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Constantine has such a powerful presence that modern scholars have interpreted obscure inscriptions or even restored fragmentary inscriptions to refer to his reign. These misconceptions should be discarded. For instance, there was no statue of deified Constantine at Stobi, and not all depictions of triumphal arches recalled the Arch of Constantine at Rome.
Why is God hidden? How might God be pointed out? In this timely study, Chad Engelland provides an original and compelling account of why God the creator is naturally hidden and how God can be intended. Drawing on phenomenology, philosophy of language, and medieval thought, he explores these questions, arguing that if the God in question is the ultimate source of all things, then hiddenness is necessary. Only a creature, rather than the creator, can appear directly in experience. Nonetheless, God the creator can be named as the ultimate source of all through a deferred ostension, which is a way of establishing the reference to a hidden cause through some manifest effect. Moreover, the deferred ostension can be clarified not only through the phenomenology of absent authors, which is a special case of the problem of other minds, but also via the fulfillment of desire in giving thanks for all.
In this chapter I address the killing of human embryos under three different kinds of circumstance. First are embryos in vitro; second, embryos that are a result of sexual intercourse but which have not yet implanted in a woman’s uterus; and third, embryos that have implanted in the wrong location, typically in the fallopian tube, and which thus cause a significant danger to the mother’s life if the pregnancy continues.
In this chapter I present the Core Argument for why intending death is always wrong. The argument gives reason to hold a sanctity-of-life view but does not depend on such a view.
Drawing together decades of research, Steve Smith explores the survival and adaptation of folk beliefs in Mao's China in the face of seismic social change and growing political repression. Bringing an oftenneglected aspect of modern Chinese history to the fore, he shows how folk religion maintained a vital presence in everyday life. In myriad ways, through Buddhism, Daoism, and Confucianism, spirit mediums and spirit healing, divination, geomancy, and the reform of traditional marriage and funeral rites, rituals, and beliefs provided resources for adaptation and resistance to the regime. Nevertheless the survival of folk religion must be set against the secularizing forces that the regime unleashed. This unique history gives readers a vivid sense of life under Mao Zedong as vibrant, contentious, and resilient – a far cry from stereotypes of a secular, regimented, and monochrome society.
Although many studies have examined how religion contributes to violence in Nigeria, there is a lack of research examining the reverse relationship. This study seeks to fill that gap by examining the correlation between exposure to violent conflict and religiosity. Religiosity is measured using an item in the World Values Survey (WVS) that asks respondents to rate the importance of God in their lives on a ten-point ordinal scale ranging from “not at all important” to “very important.” Exposure to violent conflict is assessed using the cumulative number of conflict incidents occurring within a 30 km radius of respondents’ dwellings. Using QGIS software, I construct the measure of conflict exposure by exploiting the geocoded dimensions of both the WVS and conflict data from the Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project (ACLED). Regression analysis reveals that as conflict exposure increases, so does the importance Nigerians attach to God in their lives. The positive relationship persists when the data are disaggregated by religious affiliation (Muslims and Christians), gender (men and women), and region of residence (North and South), with models estimated for each subsample. A plausible explanation for this result is that the existential threat posed by violent conflict prompts individuals to rely on God as a coping strategy.
In 1747, Johann Conrad Arbogast Gauch, a parish priest in the diocese of Constance, was executed for serial child abuse – a unique outcome among known clerical cases in the eighteenth-century Holy Roman Empire. Drawing on extensive inquisition records, this article examines how Church and State authorities negotiated jurisdiction, reputation and punishment when clerical crime threatened moral and social order, exposing tensions between justice, discipline and institutional self-preservation.
The doctrine of the Trinity is a central dogma within traditional Christianity, yet claiming that there are three divine persons appears to threaten adherence to monotheism. This Element begins by presenting a logical problem for the doctrine of the Trinity, followed by a survey of extant solutions to it as well as some criticisms to these solutions. Based on some insights concerning the historical context surrounding the development and formulation of the doctrine of the Trinity, this Element proposes a solution whereby the doctrinal claims have minimal content such that a contradiction cannot be derived from them. Rather than dismissing other solutions, this Element adopts a particular framework for understanding theological models, proposing that the models used in these solutions be repurposed in such a way that multiple models help us better grasp and appreciate the target (viz., God or the doctrine of the Trinity).
The poetry of Ephrem the Syrian abounds with vivid symbols for the conclusion of salvation history, which forms a path leading from Paradise back to God. His transfiguring glory-light nourishes and enriches the blessed. Those in Gehenna behold the same goal, yet due to self-inflicted inner blindness, they experience it in opposite fashion. Ephrem's eschatology takes shape along the relation between creator and creature rather than along the contrast between particular and universal outcomes. This Element argues that freedom's capacity for transformative growth in relation to God, even post mortem, establishes Ephrem's coherent epektatic account of blessedness, rooted in the quasi-infinite character of human desire despite the finitude of human effort. Freedom's inherent uncertainty makes the salvation of all unknowable. Ephrem refuses to collapse definitively the polarity between creator and creature. Yet a person's freedom remains capable, with divine assistance, of repentance and growth even in Gehenna.
How did the state become Christian in late antiquity? Many scholars have traced the Christianization of the Roman world in the centuries following the conversion of the emperor Constantine in 312 CE. Robin Whelan, however, turns his attention away from the usual suspects in such accounts-emperors, empresses, bishops, ascetics, and other holy people-to consider a surprisingly understudied set of late ancient Christians: those who served the state as courtiers, bureaucrats, and governors. By tracing the requirements of regimes, the expectations of subjects, and patterns of engagement with churches and churchmen, he argues that that those who served the state in late antiquity could be seen-and indeed, could see themselves-as distinctly Christian authority figures-just as much as the emperors and kings whom they served, and the bishops and ascetics whom they governed. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.