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International organizations (IOs) play a central role in contemporary international law-making: they institutionalize most of the processes through which international law is adopted today. From the perspective of the democratic legitimacy of international law, this raises the question of the conditions under which those IOs may be regarded as democratic representatives of their Member States' peoples. Curiously, given its important international and domestic stakes, however, the democratic representativeness of IOs, but also of States and other public and private institutions within those IOs does not seem to be much of a concern in practice. Even more curiously, and by contrast to other issues of democratic legitimacy it is necessarily related to, such as participation or deliberation inside IOs, representation has only rarely been addressed as such in scholarly debates. It is this gap in theory and practice that this volume purports to fill. It is the first one bringing global democracy theorists and international lawyers into dialogue on the topic and in English language. This title is also available as open access on Cambridge Core.
William Whitehead's The Roman Father (1750) was the most prominent Roman play in late eighteenth-century Britain, and highly revealing of how Britons engaged with Roman history. This Element begins by surveying all eighteenth-century Roman plays, and shows that they focused on what it calls 'the transhistorical Roman character', typically set against a more historically-specific depiction of Rome. It proceeds to explore The Roman Father's text, reviews, performance history, and links to other aspects of historical culture. It argues that, of the three attitudes to history present in eighteenth-century Britain – the exemplary, historicist, and sentimentalist – all three were active in the theatrical context, but took genre-specific forms. Nonetheless, the changing attitudes visible in the theatre between 1750 and 1800 testify to changing attitudes to Roman history outside the theatre too: the decline of the exemplary attitude and the transhistorical Roman character, and the increasing prevalence of historicism and sentimentalism.
The philosophical kinship between Kant and the Stoics is often noted in passing but has received relatively little sustained scholarly attention. This detailed, wide-ranging study shows Kant's engagement with Stoic philosophy to extend beyond ethics, tracing its impact on Kant's inquiry on rationality, moral psychology, human action, and the concept of nature as well. It reveals that Kant's most philosophically productive engagement with Stoic thought comes not in the more familiar ethical works of the critical decade (the Groundwork and the second Critique), but rather in his later practical works examining human development, moral progress and virtue, and cosmopolitan duty. This book distinctively highlights the pivotal role that the 1790 Critique of the Power of Judgment plays in Kant's appropriation and transformation of Stoic ideas, as well as his close dialogue with Seneca and Epictetus throughout the 1793 Religion within the Bounds of Reason Alone.
Students are challenged to stay ahead in today's ever-changing political environment. This third edition comprehensive and accessible casebook, designed specifically for undergraduates, integrates both the political science and legal perspectives of American constitutional law. Covering developments from the constitution's drafting through to the presidency of Donald Trump, the book balances doctrinal analysis with historical and political context. Key updates include expanded discussions of judicial review, judicial power, nationwide injunctions, and the elimination of Chevron deference in administrative law. New material addresses Native American sovereignty, congressional investigatory powers, presidential authority and criminal liability, and the evolving balance of power in foreign affairs and war powers. Additional coverage explores presidential and congressional budget authority, impeachment, and state power within the federal system. The text examines pressing contemporary issues such as public health, property rights, substantive due process, and eminent domain, providing students with the essential tools to critically analyze constitutional law.
Dive into the fascinating world of how people across Greater Manchester speak, and what their voices reveal about identity and belonging. This lively book follows a groundbreaking research project that explored local accents, dialects, and social meaning using perception maps, pronunciation analysis, archive recordings, and interviews conducted in a roving 'Accent Van'. Packed with real voices, it offers surprising insights into how language connects us to place, community, and culture. Each chapter highlights a different strand of the research, while reflecting on broader themes of identity, the social significance of everyday language, and the value of listening. Along the way, readers get a behind-the-scenes look at how large-scale sociolinguistic projects are designed, funded, and executed - and why they matter. Celebrating the richness and diversity of local speech, this book is a joyful, thought-provoking tribute to the voices that shape our communities.
This Element offers the first comprehensive study of George Crabbe's engagement with medical thought and practice in his poetry. Drawing on his interest in illness, care, and healing as a trained physician, surgeon, apothecary, and obstetrician, it addresses how his medical expertise and awareness inform his assessment of social problems, his perspective on the role of a poet, and his views on education and religion. The study examines the intersection between Crabbe's poetic achievement and medical discourse in advancing humanist healing for mind and soul, and explores how his verse registers systemic and ethical issues surrounding poverty, addiction, intoxication, and madness through an unsentimental and truthful style. By tracing the moral and social implications of the connection between medical vision and poetic philosophy, it recovers Crabbe as a significant poet-physician of the long eighteenth century and invites renewed attention to the cultural work of his poetry in health and medicine.
In Central and Eastern Europe, disinformation threatens democratic stability, inflames ideological divides, and weakens Western geopolitical commitments. Drawing on cross-national analyses, as well as in-depth studies of the Czech Republic and Slovakia, this Element analyzes: the relationship between ideological polarization and disinformation supply; the challenges of building anti-disinformation efforts; individual-level demand for disinformation; and the effects of disinformation on public opinion. Ideological polarization over sociocultural issues predicts disinformation supply, and sociocultural conservatives with anti-Western views constitute a disinformation-susceptible audience that struggles to distinguish between false and true narratives. Elite-level divisions over the threat posed by disinformation exacerbate these dynamics, hampering efforts to build disinformation resilience. However, disinformation largely fails to persuade. Amongst most individuals, attitudinal backlash is more common. Disinformation does not win over hearts and minds; rather, its appeal reflects the salience of contentious issues that have emerged as a result of wider political realignments.
Refugee movements are one of the defining issues of the Twenty-First Century. But what difference does it actually make to be a refugee? To what extent are refugees economically distinctive compared to citizens or other groups of migrants? Drawing upon original data collected in camps and cities across East Africa, The Refugee Trap shows that becoming a refugee changes the economic constraints people face in important ways; they confront a series of poverty traps that make them systematically worse off compared to citizens. These relate to trauma, dispossession, uprootedness, and rights. By understanding the mechanisms underlying these traps, we can in turn identify the policy interventions needed to support restoration, and thereby address the sources of economic disadvantage that result from forced displacement. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Rage is having a moment. It is everywhere, among men, women and children, but particularly among feminists like us. This Element is a concentrated meditation on women's rage in Bruised Hibiscus (2000) and Negra (2013), two novels by and about Caribbean women. We explore how expressions of rage braided with feminist solidarity figure in these novels and how this mixture produces affective and political responses to racism and gender-based violence. Our focus on the contours of Caribbean women's rage advances feminist thought on rage as a political tool of power. In selected readings of our two novels, we identify feminist solidarity as an essential and shared factor in the discursive expression of Caribbean women's rage: We argue that the female protagonists in Bruised Hibiscus and Negra articulate their rage differently but use it similarly to claim the power to resist if not to eradicate racism, gender-based violence, and sex shaming.
The rapid integration of generative AI (GenAI) tools into higher education (HE) presents both transformative opportunities and pressing challenges, particularly in English-medium education (EME) classrooms. While GenAI tools offer innovative possibilities for enhancing instruction, assessment, and learner autonomy, they also raise concerns about the erosion of meaningful language and content learning experiences through over-automation and excessive reliance on algorithmic output without involving students' thinking process. This Element offers a timely, practitioner-focused exploration of how GenAI tools can be thoughtfully integrated into both language and content-subject teaching while addressing key threats GenAI poses within EME contexts. The Element does not seek to promote the uncritical adoption of GenAI into HE but instead offers a pragmatic way forward that recognises the essential role of agentic teachers in supporting student content and language learning.
This element describes an emerging and intriguing topic: computational indeterminacy. Indeterminacy occurs when a fixed physical system potentially computes several different functions, and there is no fact of the matter which of these is actually being computed by the system. The phenomenon of computational indeterminacy has potential significance for a number of fields, including neuroscience and cognitive science, artificial intelligence (AI), the theory of algorithms, and circuit design. Here we address foundational and philosophical issues. We also explain how the indeterminacy phenomenon impacts on current thinking about the nature of physical computation. Computational indeterminacy is the subject of a growing number of articles in specialist journals, and The Indeterminacy of Computation introduces the topic to a wider audience. The style is clear and informal, with many helpful diagrams. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Since Wittgenstein's death in 1951, readers have advanced numerous claims about his philosophy's political significance. Some take his philosophy to have a conservative or reactionary bent; others take it to have a relativistic leaning; yet others associate it with classical liberalism, neo-liberalism, or Marxism. The Political Wittgenstein surveys this terrain in four chapter-length narratives about the development of distinct views of the political significance of Wittgenstein's thought. This Element offers a thorough introduction to the question of a Wittgensteinian approach to political thought. It simultaneously makes a case for reading Wittgenstein's philosophy as, at base, political, liberating and pressingly pertinent.
This Element explores the intersection of language and culture in undergraduate admissions interviews. Such encounters are commonly understood through their outcomes, typically via perceptions of interviewer bias and/or candidates' levels of self-confidence. This study challenges such a reductive understanding of admissions interviews by positing them instead as communicative events with interactional requirements that can be empirically determined. Based on a corpus of 60 interviews provided by the University of Cambridge, the study draws on the tools of interactional sociolinguistics to reveal how interviews are shaped by multiple layers of cultural norms, and role relationships, that successful candidates are best able to navigate. In so doing, it suggests that admissions interviews are not 'interviews' per se, but rather 'tutorial auditions' in which candidates must quickly demonstrate both their academic competences and their ability to learn and to be taught. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Corporations are the engine of the modern economy, yet public debates are ideologically polarized between two extremes-shareholder value theory and stakeholder theory-and the real workings of corporations and their contributions to society are obscured. This book attempts to break the shackles of these two ideologies. It starts from the 'Two Corporate Axioms' that any reasonably well-informed person should accept, i.e., the dominance of corporations and the existence of market competition. It then derives the 'Eight Corporate Theorems' as logical extensions of the axioms and, based on these theorems, re-examines major issues surrounding corporations, including their purpose and governance. To make this construct more realistic, the book weaves the theorems into the story of an imaginary AI company, starting as a venture company and expanding eventually into a multi-planetary enterprise. This book concludes by offering a vision of the corporation as a long-term community for co-prosperity.
In 2013 and the years that followed, a series of attacks unfolded across India, Pakistan and Bangladesh – attributed to militant Hindu nationalist, Islamist, and sometimes complicit state actors – targeting irreligious dissenters. These included the murder of rationalist leader Narendra Dabholkar in India, the machete attacks on 'atheist bloggers' in Bangladesh, and the death sentence imposed on academic Junaid Hafeez in Pakistan. Amid a vast literature on Hindutva, militant Islam, communal politics and the legal regimes that surround them, Dissentiments approaches these dynamics from a distinctive angle: their fraught and sometimes violent relationship with people labelled as non-religious. Drawing on extensive ethnographic research in Bangladesh, Pakistan, India and Europe, it examines how these individuals navigate the risks of public expression where religion remains intertwined with nationalism and political authority, and perspectives on how non-religious critique becomes both vulnerable and politically productive. This title is also available as open access on Cambridge Core.
The Silent Rebellion tells a history of labour subjectivity formation at the site of education and the defiance of labouring subalterns who refused to see themselves solely as labouring bodies in the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries. It does so by focusing on the hitherto neglected social histories of nonelite education: industrial, technical, factory, and night schools. On the one hand, the book examines how elites-encompassing colonial officials, employers, and dominant castes-integrated caste labour into their modern projects of industrial and technical education, thereby reproducing labouring conditions, subjectivities, and the caste social order. On the other hand, the book reveals how labouring subalterns-artisans, factory workers, and service-industry workers-used education to rebel against their 'pre-destined' labouring fate. Focusing on their demands for literary education, experiences of reading, and becoming teachers, clerks, and poets, the book develops new analytical frameworks for writing nonwork histories of working lives.
The seventeenth-century English philosopher Thomas Hobbes's Leviathan or the Matter, Forme and Power of a Commonwealth Ecclesiasticall and Civil, commonly known as Leviathan, has fascinated, alarmed, and challenged readers ever since its publication in 1651. Both a modernization of natural law theory and an early and influential contribution to social contract theory, Leviathan offers a powerful, systematic theory of the rights and duties of sovereigns and subjects, governors and citizens. This Critical Guide provides scholars, students, and anyone curious about Hobbes's political theory access to the latest research into Hobbes's views of philosophical method, human psychology, morality, law, liberty, governance, power relations, obligation, agency and responsibility, the requisites of social stability, pride, honor, theism, and organized religion. In fourteen original essays by many of today's leading Hobbes scholars, the volume provides overviews and in-depth investigations into those aspects of Hobbes's thinking in Leviathan that are of greatest interest today.