In the case of a wave function with spherical symmetry, the wave equation can be separated using spherical polar coordinates, and the equation for the radial component becomes

where λ is a constant parameter, proportional to the energy of the particle under consideration, q(r) is proportional to the potential energy, and l is a positive integer or zero.

Let R be a commutative ring and let q be an ideal in R. Let En(R) be the subgroup of GLn(R) generated by the elementary matrices and let En(q) be the normal subgroup of En(R) generated by the q-elenientary matrices. The order of a subgroup S of GLn(R) is the ideal q0 in R generated by xij, xii−xjj, where (xij)∈S, with 1≦i, j≦n and i≠j. The subgroup S is called a standard subgroup if En(q0)≦S. An almost-normal subgroup of GLn(R) is a non-normal subgroup which is normalized by En(R).

An analytic function is generally given either directly as a power-series, or at anyrate in some form which can readily be converted into a power-series. The power-series is not an altogether satisfactory method of representing the function, on account of the failure of its convergence outside its circle of convergence; in this respect it is decidedly inferior to the method of representing the function by a continued fraction, as this latter expression in many cases converges over the whole plane, except on certain curves.

For a multiplicative set S of a commutative ring R we define the co-localization functor HomR(Rs,⋅). It is a functor on the category of R-modules to the category of Rs-modules. It is shown to be exact on the category of Artinian R-modules. While the co-localization of an Artinian module is almost never an Artinian Rs-module it inherits many good properties of A, e.g. it has a secondary representation. The construction is applied to the dual of a result of Bourbaki, a description of asymptotic prime divisors and the co-support of an Artinian module.

If m, n are integers, m > 0, n > 1, the generalized Stirling numbers are defined by the identity in x,

Integral equations are obtained with nuclei (l — zt/a)2n and (z–t)2n which are satisfied by characteristic solutions of the transformed Lamé-Wangerin equation of order n, and each of the two characteristic solutions is expressed in terms of the other by a contour integral.

1. Guinand (2) has obtained finite identities of the type

where m, n, N are positive integers and either

or

where γ is Euler's constant and the notation ∑′ indicates that when x is integral the term r = x is multiplied by ½. Clearly there is no loss of generality in taking N = 1 in (1.1).

In semigroup theory as in other algebraic theories a significant part of the total effort is appropriately applied to the study of certain standard examples occurring, as it were, “in nature”. The most obvious such semigroup is the full transformation semigroup (X) (see [3]) and about this semigroup a great deal is known in both the finite and infinite cases.

Although the following note makes no pretence at novelty so far as the results are concerned, yet the method employed does not seem to occur in the ordinary text-books on Spherical Trigonometry. I have found this process very useful in explaining to beginners how to distinguish between the various possibilities, and I hope it may be of some interest to other teachers.

An asymptotic expansion is given for the series

as x→∞ in the sector |Argx|≦π/2–δ. Here δ, Re(a), and Re(s) are positive and r is a positive integer. In the case a = r = s = 1, this yields the nontrivial result

stated by Ramanujan in his notebooks [6].

We characterize the duals and biduals of the $L^p$-analogues $\mathcal{N}_\alpha^p$ of the standard Nevanlinna classes $\mathcal{N}_\alpha$, $\alpha\ge-1$ and $1\le p\lt \infty$. We adopt the convention to take $\mathcal{N}_{-1}^p$ to be the classical Smirnov class $\mathcal{N}^+$ for $p=1$, and the Hardy–Orlicz space $LH^p$ $(=(\text{Log}^+H)^p)$ for $1\lt p\lt\infty$. Our results generalize and unify earlier characterizations obtained by Eoff for $\alpha=0$ and $\alpha=-1$, and by Yanigahara for the Smirnov class.

Each $\mathcal{N}_\alpha^p$ is a complete metrizable topological vector space (in fact, even an algebra); it fails to be locally bounded and locally convex but admits a separating dual. Its bidual will be identified with a specific nuclear power series space of finite type; this turns out to be the ‘Fréchet envelope’ of $\mathcal{N}_\alpha^p$ as well.

The generating sequence of this power series space is of the form $(n^\theta)_{n\in\mathbb{N}}$ for some $0\lt\theta\lt1$. For example, the $\theta$s in the interval $(\smfr12,1)$ correspond in a bijective fashion to the Nevanlinna classes $\mathcal{N}_\alpha$, $\alpha\gt-1$, whereas the $\theta$s in the interval $(0,\smfr12)$ correspond bijectively to the Hardy–Orlicz spaces $LH^p$, $1\lt p\lt \infty$. By the work of Yanagihara, $\theta=\smfr12$ corresponds to $\mathcal{N}^+$.

As in the work by Yanagihara, we derive our results from characterizations of coefficient multipliers from $\mathcal{N}_\alpha^p$ into various smaller classical spaces of analytic functions on $\Delta$.

AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 46E10; 46A11; 47B38. Secondary 30D55; 46A45; 46E15\vskip-3pt

Matrix near-rings had been defined by Meldrum and Van der Walt in 1986 and although a fair amount of results on the structure of these near-rings have been obtained since then, a satisfactory structure theory has yet to be developed for matrix d.g. near-rings. In this paper we give an alternate definition (in fact the dual definition) for matrix d.g. near-rings and develop a satisfactory structure theory for such d.g. near-rings.

About forty years ago, when Spencer was rising into philosophic fame, it used often to be said by his admirers that he was an accomplished mathematician. This statement was accepted without demur, though it was known that he had not measured himself against rivals of his own age, or, what is more important, had not produced anything new in this old science.