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The single certainty in human life is that we shall die. Death cannot be evaded, albeit it may be delayed. Medical technology has created real questions about just how we identify the threshold between dying but alive, and death itself. The development of transplantation played a major role in prompting doctors to rethink definitions of death. It would be wrong to conclude that a desire to maximise the number of viable organs suitable for transplant is the only or the most important factor in the imperative need to define the moment of death. The question is far from straightforward and a legal definition of death is required for several purposes.
Basé sur une recherche-action conduite en partenariat avec deux organismes de protection des droits des travailleurs non syndiqués, cet article compare deux modèles d’organisation du travail dans les entrepôts – celui de Dollarama et celui d’Amazon – et illustre comment l’un et l’autre fonctionnent grâce à l’exploitation d’une main-d’œuvre en bonne partie racisée. Emplois instables et peu protégés, pressions à la productivité fragilisant le corps et l’esprit, statuts migratoires précaires enfermant les individus dans des emplois usants et de piètre qualité – ces éléments interconnectés créent des espaces où le droit du travail peine à s’appliquer. Les résultats de l’enquête mettent en évidence les enjeux multiples découlant de la fragmentation des cadres réglementaires hérités de la période fordiste, trop souvent rendus caducs par la transformation des pratiques de gestion de la main-d’œuvre, et appellent, au profit des travailleurs les plus vulnérables, le développement d’une vision plus holistique du droit et de la réglementation.
Cet article examine l’effectivité des mesures législatives québécoises et ontariennes en matière de prévention du harcèlement psychologique au travail, en analysant leurs approches distinctes et certains de leurs effets. Le Québec a initialement appréhendé le droit à un milieu de travail exempt de harcèlement comme une condition minimale d’emploi, dans une approche centrée sur la réparation (prévention tertiaire). De son côté, l’Ontario a plutôt choisi d’aborder le harcèlement comme un risque pour la santé et la sécurité au travail (prévention primaire), sans prévoir de recours pour les victimes. Notre étude permet de constater que l’effectivité d’un régime législatif est renforcée lorsqu’elle intègre les trois niveaux de prévention en santé et sécurité du travail (primaire, secondaire, tertiaire). Les réformes québécoises de 2021 et 2024 vont en ce sens, en ajoutant des mesures davantage axées sur la prévention primaire, dans l’objectif d’assurer des milieux de travail exempts de harcèlement.
This chapter considers patient rights. The first part of the chapter focuses on the European Convention on Human Rights and its impact on domestic medical law. The second part considers access to healthcare and resource allocation.
L’attente passive d’une intervention législative en matière d’emploi qui répondra prodigieusement aux enjeux de la crise climatique est délétère. Les fondements du droit du travail révèlent que ce sont les luttes sociales, la solidarité ouvrière et une prise de conscience sociétale à l’égard des dérives et des risques de l’industrialisation sur la personne humaine qui ont alimenté sa densité normative et les différentes strates de lois spécifiques qui le composent aujourd’hui. Pourtant, la crise climatique se présente comme une conséquence évidente du phénomène de l’industrialisation. C’est par un retour sur les mécanismes et les déclencheurs sociaux de la fabrication du droit du travail que se profile sa capacité de répondre aux risques climatiques en emploi ainsi qu’aux conséquences découlant des changements climatiques pour les personnes salariées. L’interface des droits de la personne concourrait également à combler les interstices de la législation du travail face aux défis contemporains posés par la crise climatique.
Questions of medical ethics arise throughout the whole field of medical practice. This chapter considers to whom (or what) we owe ethical obligations. It sets out a range of ethical principles, their potential conflict and how conflict can be navigated.
This chapter considers ethical and legal developments around informed consent. The right of the patient, who is sufficiently rational and mature to understand what is entailed in treatment, to decide for themselves whether to agree to that treatment is a basic human right. The right to autonomy, to self-rule rather than rule by others, is endorsed by ethicists as a right to patient autonomy. The law has changed significantly in recent times, limiting medical paternalism and promoting patient-centred care.
This first empirical chapter presents the adoption process and the implementation of the Serbian anti-discrimination legal framework between 2001 and 2015. It provides an overview of how Serbia’s rapprochement with international society and its European integration process has led to the adoption of different legislation prohibiting discrimination and hate crimes. It is argued that there were three distinct phases in the adoption of the anti-discrimination framework in Serbia, each with particular configurations of domestic and international politics, and it has been these configurations that have been an important explanation for the observed outcomes-in-process. The first phase (2001–05) is characterised by Serbia’s initial democratisation and limited political attention to anti-discrimination principles. The second phase (2005–09) sees the politicisation of LGBT issues, as well as the adoption of the anti-discrimination law following a pro-European political shift. The final phase is characterised by the continued expansion of the anti-discrimination framework as tactical Europeanisation. Overall, the chapter demonstrates the importance of a non-EU centric approach to the analysis of the Europeanisation of the anti-discrimination policies with regard to LGBT rights. It is argued that the different phases in the process and the respective outcomes-in-process are the results of the changing relations between the different actors in the transnational policy field as well as the intertwining of different policy fields. Highlighting the centrality of the agency of domestic actors, the chapter also argues that conditionality is better conceived of as a facilitator rather than a driver of change.
We set out the Abortion Act 1967 that applies in England, Wales and Scotland, considering its background, current application, recent reform of access to early medical abortion and proposals for additional reform.
In this chapter, we examine the law governing doctors’ relationships with child patients. The courts are often asked to determine the fate of sick children when doctors and parents disagree about how best to care for the child. Several recent cases (eg Gard, Evans, Haastrup, Raqeeb) attracted publicity when parents and the medical team disagreed about whether to withdraw or maintain life support for young children. Some cases involve, not disagreement between doctors and parents, but disputes between parents themselves. On the opposite side of the coin, are there limits to treatment to which a parent may agree on behalf of the child? As a child matures, common sense dictates that they be allowed to take more decisions for themselves. Gillick appeared to establish a right to adolescent autonomy. It proved to be an odd sort of ‘right’, a right to say yes but not to say no.
Hommage à trois figures majeures du droit du travail québécois, Guylaine Vallée, Michel Coutu et Gilles Trudeau, dont les trajectoires intellectuelles ont profondément marqué la façon de comprendre la nature et la portée du droit du travail, ce numéro spécial rassemble auteurs et autrices s’inscrivant dans leur héritage. Il s’articule autour de deux grandes réflexions sur l’avenir du droit du travail, d’une part, les effets des mutations contemporaines du travail et de l’emploi sur l’effectivité du droit du travail; d’autre part, les acteurs et les cadres normatifs impliqués dans la régulation du travail.
In the last few decades, LGBT rights have increasingly been used as a measure of modernity and what it means to be European. Yet, such practices have not been without contestation and political struggles. This chapter provides a background to LGBT politics in Europe, with particular attention to the EU enlargement process. Based on the observation of continued political contestation around LGBT rights globally as well as within the European context, and the limited scope of the EU’s competences, the chapter introduces the book’s aim of disentangling the symbolism of LGBT rights in the EU enlargement process by focusing on the promotion of, and resistance to, LGBT rights within it. Thus, by considering the international context of homonationalism, the chapter argues that one must move away from a classical approach to Europeanisation in which the impact of the EU on a third country is examined, and introduces the need for a dynamic and relational conceptualisation of the EU enlargement process in which norms are inherently contested, and normative struggles between the EU and candidate countries must be resolved in order to advance the political integration process. In doing so, the chapter introduces the central research question of the book: How do the EU and a candidate country negotiate normative tensions in relation to LGBT rights which have been created as part of the overarching political integration process? And what political outcomes does this process produce?
Sovereign Heritage Crime: Security, Autocracy, and the Material Past explores why autocracies intentionally exacerbate anxieties associated with an aggrieved ethnoterritorial minority's tangible heritage. Since discriminatory domestic campaigns of state-sponsored erasure are political choices, this theoretical study proposes to understand them as sovereign heritage crimes. This framework predicts that heritage securitisation - constructing disquieting material memories into ontological threats - enables legitimacy-deficient yet affluent autocracies to pursue 'performance legitimacy' by delivering a real or imagined 'permanent security'. Since this state crime is both enabled and exposed by traditional and emerging technologies, the study also explores their dual use for human rights and wrongs. This title is also available as open access on Cambridge Core.
Both Canada and the European Union feature multiple overlapping legal systems, each with independent sovereignty claims and distinctive cultural traditions. Courts in both settings have therefore been forced to reckon with ‘constitutional pluralism’.
In Canada, the contested relationship between Indigenous and settler legal orders has been mediated largely through s35, which recognizes Aboriginal rights, and s25 which shields them from the Canadian Charter. The resulting jurisprudence has focused on protecting cultural difference by creating limited spaces of autonomy within the Canadian state but has largely neglected questions of sovereignty.
In Europe, the relationship between European Union and member-state law has been mediated through an emergent judicial dialog which allows each court to maintain its sovereignty claim by making its acceptance of the other’s authority conditional. The resulting jurisprudence focuses on sovereignty without dealing as closely with questions of difference.
The two contexts therefore represent divergent approaches to shared conceptual and practical problems. To my knowledge, however, no scholarship has seriously compared the two. The following article takes a modest step towards filling this lacuna, introducing European thinkers to Canadian constitutional pluralism and vice versa before reflecting on some of the ways further comparative research can add depth to existing comparative literature, deepen our understanding of constitutional pluralism as a theory and, in particular, raise important questions about constitutional pluralism’s relationship to liberalism.
The constitutive idea centres on the proposition that, as a matter of social fact, law and wider social life each make up and, over time, dynamically shape, the other. This paper argues that we can draw upon designerly ways to make that the constitutive idea more available to scholars, as well as to the wider world. It first highlights the empirical, conceptual and normative dimensions of the constitutive idea. Next it introduces designerly ways, and some examples of how they have already been used at the intersections of legal and economic life. Finally, it identifies three specific problems (one empirical, one conceptual and one normative) arising out of scholarship that attends to the constitutive idea, and explains how we might adapt existing designerly practices to address them.
This article advances a law-and-economics critique of fractional-reserve banking, focusing on the legal taxonomy of bank contracts and the risk externalities of maturity transformation. We argue that the conflation of custody-like deposits with mutuum loans blurs property-rights boundaries and weakens liability discipline. Drawing on Austrian monetary theory, we link fiduciary media and demandable debt to pro-cyclical liquidity, run dynamics and the amplification of systemic risk. We reassess the real-bills doctrine and “demand loans,” showing why they do not neutralise run risk in practice and may obscure solvency–liquidity interactions. We then outline institutional reforms – 100%-reserve custodial deposits and a strict functional separation between custody and intermediation – together with market-based loss allocation. The article concludes with regulatory implications for lender-of-last-resort, deposit insurance, and capital/liquidity regimes consistent with risk reduction and legal coherence.