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From “WILD” to “WILDER”: A proposed extension to the “WILD” framework

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 July 2026

Elisa Bandini Open the ORCID record for Elisa Bandini [Opens in a new window] ,
Siddharth Girish Open the ORCID record for Siddharth Girish [Opens in a new window] ,
Max Boot Open the ORCID record for Max Boot [Opens in a new window]  and
Paige Barnes Open the ORCID record for Paige Barnes [Opens in a new window]
Elisa Bandini*
Affiliation:
The Interdisciplinary Center for Archaeology and the Evolution of Human Behaviour (ICArEHB), Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal elisa-bandini@hotmail.it siddharthg9339@gmail.com paigebarnes1115@gmail.com
Siddharth Girish
Affiliation:
The Interdisciplinary Center for Archaeology and the Evolution of Human Behaviour (ICArEHB), Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal elisa-bandini@hotmail.it siddharthg9339@gmail.com paigebarnes1115@gmail.com
Max Boot
Affiliation:
The Interdisciplinary Center for Archaeology and the Evolution of Human Behaviour (ICArEHB), Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal elisa-bandini@hotmail.it siddharthg9339@gmail.com paigebarnes1115@gmail.com Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), The University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands maxboot98@gmail.com https://sites.google.com/view/ape-research-index/home?authuser=0
Paige Barnes
Affiliation:
The Interdisciplinary Center for Archaeology and the Evolution of Human Behaviour (ICArEHB), Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal elisa-bandini@hotmail.it siddharthg9339@gmail.com paigebarnes1115@gmail.com
*
*Corresponding author.
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Abstract

Here, we highlight two key implications of adopting the WILD framework (Worldwide samples, study development In situ, focus on Local cultural practices and ethnotheories, and consider development as Diverse) and propose an extended version that addresses these considerations. Our extension (the acronym: “WILDER”) introduces two additional components: the assessment of potential carry-over effects (“Experience”) in small sample populations, where repeated testing of participants may be unavoidable; and testing multiple sub-groups (“Replication”) within each population to capture within-group variation.

Information

Type
Open Peer Commentary
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 49 , 2026 , e260
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Copyright
© The Author(s), 2026. Published by Cambridge University Press

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