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How has it happened that the term kânûn has been adopted by different political and legal regimes – Muslim empires, Muslim monarchies, colonial states, secular and Islamic republics – to refer to their respective 'state laws'? This study explores the lengthy and complex history of kânûn from the fifteenth through the eighteenth centuries. The transformations of the concept enabled its broad circulation and malleable applications in significantly different political and legal contexts across time. Guy Burak examines how the Ottoman dynasty and its administrative, intellectual, and judicial elites experimented with the concept of kânûn, alongside Ottoman subjects and foreigners. Written in accessible language, the study covers a wide range of material from Turkish, Arabic, and Persian sources. By focusing on specific moments along the genealogy of kânûn, Burak draws attention to aspects of this concept that have shaped its post-Ottoman history. This is a Flip it Open title and may be available open access on Cambridge Core.
Inequality is an essential concept for understanding the impact of digital media on political life. This Element offers an empirical portrait of digital political inequality globally. We find that gaps in online political information reception and engagement are prevalent worldwide and growing over time. These inequalities are related to the resources held by individuals, the experiences of groups, and the economic, democratic, and technological development of societies. Moreover, we find that digital political media use is associated with greater participation in electoral politics and belief in democracy, while at the same time lower political trust and satisfaction with political systems. Based on these findings, we offer an agenda for studying digital political inequality across societal, technological, institutional, and individual levels. Ultimately, digital media not only create walls that separate the political haves and have-nots, but also windows and doors to greater political voice and influence for the less powerful.
This Element offers insight into the creative interactions that shape collaborative songwriting in the twenty-first Century. It explores how musical creativity is distributed and affectively framed by interactions between people, spaces, tools, and industrial forces. It features the analysis of in-depth interviews with professional songwriters and integrates conceptual resources from phenomenology, enactive cognitive science, and ecological psychology to offer a novel understanding of creative consciousness as involving individual and shared affective resonances and atmospheres. Section 1 explores how patterns of affect are manifest and regulated in creative interactions. Section 2 confronts the relation between affective experience and musicians' senses of autonomy and agency. Section 3 illuminates songmakers' experiences of solitary and shared worlds during collaborations with a focus on environment and creative atmospheres.
The invention of paper currency marked a watershed in global financial history. In this deeply researched study, Richard von Glahn explains why paper money first arose in China rather than any other part of the world – and why it ultimately failed. Although paper money achieved notable success during the Song and Yuan dynasties, it collapsed under the very different principles of political economy adopted by the Ming. In the first English-language examination of the rise and demise of paper money, von Glahn argues that the answer lies in China's unique monetary system and political economy, introducing readers to the eleventh-century origins of paper money in China, the principles of Chinese monetary theory, China's bronze coin monetary standard and specific forms of fiscal governance. This is not only an essential introduction to Chinese monetary history, but a major contribution to global economic history.
Aristotle's account of justice has inspired thinkers as diverse as Thomas Aquinas and Martha Nussbaum. Concepts such as distributive justice, equity, the common good, and the distinction between just and unjust political organizations find articulations in his writings. But although Aristotle's account of justice remains philosophically relevant, its intellectual, social, and political origins in the Mediterranean world of the fourth century BCE have often been overlooked. This book places Aristotle's account of justice in dialogue with his fourth-century intellectual colleagues such as Plato, Xenophon, and Isocrates, and allows it to be understood within the framework of fourth-century institutions as they were experienced by citizens of ancient Greek political communities. It thus provides the modern reader with the framework which Aristotle presupposed for his original work in antiquity, including the intellectual debates which formed its context.
Co-management has been adopted internationally, across all types of natural resource settings, bringing resource users and others into governance with government. Multiple aspects of co-management have been studied, from power-sharing to social networks and accountability, identifying a wide range of concepts that form the foundations of co-management. By bringing together and interrogating a wide range of concepts, from all natural resource sectors, including forests, fisheries and grazing land, this book identifies how each concept contributes to the understanding and practice of co-management. Concepts such as collaboration, participation, institutions, power, community, cohesion, representation, accountability, trust, legitimacy, scale, rights, justice, values, identity and adaptation are reviewed. Each chapter reviews foundational literature and identifies key implications for co-management. These are brought together in a concluding chapter that identifies recurring themes from across the chapters and develops a social relational definition and conceptual framework for the understanding and practice of co-management.
A sound philosophy of mathematical physics balances a philosophy of mathematics with a philosophy of physics, sharpening the general applicability problem of mathematics by also taking care of: (i) the early modern `mathematization of the world picture'; (ii) the theory-laden character of the targets of mathematical models of modern physics; and (iii): Wigner's `unreasonable effectiveness of mathematics in the natural sciences'. Guided by a historical survey, I propose that theories of mathematical physics are meaning-constitutive a priori constructions, conventional but far from arbitrary and best described as hypothetical. Their models subsequently mediate between theory and nature, that is, between the a priori and the a posteriori. Models mediate by playing the role of Wittgensteinian ian yardsticks or objects of comparison to be held against nature as represented by data models, where the comparison is made via surrogative inference. This balancing act compromises realism.
Resolving the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict is aimed at politicians, diplomats, policymakers, scholars, journalists, and informed readers seeking to understand why peace efforts have repeatedly failed-and how true reconciliation remains possible. Based on over one hundred interviews with Middle-Eastern, European, and American leaders, alongside extensive archival research, the book offers rare insight into the dynamics of diplomacy. It reveals how trust, fairness, and political courage are vital for peace. By analysing pivotal moments-from Oslo to Camp David and the Abbas-Olmert talks, it identifies recurring mistakes and proposes strategies to foster mutual recognition and lasting coexistence. Both authoritative and accessible, the book blends history, law, ethics, and international relations into a practical roadmap for future peace efforts. Its interdisciplinary approach and use of primary sources make it both authoritative and engaging. Readers will come away with a deeper understanding of the conflict and the tools needed to help resolve it.
In Children in War, we describe the impact of armed conflicts and war on children and family life and elaborate on ways in which children in and after war can be supported. Attachment theory rooted in the World Wars raging in the 20th century is one of our conceptual underpinnings. The protracted Russian war against Ukraine served as the driving rationale for this Element. Its deleterious effects on child development but also the untold reserves in parents and professionals show that families under siege can profit from support to create safe, stable and shared care for the children. Two developmental scientists recognized for their attachment research and a child psychiatrist working 'in situ' during the war in Ukraine wrote this brief but comprehensive treatise on children and families weathering war. The authors aim to reach researchers but also policymakers and professionals working with children in wartime and its aftermath.
This book offers the first comprehensive comparative study of how political polarization reshapes the role and functioning of supreme and constitutional courts. Drawing on case studies from the United States, the United Kingdom, Brazil, India, Israel, Germany, Spain, and other jurisdictions, it examines how courts are transformed when deep political and social divisions meet powerful judicial institutions. The book identifies the factors that drive courts toward partisanship, the mechanisms through which polarization alters judicial nominations, decision-making and public trust, and the broader implications for the rule of law and democratic stability. It also analyzes reform proposals aimed at reducing the political stakes surrounding courts or balancing their internal composition. Combining theoretical analysis with rich comparative materials, the book will be of interest to scholars, students, and readers seeking to understand the challenges that polarized democracies face in maintaining legitimate, independent, and effective courts.
Representationalists view thought and language as mirrors of a mind-independent world. On this view, knowing is about accurately representing reality, and meaning lies in representational content. This book offers a pragmatist alternative: it argues that our practices are not just relevant but fundamental to both knowing and meaning—and that knowing-how should be seen as the primary form of knowledge. Building on neopragmatist tradition and engaging with classical pragmatism as well as recent work in epistemology, the philosophy of language, and the philosophy of science, the book develops and defends methodologism. This novel framework reorients questions of knowledge and meaning around rule-guided rational practices. The book will appeal to students and scholars in these fields, as well as readers across the humanities and social sciences interested in language, rationality, and their role in communities.
By building knowledge in a deliberate and systematic manner, we can gain a more complete understanding of a given research area relevant to corpus linguists. Specifically, empirically informed hypotheses (i.e., hypotheses that result from a synthesis of findings from all relevant prior studies) play a key role in this endeavor in that they enable us to test to what extent generalizations from previous research are consistent with our results, or if we need to make adjustments to our existing knowledge or theory. In this Element, we aim to provide a practical and accessible introduction to select statistical methods for evaluating such empirically informed hypotheses. In particular, we illustrate techniques from the broader null-hypothesis significance testing framework (e.g., equivalence testing), and structural equation modeling framework (e.g., measured variable path analysis), with the goal of encouraging knowledge building in a more principled and systematic manner in corpus linguistics.
This study investigates the development of translated fiction within the United Kingdom publishing sector between 2001 and 2021. Drawing on NielsenIQ BookData, qualitative interviews with publishing professionals, and a detailed case study of Fitzcarraldo Editions, it analyses how translated literature has evolved from a marginal cultural pursuit into an increasingly significant area of publishing activity. The research identifies continuing structural challenges, including the costs of translation, limited linguistic and cultural diversity within publishing teams, and the dominance of a few internationally recognised authors. It also highlights the role of independent presses, literary prizes, and digital platforms in expanding visibility and readership. By situating these findings within debates on cultural diversity, symbolic capital, and global circulation, the study demonstrates how translated fiction reflects and reshapes contemporary publishing practices, contributing to a more inclusive and internationally connected literary landscape.
Sicilian curse practices have often been misread through Athenocentric paradigms. This book repositions Sicily at the centre of inquiry, offering the first holistic analysis of legal curse tablets (defixiones iudiciariae) from the sixth to the fourth centuries BCE, with particular focus on Selinous, Akragas and Kamarina. Moving beyond isolated textual readings, it situates these inscriptions within the legal, social and political environments that shaped their production. The study provides new editions and drawings of key tablets – revisited after decades of neglect – while addressing palaeographic, chronological and editorial issues. For the first time, it also assembles a complete set of images of all major examples, making them fully accessible. By embedding curses within civic life and predominantly elite rivalries, it reveals them as 'paralegal' instruments in the renegotiation of status, authority and power. Sicilian legal curses thus emerge as independent from, rather than appendices to, their better-known Attic and Athenian counterparts.
Generative AI (GenAI) technology is transforming the landscape of language teaching and learning and has attracted considerable attention from researchers and educators in the field of second language (L2) education. Research has shown that, when used appropriately, GenAI can support students throughout the writing process, provide high-quality feedback on written work, and facilitate the assessment of L2 writing. This Element presents five innovative topics that the co-authors have explored: (1) student–GenAI interaction during the writing process; (2) collaborative processing of GenAI-generated feedback; (3) GenAI-supported teacher feedback; (4) the potential of GenAI for L2 writing assessment; and (5) teacher education for the effective integration of GenAI in L2 writing instruction. By synthesizing current research and practical applications, this Element aims to inspire researchers, practitioners, and graduate students to further investigate the role of GenAI in L2 writing contexts.
Is innovation all we think it is? In this study, Saro Wallace challenges prevalent assumptions about innovation within post-colonial, post-industrial academic, and popular frameworks. She shows how they are often predicated on recent western culture and its dominant economic frameworks, and how they draw heavily on ecological and evolutionary models in the biological sciences. Using the ancient past to examine and recast innovation in long-term perspective, she reveals innovation's ultimate social determination, historicity, and non-innateness in human groups. Wallace offers core case studies from the ancient Mediterranean and west Asia and covers the origins of metals, ceramics, textiles and cultural landscapes starting 14000 years ago and ending in the first millennium BC. She demonstrates that her compelling, wide-ranging model also applies to historical and recent cases, suggesting that innovation is neither an engineerable phenomenon in society, nor is it inherent, organic, or inevitable.
The distinction between 'hearing' and 'listening' marks two modes of aural sense: one passive, the other actively attentive. Yet movement between them-deliberate or inadvertent-reveals liminal states that are neither fully hearing nor listening, a sense of the sonorous that exceeds the reach of these singular terms. Such thresholds have preoccupied late-twentieth- and twenty‑first‑century New Music composers and philosophers. This Element brings their work into dialogue to explore how these aural liminalities might be conceived. Central to the study is a close reading of the implicit liminalities in Jean-Luc Nancy's Listening (2007), which provides a framework for engaging works by Gérard Grisey, Luigi Nono, Pauline Oliveros, Morton Feldman, Bryn Harrison, and the Wandelweiser collective. By examining listening philosophies alongside musical parameters, the book amalgamates the fringes of language and sense-it is through the resulting dissonances that aural liminalities might be articulated.
What is the rule of law for? What does that take? Why does it matter? There is little clarity and less agreement about any of these questions. That is partly because they are hard, but it is also because we generally do not think especially well about them. Yet they are rarely more important than today, and there are better ways to think. In this seminal book, Martin Krygier combines an account of conventional assumptions, a fundamental critique of them, and an alternative way of thinking about the purpose, the value, and the significance of the rule of law, in light of the goal it should serve: tempering power. In this time of widespread intemperate abuse of power throughout the world, these concerns are not merely analytical, academic, or even legal. They are social, political, and moral, and everyone's business. And the stakes are high.
Scholars have long known that writers such as Shakespeare, Milton and Marvell drew upon alchemy – the craft of chemical transmutation – to depict the transformative operations of the male literary imagination. But how did the female contemporaries of these male authors utilise alchemical discourse? Sajed Chowdhury shows that alchemy had particular relevance for women because of its affiliation with 'kitchen chymistry': the domestic production of medicine, culinary ingredients and cosmetics. He analyses how women writers manipulated 'chymical' discourse to foreground the transformative intellectual agency of female alchemical practitioners. Diverse authors and genres are discussed, including medical papers and prose meditations by Grace Mildmay, poetry by Hester Pulter and plays and fiction by Margaret Cavendish. Reintegrating women's literary thought and practice to early modern British 'chymical' understandings of mind, soul and body, this study is a landmark in histories of science and women's writing.