Turbulence–chemistry interaction in a Mach-7 hypersonic boundary layer with significant production of radical species is characterised using direct numerical simulation. Overriding a non-catalytic surface maintained as isothermal at 3000 K, the boundary layer is subject to finite-rate chemical effects, comprising both dissociation/recombination processes as well as the production of nitric oxide as mediated by the Zel’dovich mechanism. With kinetic-energy dissipation giving rise to temperatures exceeding 5300 K, molecular oxygen is almost entirely depleted within the aerodynamic heating layer, producing significant densities of atomic oxygen and nitric oxide. Owing to the coupling between turbulence-induced thermodynamic fluctuations and the chemical-kinetic processes, the Reynolds-averaged production rates ultimately depart significantly from their mean-field approximations. To better characterise this turbulence–chemistry interaction, which arises primarily from the exchange reactions in the Zel’dovich mechanism, a decomposition for the mean distortion of finite-rate chemical processes with respect to thermodynamic fluctuations is presented. Both thermal and partial-density fluctuations, as well as the impact of their statistical co-moments, are shown to contribute significantly to the net chemical production rate of each species. Dissociation/recombination processes are confirmed to be primarily affected by temperature fluctuations alone, which yield an augmentation of the molecular dissociation rates and reduction of the recombination layer’s off-wall extent. While the effect of pressure perturbations proves largely negligible for the mean chemical production rates, fluctuations in the species mass fractions are shown to be the primary source of turbulence–chemistry interaction for the second Zel’dovich reaction, significantly modulating the production of all major species apart from molecular nitrogen.

Animals routinely suffer violence by humans, especially during war, but it is unclear how much people in conflict environments express concern for animal welfare. Based on a 2,008-person survey in Ukraine in May 2024, we find that respondents are anthropocentric, prioritizing human over animal suffering; biocentric, regarding both as important; or, in a small minority, zoocentric, emphasizing animal over human suffering. Experimental priming on violence against animals during the Russia–Ukraine war has limited effect on changing attitudes toward animal welfare, but it does increase resource allocation to animal relief organizations. A war crimes punishment experiment also shows that while respondents sanction perpetrators of human suffering more severely than perpetrators of animal suffering, violence against animals is still strongly penalized, indicating appreciation for animal rights, justice, and accountability. We reflect on the implications of our findings for speciesist versus posthumanist understandings of suffering during war.

This paper reports on a web-based experiment to investigate the perception of prominence in words with different focus structures in Italian. In the experiment, native listeners of the Bari variety of Italian, and German learners of Italian, rated the perceived prominence of object nouns in broad and narrow focus and post-focally using a visual analogue scale. Although both groups of listeners rated words in narrow focus as higher in prominence than words in broad focus, there were differences between the two groups in rating post-focal words. While German learners rated post-focal words as less prominent than those in broad focus, native Italian listeners perceived words in both of these conditions as equally prominent. The Italian ratings are particularly striking, as post-focal words had flat pitch and were weaker in terms of periodic energy mass than words in broad focus, leading to the conclusion that the native listeners were rating the words by taking their knowledge of the prosodic system of Italian into account. Our results confirm phonological accounts of Italian as having post-focal accents, even when the pitch is flat.

Cette étude propose une relecture inédite de la physique élémentaire d’Averroès à partir de trois questions laissées ouvertes par les textes d’Aristote : le statut des qualités premières, l’existence d’une intensité maximale de ces qualités, et la possibilité pour les corps simples d’exister à l’état pur. En croisant les commentaires au De caelo, au De generatione et corruptione et aux Meteorologica, son apport majeur consiste à faire apparaître, dans un corpus souvent lu à travers le seul prisme péripatéticien, l’influence structurante de Galien. En articulant les schèmes hylémorphiques d’Alexandre d’Aphrodise avec la théorie galénique des puissances naturelles, Averroès élabore une théorie du sensible inédite, critique à l’égard d’Avicenne, selon laquelle le cosmos est un système dynamique clos, dans lequel le mélange perpétuel, orchestré par le mouvement céleste, donne lieu à ce que l’on peut appeler une complexion cosmique : non pas un équilibre absolu, mais une somme réglée de complexions relatives, à la mesure de la diversité du sensible.

This study investigates the phonetic structures of Lushootseed obstruents from archival recordings dating to the 1950s, and seeks to address the following questions: (i) Which acoustic dimensions characterize the stop, affricate, and fricative contrast in Lushootseed? (ii) which acoustic dimensions characterize ejective types in Lushootseed? and (iii) which methods can be used to characterize acoustic properties of Lushootseed obstruents from old archival recordings? Several acoustic measures were used on two elder speakers. These measurements include: Voice Onset Timing (VOT); closure duration; burst intensity for stops; dynamic measures of intensity for affricates; voice onset quality measures for stops and affricates, which include f0 perturbation, jitter perturbation, and amplitude characteristics of the following vowel; and spectral measurements for affricates and fricatives, which includes the frequency of the main peak at the low- and mid-frequency ranges (FreqM) and DCT coefficients. The findings reveal that several of these acoustic measures characterize the stop, affricate, and fricative contrast in Lushootseed.