wrote his major works. What have phenomenologists made of his writings? This question is easier to answer: he has been a constant reference point for many of them, although there is little agreement about his significance. This short book argues that he is a phenomenologist in the context of discovery, not justification. One finds attention to attunements in Kierkegaard, and one also finds modes of bracketing and reduction. Even so, his styles of thinking phenomenologically differ from those of most writers in this philosophical school. His phenomenology takes a theological path, one that leads from 'world' to 'kingdom,' and one that often turns on what he calls 'the moment.'
In a 1962 meeting at the White House, Iran's last monarch, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, complained to US President John F. Kennedy 'America treats Turkey as a wife, and Iran as a concubine.' Taking this protest as a critical starting point, this book examines the transnational history of comparisons between Türkiye and Iran from Cold War-era modernization theory to post-9/11 studies of 'moderate Islam'. Perin E. Gürel explores how US policymakers and thought leaders strategically used comparisons to advance shifting agendas, while stakeholders in Türkiye and Iran responded by anticipating, manipulating, and reshaping US-driven narratives. Juxtaposing dominant US-based comparisons with representations originating from Iran and Türkiye, Gürel's interdisciplinary and multilingual research uncovers unexpected twists: comparisons didn't always reinforce US authority but often reflected and encouraged the rise of new ideologies. This book offers fresh insight into the complexities of US-Middle Eastern relations and the enduring impact of comparativism on international relations.
How did politicians deal with mass communication in a rapidly changing society? And how did the performance of public politics both help and hinder democratization? In this innovative study, Betto van Waarden explores the emergence of a new type of politician within a system of transnational media politics between 1890 and the onset of the First World War. These politicians situated media management at the centre of their work, as print culture rapidly expanded to form the fabric of modern life for a growing urban public. Transnational media politics transcended and transformed national politics, as news consumers across borders sought symbolic leaders to make sense of international conflicts. Politicians and Mass Media in the Age of Empire historicizes contemporary debates on media and politics. While transnational media politics partly disappeared with the World Wars and decolonization, these 'publicity politicians' set standards that have defined media politics ever since.
Reckoning with Law in Excess offers a ground-breaking approach to understanding the relationship between law and social and political transformation in a changing and uncertain world. The book's authors examine a wide range of case studies in which social movements pursue justice and social change within, against, and beyond the law. The interdisciplinary research at the heart of the volume reveals patterns in the ways in which law and legality are invested with heightened importance during certain historical moments, a process of over-loading that most often gives way to disenchantment with the ultimate limits of law. In reflecting critically and synthetically on these complicated dialectics of reckoning with law, the book shines a light on one of the most important, and consequential, dynamics in an era of climate crisis, rising populism across the political spectrum, and social conflict. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
This handbook is essential for legal scholars, policymakers, animal and public health professionals, and environmental advocates who want to understand and implement the One Health framework in governance and law. It explores how One Health – an approach integrating human, animal, and environmental health – can address some of the most pressing global challenges, including zoonotic diseases, biodiversity loss, climate change, and antimicrobial resistance. Through detailed case studies, the book demonstrates how One Health is already embedded in legal and policy frameworks, evaluates its effectiveness, and offers practical guidance for improvement. It compares One Health with other interdisciplinary paradigms and existing legal frameworks, identifying valuable lessons and synergies. The book concludes by mapping a transformative path forward, showing how One Health can be used to fundamentally reshape legal systems and their relationship with health and sustainability. This is an invaluable resource for anyone seeking innovative, equitable, and sustainable solutions to global health challenges.
How did dictionaries come to be? When and how did they originate in a specific language? Who was involved in that origin story? How have they evolved over time? What is the tension between scholarly and commercial, and between prescriptive and descriptive, dictionaries? What is the politics behind each dictionary? And what is the connection between dictionaries and nation-building? This fascinating book has the answers. It brings together a collection of conversations with leading lexicographers from around the world to explore the role dictionaries have played in history, comparing the parallel histories of lexicography in twenty different languages. The conversations explore the way dictionaries, which preserve language while contributing to their standardization, are always political in nature, prescribing some words while cancelling others. Covering major world languages, indigenous languages, and hybrid languages, this is essential reading for academic researchers and students of lexicography, and professional and trainee professional lexicographers.
With its focus on the city rather than the disaster event, this book situates natural disasters in the context of urban growth and change. It offers an original, interdisciplinary perspective by connecting the technical and socioeconomic dimensions of disaster risk and highlighting the commonalities of hazards such as river flooding, coastal flooding, and earthquakes. The book begins by proposing a novel Urban Risk Dynamics framework that emphasizes the roles of economy, landscape, and technology in influencing hazard, exposure, and vulnerability. This framework is then used to support the examination of six contrasting cities from around the world, offering generalized insights that apply to a wide range of urban risk contexts. The book will be of significant interest to students and researchers working in urban planning, civil engineering, Earth sciences, and environmental science, and to policy makers and practitioners concerned with reducing future disaster risk in cities.
Diodoros' Bibliotheke Historike, written in the last half of the first century BC, is a major source for ancient history from earliest times to his own era. This is the first English translation of Books 21-40 (301-62 BC) in seventy years, and the first ever commentary on those portions of the text. Major topics include the history of Sicily, the career of Hannibal, the slave wars that plagued the era, and the increasing instability of the Roman Republic. Diodoros' insight into the events of these years is a major source for that era, but his account, which survives only in fragments excerpted and to some extent paraphrased by later Byzantine scholars, has long been neglected.