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The narrative art of Herodotus' Histories has always been greatly admired, but it has never received an in-depth and systematic analysis. This commentary lays bare the role of the narrator and his effective handling of time, focalization, and speech in all the famous and much-loved episodes, from Croesus, via the Ionian Revolt, to the climax of Xerxes' expedition against Greece. In paying close attention to the various ways in which Herodotus structures his story, it offers crucial help to get a grip on the at first sight bewildering structure of this long text. The detailed analysis of Herodotus' narration shows how his masterful adoption and expansion of the epic toolbox endowed the new genre of historiography with the same authority as its illustrious predecessor. The commentary is suitable for all readers of Herodotus' Greek text: students, teachers, and scholars.
In 1662, in the aftermath of the Restoration, parliament passed new legislation for the settlement and removal of the poor. Important provisions were finalised in no more than a few days. But once the settlement of the poor was set in law it became an agent of historical change that affected society, state formation, and the lives of millions in Britain and beyond for centuries to come. Within a few decades, practices of local government were transformed. In towns and villages hierarchies of social status and gender were affected. The rising empire employed the settlement administration to mobilise forces for large-scale international wars and to deal with soldiers' wives and children left behind. The huge number of bureaucratic forms generated following the new policies made a lasting impact on administrative culture. The Settlement of the Poor in England is about social change and about history's unintended consequences. It is also about the struggles and experiences of individuals and communities. It reminds us how the settlement legislation still resonates today. This title is part of the Flip it Open Programme and may also be available Open Access. Check our website Cambridge Core for details.
This fresh and engaging book opens up new terrain in the exploration of marriage and kinship. While anthropologists and sociologists have often interpreted marriage, and kinship more broadly, in conservative terms, Carsten highlights their transformative possibilities. The book argues that marriage is a close encounter with difference on the most intimate scale, carrying the seeds of social transformation alongside the trappings of conformity. Grounded in rich ethnography and the author's many decades of familiarity with Malaysia, it asks a central question: what does marriage do, and how? Exploring the implications of the everyday imaginative labour of marriage for kinship relations and wider politics, this work offers an important and highly original contribution to anthropology, family and kinship studies, sociology and Southeast Asian studies.
The extraordinary creative energy of Renaissance Italy lies at the root of modern Western culture. In this magisterial study, Virginia Cox offers a fresh vision of this iconic moment in cultural history. Her lucid and absorbing book explores key artistic, literary and intellectual developments, as well as histories of food and fashion, map-making, exploration and anatomy. Alongside towering figures from Petrarch and Boccaccio to Leonardo, Machiavelli, and Isabella d'Este, Cox unveils lesser-known Renaissance protagonists including printers, travel writers, actresses, courtesans, explorers-even celebrity chefs. This extensively revised and expanded edition includes an incisive overview of Italy's relationship with the European and non-European worlds, embracing ethnic and religious diversity within Italy, the global dissemination and hybridization of Italian Renaissance culture, and Italian global encounters, including Jesuit missions to Asia. Pulling together the latest scholarship with original research and insight, Cox's book speaks both to general readers and specialists in the field.
Traditionally, classical multivariate statistical methods have been applied to relate cultural materials recovered at archaeological sites to their respective raw material sources. However, when reviewing published research, which usually claims to have reached a high degree of confidence in the assignment of materials, the authors have detected that those applying these methods can make serious errors that compromise the inferences made. This Element reconsiders the use of statistical methods to address the problem of provenance analysis of archaeological materials using a step-by-step procedure that allows the recognition of natural groups in the data, thus obtaining better quality classifications while avoiding the problems of total or partial overlaps in the chemical groups (common in biplots). To evaluate the methods proposed here, the challenge of group search in ceramic materials is addressed using algorithms derived from model-based clustering. For cases with partial data labeling, a semi-supervised algorithm is applied to obsidian samples.
Speech act theory has been foundational in establishing pragmatics as an independent field of inquiry; yet, recent pragmatic research appears to have drifted away from the theoretical investigation of speech acts. This Element explores the reasons why this is so, focusing on the difference of perspective that emerges when the scope of the discipline is viewed through a narrow versus a broad lens. Following an overview of the initial exposition of speech act theory by Austin, it tracks its evolution, through subsequent Searlean and Gricean elaborations, to the currently received view. This view is then found to have diverged substantially from Austin's original vision, largely due to its alignment with the narrow conception of pragmatics. Against this backdrop, it is suggested that embracing the broad take on the discipline can allow for a reintegration of Austin's vision into the way we theorise about speech acts.
Retailing is one of the world's largest industries, yet few books cover the core knowledge needed for students studying the topic or people working in the industry. This rigorous retail marketing guide blends theory with real-world applications, helping students uncover the secrets behind successful retailing, as well as the psychology motivating customers to behave the way they do. This thoroughly revised edition is structured into four parts, covering the fundamentals of retailing, consumer perception and decision-making, store atmospherics and layouts, and digitalisation. Learning outcomes, case studies, key takeaways, study questions and exercises are included in each chapter, making it an ideal resource for Retail Marketing and Retail Management courses. Teaching PowerPoint slides and sample course syllabi are available as supplementary materials to support instructors.
Why do supposedly accountability-enhancing electoral reforms often fail in young democracies? How can legislators serve their constituents when parties control the necessary resources? Unity through Particularism sheds light on these questions and more by explaining how parties can use personal vote-seeking incentives in order to decrease intra-party dissent. Studying a unique electoral reform in Mexico, the book provides a detailed description of how institutional incentives can conflict. It draws on a variety of rich, original data sources on legislative behavior and organization in 20 Mexican states to develop a novel explanation of how electoral reforms can amplify competing institutional incentives. In settings where legislative rules and candidate selection procedures favor parties, legislators may lack the resources necessary to build voter support. If this is the case, party leaders can condition access to these resources on loyalty to the party's political agenda.
This is the first volume of A Social and Economic History of the Theatre to 300 BC and focuses exclusively on the theatre festivals in the city of Athens. It presents and discusses in detail all the documentary and material evidence for the Dionysia in the city of Athens, the Lenaea and the Anthesteria. It is the first comprehensive reappraisal of the Athenian theatre festivals undertaken in over seventy years and the first ever to attempt a history of the Athenian theatre as an institution which recognises the social and economic forces that underpinned it. All texts are translated and made accessible to non-specialists and specialists alike. The volume will be a fundamental work of reference for all classicists and theatre historians interested in ancient theatre and its wider historical contexts.
Blake's unique pronouncements on spirituality and embodiment, revolutionary politics, sexuality and genius, as well as on textual and artistic reproduction, were formulated in opposition to the pre-Darwinian theories of evolution and self-organisation emerging over the course of the long eighteenth century. Over the last two decades, literary critics have uncovered the many ways in which discoveries in the life sciences led the Romantics to increasingly understand art and life in terms of matter's vibrant powers of self-organisation. Here, however, Tara Lee shows how Blake was influenced by a preformationist paradigm that privileged the unique kernel of identity in each being over material processes of change and development. Readers will leave this book with a greater appreciation for how Blake's works were in intimate dialogue with a range of intellectual discourses – political, theological, poetic, aesthetic – that were shaped by vibrant debates about embodiment and organic form.
Islam and Modern Cosmology examines how contemporary cosmological theories intersect with Islamic theology, exploring how modern science and Islamic thought can be brought into meaningful dialogue. It begins with a concise overview of modern cosmology, followed by an exploration of the Qur'an's cosmological perspectives and the philosophical models of creation proposed by Muslim thinkers, comparing these ideas with current scientific understandings. The discussion then considers the fine-tuning argument for God's existence and addresses the multiverse hypothesis, proposing that, under certain reasonable assumptions, the Islamic conception of God suggests the possibility of multiple universes. Finally, from a Muslim – specifically Sufi – perspective, it reflects on the problem of the significance of human life within this vast cosmos.
There are different approaches to modelling the divine, with each raising questions one needs to consider when employing them to produce a model. Outlining some of the most widely used methods is one of the goals of this Element, providing something of an introductory 'how-to' guide for theistic modelling. Through discussing what models are, the different sources of data acquisition, how to acquire data via reason, how to sort data, and what we might think a model provides us with, this Element aims to give readers the resources to take on the task of modelling informatively and effectively for themselves.
The 'Discriminative Lexicon Model' is a new theory of how we process words, which moves radically away from most standard theories of morphology. This book introduces the Discriminative Lexicon from both a practical and a theoretical perspective. The first half explains the basic theory and the main parts of 'JudiLing', the Julia package implementing the theory. This is complimented by theory boxes introducing the core concepts underlying the model, such as Matrix Multiplication and the Rescorla-Wagner learning rule. The second half provides a series of case studies spanning languages as diverse as Maltese, Biblical Hebrew, Dutch, Navajo, Estonian and French, as well as multilingual settings. It also shows how behavioural data like lexical decision reaction times, acoustic durations or tongue movements can be modelled. These are accompanied by practice exercises. It is essential reading for researchers and students in a wide range of linguistic fields, including phonetics and computational linguistics.
Why do well-meaning developmental policies fail? Power intervenes. Consider the recent collapse of the peace agreement between the Colombian government and FARC guerillas. Achieving inclusive development entails resolving collective-action problems of forging cooperation among agents with disparate interests and understandings. Resolution relies on developing functional informal and formal institutions. Powerful agents shape institutional evolution—because they can. This Element outlines a conceptual framework for policy-relevant inquiry. It addresses the concept of power-noting sources, instruments, manifestations, domains of operation, and strategic templates. After discussing leadership, following, and brokerage, it addresses institutional entrepreneurship. Institutional entrepreneurs develop narratives and actions to influence incentives and interpretations of social norms and identities: foundations of strategic interactions that shape institutional evolution. This approach facilitates inquiry into the roots and consequences of context-specific developmental dilemmas: background for developmental policy analysis. This title is also available as open access on Cambridge Core.
This Element conceptualises translation reception as a form of cultural negotiation in which cognitive processes and sociocultural factors converge to form understanding. Drawing on empirical examples from a variety of translational phenomena, it maps a range of methodologies, including surveys, interviews, eye-tracking experiments, and big data analytics, to examine how heterogeneous reader expectations are either reconciled or divided. This Element argues that the ambiguities surrounding readers' identities and behaviours exemplify how reception thrives on paradoxes, uncertainties, and fluid boundaries. It proposes a nonlinear trade-off model to emphasise that mutual benefits in high-stakes communication can only be achieved when a requisite degree of trust is maintained among all stakeholders. This trust-based approach to translation reception provides us with the epistemological and methodological tools to navigate our post-truth multilingual world, where a new technocratic order looms. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
This richly illustrated book presents the art, architecture, and material culture of a little-known Byzantine dynasty, the Laskarids of Nicaea (1204–1261), uncovering their multiple contributions to the so-called Palaiologan renaissance which occurred in Constantinople after the city was regained in 1261. It adds many new examples of artistic and archaeological material to the existing historical work on the period. These include new and renovated fortifications, churches, palaces, and defensive towers, as well as artistic media such as mosaics, frescoes, coins, seals, inscriptions, and ceramics. Naomi Pitamber argues that features from Constantinople and its associated imperial history were recalled, edited, and selected for quotation in Nicaean exile and informed the Palaiologan renaissance in Constantinople. Laskarid cultural production in Asia Minor physically linked the urban imperial past of Constantinople to the present exilic moment, building a bridge to a yet unknown but much hoped-for future reuniting capital, court, empire, and people.
Published in 1914, Joseph Conrad's Chance, with its female protagonist, Flora de Barral, and happy ending, represented a new departure in his writings. Aided by the robust advertising efforts of his American publisher, Doubleday, Page, Chance was also his first major financial success. This comprehensive critical edition includes an introduction to the novel's origins and sources, while explanatory notes detail literary and historical references, identify real-life places and people, and indicate borrowings and Gallicisms. A textual essay and its accompanying apparatus lay out the history of composition and publication, detailing interventions made by Conrad's typists, compositors, and editors. Also included are appendices, a glossary of nautical terms, a genealogy of the text, and reproductions of early drafts. By returning to (and respecting) Conrad's early manuscript and typescript states, this edition presents Chance and its preface in a form more authoritative than any so far printed.
Religion plays an important role in what and how we eat. Indeed, food is a critical component of religion-as well as a reflection of the other components that make religion unique. This fact is what necessitates greater attention towards food as a lens for understanding psychological phenomenon both within the psychology of religion and the social scientific community at large. Utilizing theories and exemplars from multiple disciplines, the authors discuss how food relates to four dimensions of religion – beliefs (Section 2), values (Section 3), practices (Section 4), and community (Section 5). Throughout the Element and in a concluding section, the authors provide exciting directions for future research. In addition to providing a review of our current understanding of the role of food and religion, this work ultimately seeks to inspire researchers and students to investigate the role of food in religious life.
Economic sanctions have been imposed on dozens of countries and thousands of individuals, triggering humanitarian crises and creating economic chaos, often with little accountability. Sanctions can cause particular harm to vulnerable populations, including women, children, migrants, and the poor. Economic Sanctions from Havana to Baghdad: Legitimacy, Accountability, and Humanitarian Consequences addresses a range of issues in the design and implementation of the economic sanctions regimes that emerged in the post-Cold War era. Drawing on cases from Syria, Cuba, Iran, Iraq, Venezuela, and elsewhere, the chapters in this volume explore issues such as the gendered effects of sanctions; how migrants are affected; risk assessment practices by international businesses; how sanctions affect private actors such as banks; and the effects of sanctions on economic development, infrastructure, and access to health care. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
The threat of an impending global water crisis has proliferated across water governance literature in the recent decades. However, defining the nature of this global water crisis remains a challenge, as a plethora of problems fall under this term. Simultaneously, contemporary waterscapes are hard to navigate due to the interconnected and wicked nature of water issues. Thus, to unravel this complex picture, it is fundamental to be reflexive about how water problems are identified, defined, and addressed. Conducting a systematic literature review and applying a constant comparison method, this Element identifies nine key human-water problématiques. Additionally, the analysis traces co-occurrences between diverse problématiques and their conceptual sub-clusters. Based on exhaustive literature, a reflection on the complex issue of 'what solutions?' is elaborated. Lastly, contributions to the ontological question of what a water problem is are offered, indicating a transition beyond an understanding of water issues as solely tangible.