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There is today a growing variety of types of memory mediations that often go further than memorialisation and heritage-building. Comics are undoubtedly part of this movement as their verbal-visual storytelling form tends to prompt layered responses from reader-viewers. Reader-viewers find themselves surprised, moved, and transformed by that reading experience. In this article, we take as a case study a comic page laying out the impact of agriculture’s industrial organisation in France shared by Les Soulèvements de la Terre (The Earth Uprisings) and its sister organisation, the Bassines Non Merci collective. It is a good example to address our central questions of how multimodal languages such as this one-page comic facilitate the process of transformative learning and how such multimodal forms allow one to move from memory-making, crystallising a specific event, to an amplification of engagement that leads to collective action. In short, it allows us to study the specific mechanisms and affordances that multimodal modes of communication, such as comics, possess as tools for transformative learning. In the first section of the article, we investigate the different types of relational engagement that can lead to transformative learning in comics. The second section focusses more specifically on emotions and their role in transformative learning. Finally, we look at the specific comics mechanisms that support transformative learning. Specifically, we look at how comics create a disjunction, give meaning to that disjunction, and help reader-viewers practise real or imaginary resolution that impact identity formation.
Childminding was the ‘Cinderella’ service of pre-school provision in the decades after the Second World War. Childminders were viewed as a cheap form of childcare, requiring minimal government intervention, and were poorly resourced. Childminders had a low level of educational qualifications and were also less likely to have a relevant vocational qualification than nursery workers. While mothers of all classes made use of childminders, for working-class mothers there was often no alternative. Childminders were viewed, at times simultaneously, as both the best way of caring for young children in their mother's absence but also as a threat to the nation's youth. Childminders themselves stressed their experience as mothers in equipping them for the role. However, the consequence of childminding being viewed as an extension of a woman's maternalism was that caring for children was not seen as real work and therefore was not be treated or paid as such.
Day nurseries had been in operation since the nineteenth century, providing care for children during the working day. Day nurseries were well-regarded in Coventry during and immediately after the war. Provision of day nurseries was lower in rural than urban areas and there were fewer day nursery places in Oxfordshire than Camden or Coventry. Day nurseries remained associated with need in the latter decades of the century, but the constitution of day nursery parents was changing. Day nurseries also adapted their practices as the period progressed. Inspired by wartime child psychology, day nurseries aimed to provide children with a stable environment and durable relationships through the use of family groupings. Overall, day nurseries aimed to offer positive intervention in children's physical, social and cognitive development. Mothers wanted day nursery places for their children, but were subject to stigma and often felt marginalised by nursery practices.
The number of schools grew during the 1930s, but only modestly, and there were 118 nursery schools by 1938. Nursery schools were the more expensive alternative due to the building itself, their longer hours and provision of a midday meal. Children attending nursery schools recalled a more mixed picture. Those who attended nursery schools in the late 1940s and 1950s believed that in part it was the climate of the time which imposed limitations on what their schools could achieve. The history of nursery schools and classes reveals the close connection between cost and theory in determining practice and provision. For example, the move towards offering part-time places for children was a product of the desire to cut costs in the service while enabling as many children to attend as possible, but it was also informed by the belief that young children could not tolerate long separations from their mothers.
During the 1960s, playgroups grew rapidly in number and in 1966, the first office was established in Toynbee Hall, London with a staff of two reaching out to a membership of 1,300. Those involved in the first playgroups established in the 1960s perceived them to be a stopgap until sufficient nursery provision was in place. Playgroups were also criticised for catering for the children who least needed nursery provision. Playgroups thrived on the basis of post-war gender relationships and the reality that many women were at home with their children during their pre-school years supported by husbands at work. Playgroups were different from the other forms of care in that they were as much a place for mothers as children. Playgroups were used by large numbers of mothers and children, and for many were their only experience of pre-school care.
The health and welfare of children, particularly young children, became an issue of prime importance in the Second World War. The wartime work with children undertaken by psychologists, psychoanalysts and paediatricians encouraged the period from birth to five to be seen as crucial for children's future wellbeing, with the mother-child relationship deemed to play a crucial role. The most famous of the wartime residential nurseries attended by children, such as David Pritchard and Michaela, were those run by Anna Freud and Dorothy Burlingham. The best way to care for children when in an institutional setting was determined, as seen in Anna Freud's work in the Hampstead Nursery. The wartime findings of researchers investigating children's experiences during the war informed post-war childcare legislation. The quick disbandment of the wartime measures, such as nurseries, at the war's end also set the pattern for future policy.
A combination of factors - the dominance of psychology and psychological medicine in Britain, the traditional reluctance of the state to get involved in private family matters and the economic position - all contributed to the low level of pre-school childcare available in comparison to other countries. This book has demonstrated how the models of child development popular after the Second World War shaped pre-school childcare throughout the period 1939-2010. In addition, despite the social and economic changes of the late twentieth century, mid-twentieth century thinking about child development remains influential. The belief that the early years are crucial in determining an individual's life chances has also informed coalition policy. However, despite the continued acceptance of the importance of parent-child relationships for young children, the view that under-fives are best cared for at home by their mothers has not shaped the coalition policy.
This book endeavours to ascertain both the provision of and practice within the different forms of pre-school childcare being examined, and it also aims to uni the experiences of those involved. Scotland had proportionally more children in maintained day nurseries and nursery schools, and rather less than the expected proportion in nursery classes and independent provision generally. Wales had only four maintained day nurseries but had far more education authority provision. The book focuses on the English experience, but makes use of Scottish and Welsh material for comparative purposes. The experience of the Second World War was crucial in shaping ideas about how best to care for young children in the years that followed. When the wartime day nurseries were disbanded, to some extent their role was expected to be filled by a growth of nursery schools and classes for the three to five age group.
This paper contributes to the emerging field of forest pedagogies by foregrounding mangroves as critical sites for learning with more-than-human entanglements in polluted worlds. Engaging with planetary strategies of corresponding, evidencing and circulating, we approach mangroves as complex, contested and vital ecotones. We explore how mangroves invite pedagogical attention to the lived realities of toxicity, urbanisation and forms of contamination in the emergence of the Anthropocene. We conceptualise mangroves as “unruly edges” that unsettle binary distinctions between forest and estuary, fresh and saline waters and call for an estimation, historisation and analyses of interspecies entanglements. This position grounds a critical pedagogical project of “riparian struggles,” fostering mutual learning among river-zone inhabitants across planetary contexts. Through a case study in the Guanabara Bay region of Rio de Janeiro, we present filmmaking as a threefold tactic that (1) situates mangrove struggles within broader historical geographies, (2) supports community-based and student learning with contaminated ecologies and (3) circulates tactics of mangrove struggles across academic, educational and public spheres. Ultimately, we propose mangroves as more-than-human classrooms where practices of habitability with toxicity can be cultivated, unsettling paradigms of ecological purity and expanding forest imaginaries within the field of Critical Forest Studies.
This inquiry explores how eco-phenomenology reveals our relational engagement with forests inspiring a philosophy of education nurturing an ethos of mystery useful to teacher education, and the unsettling and decolonising of Western settler views of a Canadian forest. Through eco-phenomenological descriptions and interpretations, immediate lived experiences in a forest reveal three concepts: the sylvan fringe, the clearing and the care structure. Respectively, the ontological, epistemological and axiological domains of poetism, as a philosophy of education consist of physis (presencing-absencing), poetic knowledge (known-unknown) and dwelling (care structure). The relationship between Critical Forest Studies (CFS) and teacher environmental education is furthered by considering currents in environmental education and programming. CFS and poetism each resonate with the holistic current of environmental education and are well suited to the systematic programming of environmental education in teacher education.
In an era of accelerating ecological degradation, how might experimental art practices help audiences foster deeper, more empathetic engagement with the intelligence of living systems? This paper explores the potential of contemporary art, when aligned with ecological science, to reframe forest regeneration as a site of aesthetic and ethical inquiry — by regarding the forest as a primary composer within artistic and ecological frameworks. It asks: how might this approach underpin a novel form of “Critical Forest Pedagogy” capable of deepening our understanding of the collective natural intelligence of the living world and encouraging long-term conservation?
To test these ideas, a new art-science project, Forest Art Intelligence, was initiated, framing a regenerating forest as an evolving, living artwork. Because forests evolve through stages mediated by life, death, regeneration and human influence, those stages of growth can also be framed as “process art” — a practice that values each stage of an artwork’s transformation. Collectively therefore this approach proposes a form of art-led “Critical Forest Pedagogy” suited to engaging communities traditionally unaligned with conservation, while remaining relevant to ecologically cognate audiences. It further asks whether this framing might promote a rethinking of restrictive, human-centred definitions of intelligence that underpin generative AI.
This study conducts a historical analysis tracing the evolution of climate change narratives from the late 1960s to the present. The analysis produces a comprehensive map of these narratives and identifies three key shortcomings that still need to be addressed in academic literature. First, there are inherent limitations to each narrative, which operate within the confines of their respective theoretical frameworks, shaped by their unique perspectives. Second, climate narratives are not isolated but interconnected; new narratives often emerge from earlier ones, forming a continuum that evolves over time. This dynamic corresponds closely to the three structural dimensions of narrative analysis. Third, existing climate narratives insufficiently incorporate perspectives from territories and cultural contexts beyond dominant Western geographies, thereby marginalising non-Western voices and experiences. As a result, many cultural and political factors that influence responses to climate change remain underrepresented, narrowing how we understand this global issue.
This book addresses the condition of the University today. There has been a fundamental betrayal of the institution by the political class, perverting it from its proper social and cultural functions. The betrayal has narrowed the scope of the University, through the commercial financialization of knowledge. In short, the sector has been politicized, and now works explicitly to advance and serve a market-fundamentalist ideology. When all human values are measured by money, then wealth is mistaken for ‘the good’. Social, cultural, and political corruption follow. The University’s leadership has become complicit in a yet more fundamental betrayal of society, as an ever-widening wedge is driven between the lives of ordinary citizens and the self-interest of the privileged and wealthy. It is no wonder that ‘experts’ are in the dock today. In 1927, the philosopher Julien Benda accused intellectuals of treason. His argument was that their thinking had been politicized, polluted by a nationalism that could only culminate in war. In 1939, Nazism explicitly corrupted the University and the intellectuals, demanding ideological allegiance instead of thought. We continue to live through the ever-worsening aftermath of this ; by endorsing an entire ideology of ‘competition’, intellectuals have established a neo-Hobbesian war of all against all as the new cornerstone of societies. This now threatens human ecological survival. In light of this, the intellectual and the University have a duty to extend democracy and social justice. This book calls upon the intellectual to assist in the survival of the species.