Our study investigates the impact of successful violent and non-violent revolutions on post-revolutionary institutions concerning women. Leveraging the Nonviolent and Violent Campaigns and Outcomes data on successful revolutions and the Varieties of Democracy dataset for gender-specific metrics, we employ fixed-effect difference-in-differences and Callaway Sant’Anna. Our results show positive effects from both treatments. Non-violent revolutions with regime change intentions have a more consistent positive impact on women’s empowerment indices than violent revolutions, while revolutions without regime change intentions show mixed or limited effects across both violent and non-violent cases.

As emerging markets rise, some incumbent firms that once occupied follower positions are now striving for industry leadership, surpassing competitors to become new frontrunners. These firms must overcome both competitive barriers and organizational identity (OI) challenges, constructing a leading organizational identity (LOI) that aligns with their new roles. This study delves into these transformations through the temporality lens of OI, using a comparative analysis of two Chinese firms, and identifies two distinct modes: progressive evolution and radical change. The progressive evolution mode adopts a more gradual, layer-by-layer iterative transition, whereas the radical change mode follows a ‘break and (re)build’ logic to identity structure. Both modes demonstrate a ripple effect of OI’s three structural layers, radiating outward from the core. Temporal dynamics play a pivotal role: the progressive evolution mode aligns with a more stable environment and a future-oriented, long-term temporal perspective, while the radical change mode is linked to a dynamic, unstable environment and a past-oriented, short- and long- term interactive temporal pattern. This study highlights how temporal orientation and temporal horizon shape the construction of an LOI, advancing research on OI construction and its temporal dynamics while providing insights into high-position leaps in emerging markets.

Fungus-resistant grape varieties (FRGVs) offer considerable ecological and economic benefits through reduced fungicide use, yet their cultivation remains limited. Due to the unfamiliarity of these varieties, marketing them is challenging. This study investigates the pricing and presence of FRGVs in the German high-priced wine segment. The aim is to uncover differences in the value-giving attributes of wines from FRGVs and conventional varieties. A hedonic price model was applied to multiyear (2016–2024) data from the renowned German wine guide “Der Eichelmann” using both OLS and quantile regression (n ≈ 73,800). Our results show that FRGVs are currently only marginally represented in the wine guide. Of the 36 FRGVs authorized in Germany, wines made from only 5 of those varieties appear in noteworthy quantities. FRGVs achieve, ceteris paribus, implicit price premiums compared to conventional varieties. However, as FRGVs are predominantly marketed by wineries with lower reputations and tend to receive lower expert ratings, their average price is below that of conventional varieties. The findings underscore the need for targeted marketing strategies that effectively communicate the sustainability benefits of FRGVs, strengthen credibility through reputable producers, and concentrate on “flagship varieties” to facilitate market penetration.

Many countries have implemented a variety of pension reforms in response to the challenges posed by an aging population. These reforms typically involve a trade-off between ‘refinancing’ (i.e., increasing contributions) and ‘retrenchment’ (i.e., reducing benefits). The primary question addressed in this study is whether policymakers in the European Union (EU) possess the necessary capacity to sustain legislated pension reforms, particularly given the growing political influence of the elderly. To examine this issue, we develop a bargaining model designed to optimally allocate the economic burden of aging between successive cohorts of workers and retirees, incorporating retirement incentives. In a scenario where bargaining power remains constant, the optimal allocation rule dictates a fixed-contribution system, effectively shifting the full burden of aging onto the elderly. However, when bargaining power is allowed to fluctuate in response to changes in the relative size of the retiree population (i.e., the dependency rate), the optimal allocation rule involves a compromise between increasing contributions and reducing benefits. In the empirical analysis, we compare these theoretical optimal allocation rules with projections of pension benefit rates and dependency ratios from the 2021 Economic Policy Committee. By calculating the implicit bargaining power required to align projected pension benefits with the optimal sharing rule for each year, we demonstrate a growing divergence between projected pension benefits and the optimal levels in many EU countries, as demographic shifts progress. Furthermore, our findings indicate that for most countries, projected pension benefits are increasingly falling below optimal levels when bargaining power adjusts in accordance with population aging.

This study explores the heterogeneous and asymmetric macro-financial effects of weather-related shocks in Central, Eastern and Southeastern European countries, depending on the level of underlying macro-financial vulnerabilities. Focusing solely on acute physical risks – those arising from extreme weather events – it employs panel quantile regression analysis to examine data from 2000Q1–2022Q4 for 17 countries in the region. Notably, we find that weather shocks – particularly droughts, floods, heatwaves and wildfires – exacerbate macroeconomic and financial imbalances, increasing the susceptibility of already vulnerable economies to additional risks. Specifically, countries with higher economic imbalances suffer more severe output disruptions and heightened inflationary pressures following a weather shock. While the immediate impact of climate shocks on external imbalances is limited, countries with existing vulnerabilities may still encounter longer-term pressures on trade and investment patterns. Additionally, extreme weather events can intensify financial vulnerabilities for countries that are already grappling with lower levels of financial resilience.

The production, trade, and consumption of meat products and their movement around the planet were essential to the development of global markets during the first wave of globalization. This article analyzes the main changes in the ownership structure and profile of the beef industry in South America from the late nineteenth century until 1930 and how this process was reflected in certain macroeconomic variables. It provides a comprehensive analysis of the drivers of success of the meat-producing regions of Argentina, Uruguay, Brazil, Paraguay, and Patagonia (both the Argentine and Chilean sides), and also examined the failure cases of Venezuela and the Colombian Caribbean.

There is existing evidence that many individuals have preferences regarding selection of numbers in lottery games. Lottery data indicate that the percentage of players who choose their numbers, instead of having numbers randomly assigned, varies widely by lottery game. Differences in number selection mechanisms between games and an expected return maximization motive only present for parimutuel games are both reasons that can explain the variation. Differences in the payoff distributions between lottery games could also be contributing to the observed variation, a novel proposition. An experiment is designed to control for differences in number selection mechanisms and remove the expected return maximization motive, to test for the presence of distribution-dependent number preferences. Results indicate that 40% to 50% of subjects may display such preferences. It is therefore possible that distribution-dependent number preferences contribute to the empirical variation in number selection percentages in lottery games.

Belief network analysis (BNA) has enabled major advances in the study of belief systems, capturing Converse’s understanding of the interdependence among multiple beliefs (i.e., constraint) more intuitively than many conventional statistics. However, BNA struggles with representing political divisions that follow a spatial logic, such as the “left–right” or “liberal-conservative” ideological divide. We argue that Response Item Networks (ResINs) have important advantages for modeling political cleavage lines as they organically capture belief systems in a latent ideological space. In addition to retaining many desirable properties inherent to BNA, ResIN can uncover ideological polarization in a visually intuitive, theoretically grounded, and statistically robust fashion. We demonstrate the advantages of ResIN by analyzing ideological polarization with regard to five hot-button issues from 2000 to 2020 using the American National Election Studies (ANES), and by comparing it against an equivalent procedure using BNA. We further introduce system-level and attitude-level polarization measures afforded by ResIN and discuss their potential to enrich the analysis of ideological polarization. Our analysis shows that ResIN allows us to observe much more detailed dynamics of polarization than classic BNA approaches.

Smartphones, as more sophisticated versions of mobile phones, are expected to significantly influence how rural households manage their farms. This paper examines the extent to which smartphone ownership affects the adoption of modern agricultural inputs and technologies at the extensive margin. Using a rich, nationally representative household-level dataset from Nigeria and appropriate identification strategies, we find that smartphone ownership increases the likelihood of hiring labor, using phytosanitary inputs, and operating tractors. These findings suggest that promoting the diffusion of modern digital tools in rural areas can complement traditional agricultural input support programs, offering a promising avenue to enhance agricultural productivity and livelihoods in Nigeria.

Commodity grades seem like innocuous measures of quality and thereby escape scrutiny as to their origin, purpose, and effect. Drawing on the National Live Stock and Meat Board’s executive meeting minutes and US Food Administration (USFA) records, this essay contextualizes and politicizes government beef grading. The USFA played a key role in the lead-up to government beef grading and in the creation of the Meat Board. USFA messaging as well as a post war depression curtailed consumption of feedlot-derived beef. In response, industry leaders formed a trade association called the Meat Board that acted as a liaison between industry and public sector scientists and helped bring about government beef grading. Beef grading emerged in the broader context of a campaign launched by the USFA to modernize meat retailers. At the same time, breeders, feeders, and western ranchers pushed for government beef grading in response to low prices and as a panacea. The Meat Board also cooperated with agricultural scientists in coordinating research to boost feedlot-derived beef. Rather than industry cooptation of science, this essay shows an alignment of vision in a mutually beneficial relationship. These actors, furthermore, used government beef grading to protect the feedlot system of production.

We experimentally study how individuals strategically disclose multidimensional information to a Naive Bayes algorithm trained to guess their characteristics. Subjects’ objective is to minimize the algorithm’s accuracy in guessing a target characteristic. We vary what participants know about the algorithm’s functioning and how obvious are the correlations between the target and other characteristics. Optimal disclosure strategies rely on subjects identifying whether the combination of their characteristics is common or not. Information about the algorithm functioning makes subjects identify correlations they otherwise do not see but also overthink. Overall, this information decreases the frequency of optimal disclosure strategies.

This article examines how the ideological outlook of the British worker co-operative movement gradually assumed a neoliberal character. Drawing on methods from conceptual history, it traces the evolution of the movement’s key ideas and explores the changing language in which they were expressed. Central to this shift was the emergence of a social-enterprise discourse that reframed an earlier New Left commitment to pursuing worker control “in and against the market” as a conviction that such control could be achieved only “in and through” market participation. The study centres on the Industrial Common Ownership Movement (ICOM), a national federation of worker co-operatives active in Britain between 1971 and 2001. It uses items published by ICOM, material from numerous archives, and oral interviews conducted with some of those involved in the federation’s final years.

Gerschenkron (1962) argued that public institutions such as the State Bank of the Russian Empire spurred the country’s industrialization. We test this assertion by exploiting plant-level variation in access to State Bank branches using a unique geocoded factory data set. Employing an identification strategy based on geographical distances between banks and factories, our results show improved access to public banking encouraged faster growth in factory-level revenue, mechanization, and labor productivity. In line with theories of late industrialization, we also find evidence that public credit mattered more in regions where commercial banks were fewer and markets were smaller.

This article examines historical evidence to analyze how the standardization and globalization of bank credit cards transformed the competitive framework of European retail banking. This process was facilitated by the deployment of a new business model with significant implications for the profit-and-loss accounts of banking institutions. The change occurred in the context of growing synergies between technological and organizational developments in the United States and Europe in bank cards, which encouraged the progressive universalization of the system. This historical analysis explains how intense market competition, specific European market conditions, mass tourism, and consumer society acted as drivers of change, as exemplified by the transition from Eurocheque to plastic card. The globalization of cards reveals that competition in markets with a high technological base generated important network externalities, a phenomenon that has been pronounced in Europe and Japan, which have had a less fragmented payment model than in the United States. The shift toward service banking transformed the structure of retail financial markets. Ultimately, the transformation of the retail banking sector tells us about the narrative of globalization in financial markets.

Air pollution remains a major challenge, especially in developing countries, requiring joint efforts from governments and society. This study examines how mass media, through its emotional tone, functions as an informal regulator of air pollution in China’s “war on air pollution”. Using daily data on media sentiment, air quality and related variables across Chinese cities, we find that negative emotional tones in environmental news are significantly associated with lower pollution levels. We identify mechanisms through which media influence public awareness, trigger government responses and pressure firms to reduce emissions. Our findings highlight the media’s role beyond information dissemination to shape agendas and social norms, even in contexts with restricted press freedom. This study offers new insights into how emotional framing in mass media contributes to environmental governance in developing countries.