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2398 results in Cambridge Elements

Page 12 of 120

Cognition and Conspiracy Theories

Cognition and Conspiracy Theories
  • Andreas Musolff
  • Published online:
    03 November 2025
    Print publication:
    04 December 2025
  • This Element deals with the relationship between cognition, understood as the process of acquiring and developing knowledge, and diverse types of conspiracy theories, or short, 'CTs'. Section 1 lays the groundwork for the analysis by determining four components of narrative argumentative framing in CTs, of which the first three are constitutive for all CTs, with a fourth representing the 'optional' collective action-guiding “scenario” component. Section 2 exemplifies manifestations of these components by discussing contemporary and historical 'hoax' and 'asserting' CTs and 'empowering' CTs. Section 3 takes a cognitive-evolutionist and pragmatic view at the conditions for the 'success' of CT scenarios. In conclusion. Section 4 formulates lessons for countering the effects of socially detrimental CTs by deconstructing them and by obstructing their dissemination.
Money, Partisanship and Power in Local Politics

Money, Partisanship and Power in Local Politics
  • Robert G. Boatright, Lane Cuthbert, Adam Eichen, Raymond J. La Raja, Meredith Rolfe
  • Published online:
    03 November 2025
    Print publication:
    04 December 2025
  • This Element presents an analysis of campaign finance in city council elections in four midsize Massachusetts cities. It shows that while money does not determine local election outcomes it plays a gatekeeping role – especially for nonincumbents. Moreover, this money comes from a very unrepresentative segment of the electorate. Although elections in these cities are nonpartisan, individual donors and interest groups are sorted into networks that function like political parties. The Element also shows that donors tend to be substantially more liberal than city residents. This can lead cities to adopt policies that are at odds with the views and needs of cities' less-wealthy inhabitants, including racial minorities. Despite low financial stakes relative to national races, campaign finance in midsize city elections reflects and reinforces broader patterns of political inequality. The result is a campaign finance system that disadvantages city residents who lack the cues that exist in other elections.
Harriet Jacobs

Harriet Jacobs
  • Alan M. S. J. Coffee
  • Published online:
    31 October 2025
    Print publication:
    20 November 2025
  • Long celebrated for her heroic feat of endurance in escaping slavery and subsequent activism, Harriet Jacobs was also an astute political thinker. Her book, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl is a remarkable philosophical text. It is one of the most insightful reflections, both on the nature of life as a slave, and on the relationships amongst slaves and between enslaved and free people.The author places Jacobs in the republican tradition of political thought. Bringing Jacobs into dialogue with Frederick Douglass, the author argues that Jacobs's emphasis on sexual abuse and the importance of slave relationships offers us a basis for a feminist republicanism. Jacobs also emphasises the structural nature of slavery, reinforced by propaganda and social prejudices. These implicate not just slaveholders but also the free population in slavery's wrongs.
Biology and Medical Theory

Biology and Medical Theory
  • Peter Takacs
  • Published online:
    31 October 2025
    Print publication:
    04 December 2025
  • The philosophy of medicine has long been concerned with the status of diseases and disorders. Are such states genuinely pathological in an objective, mind-independent sense or merely value-laden social constructs? The prevailing dialectic in this area accordingly pits normative views against non-normative, naturalistic positions. Hybrid accounts represent a better alternative to these needlessly extreme 'purist' views. Hybrid accounts maintain that objective criteria for health and disease can exist independently and harmoniously alongside of normative considerations. Hybrid accounts to date have nevertheless failed to convince many. The failure is due largely to their reliance on inadequate notions of biological dysfunction. This Element attempts to redress this situation by sketching the outlines of a more sophisticated dysfunction condition. Drawing on recent advances in evolutionary medicine, the author examines the strengths and remaining weaknesses of a correspondingly revamped hybrid account of disease.
The Political Economy of Augustine Weapons

The Political Economy of Augustine Weapons
  • Keith Hartley
  • Published online:
    30 October 2025
    Print publication:
    27 November 2025
  • This Element presents an economic analysis of Augustine's Laws and Weapons Systems. It explores and evaluates their economic content and subjects them to critical analysis. The Element is both theoretical and empirical and the empirical work uses an original UK data set on military aircraft over the period 1934 to 1964. The period embraces major technical changes involving war and peace and the shift to jet powered aircraft.
Things of the Past

Things of the Past
  • A Modern Yearning
  • Kasper Risbjerg Eskildsen
  • Published online:
    27 October 2025
    Print publication:
    27 November 2025
  • This Element explores the yearning for things of the past, from early modern antiquarianism to the contemporary art market. It tells a global story about scholars who, driven by this yearning, roamed the world and amassed many of its historical artefacts. Their motivation was not just pleasure or profit. They longed for a past that had been lost and strived to reconstruct world history anew. This rewriting of history unleashed heated debates, all over the world and raging for centuries. The debates concerned not only the past but also the present and the future. Many believed that, by revealing a strange and foreign past, the material remains opened a path to modernity. So, the Element investigates not only the history of historical scholarship, and its obsession with things, but also our relationship to the past as modern human beings.
Innovation versus Financialization in the US Pharmaceutical Industry

Innovation versus Financialization in the US Pharmaceutical Industry
  • Öner Tulum, William Lazonick
  • Published online:
    27 October 2025
    Print publication:
    20 November 2025
  • Mandated by the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, the US government is negotiating with pharmaceutical companies over the 'maximum fair price' of ten drugs widely used by Medicare patients. The pharmaceutical companies contend that a 'fair' price is a 'value-based price' that enables their shareholders to capture the value the drug creates for society and warn that lowering drug prices will reduce investments in new drugs. This Element responds to these arguments by showing that pharmaceutical companies (a) should have their drug prices regulated, given scale economies in supplying drugs and price inelasticity of drug demand; (b) use their profits from unregulated drug prices to distribute cash dividends and stock buybacks to shareholders; (c) do not typically rely upon investment by shareholders to fund drug innovation; and (d) benefit from 'collective and cumulative learning' in foundational and translational research that is antecedent and external to their investments in clinical research.
The Demise of the Global ICE Industry

The Demise of the Global ICE Industry
  • China's Stunning Role in Leading the BEV Revolution
  • Arie Lewin, Martin Kenney, El (Emily) Shu, Liang Mei
  • Published online:
    22 October 2025
    Print publication:
    30 October 2025
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  • The precipitous growth of the EV industry in China and its rise to global leadership are astounding and could not have been predicted a decade ago. This growth was propelled by Chinese central government initiatives embedded in several five-year plans that directed attention to a vaguely defined idea of 'new energy' vehicles (NEVs). Bottom-up responses to these initiatives involved many new entrepreneurial startups, intense interprovincial competition, and local government support for NEVs. The surge of entrepreneurial startups enabled China to lead in production and technological innovation in this developing EV industry and led to the disruption of the internal combustion engine industry. The Element analyzes how the dismissal of Tesla as a curiosity led to China's global dominance in the EV industry and to batteries becoming the most important arena of global technological competition in the early twenty-first century. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Why Historic Places Matter Emotionally

Why Historic Places Matter Emotionally
  • Responses - Attachments - Communities
  • Rebecca Madgin
  • Published online:
    22 October 2025
    Print publication:
    13 November 2025
    • Element
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  • This Element explores why historic urban places matter emotionally. To achieve this the Element develops a conceptual framework which breaks down the broad category of 'emotion' into three interrelated parts: 1. Emotional responses, 2. Emotional attachments, and 3. Emotional communities. In so doing new lines of enquiry are opened up including the reasons why certain emotional responses such as pride and fear are provoked by historic urban places; the complex interplay of the physical environment and everyday experiences in informing emotional attachments, as well as the reasons why emotional communities coalesce in particular historic urban places. In addition, the Element explores the ways in which emotion, in the form of responses, attachments, and communities, can be considered within heritage management and concludes with a discussion of where next for heritage theories and practices. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Contested Public Monuments

Contested Public Monuments
  • Global perspectives on landscapes of memory
  • Maria Grever
  • Published online:
    22 October 2025
    Print publication:
    13 November 2025
  • In the new millennium, many public monuments around the world have become the target of protests as part of social movements' struggles against inequality and discrimination. Despite research into the significance of toppled statues or damaged monuments and the motives of activists, little attention has been paid to the extent to which iconoclastic activism changes the narratives of public spaces or landscapes of memory. This Element approaches current conflicts over public monuments as an attempt to transform the mnemonic regime of public spaces. It examines global cases involving colonialism, Black slavery, world wars, and women's oppression. Using theoretical concepts, such as monumental narrativity, necropolitical space, white innocence, and the implicated subject, four current contexts of contestations will be highlighted: the fabric of landscapes of memory; the relationship between the living and the dead of a community; the power of visual language, iconography, and multiplication; the importance of dialogical monuments.
Language, Gender and Pregnancy Loss

Language, Gender and Pregnancy Loss
  • Beth Malory
  • Published online:
    21 October 2025
    Print publication:
    13 November 2025
    • Element
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  • This Element explores the gendered dimensions of the ways language used to describe, define, and diagnose pregnancy loss impacts experiences of receiving and delivering healthcare in a UK context. It situates experiences of pregnancy loss language against the backdrop of gender role expectations, ideological tensions around reproductive choice, and medical misogyny; asking how language both reflects and influences contemporary gender norms and understandings of maternal responsibility. To do this, the Element analyses 10 focus group transcripts from metalinguistic discussions with 42 lived experience and healthcare professional participants, and 202 written metalinguistic contributions from the same cohorts. It demonstrates the gendered social and symbolic meanings of diagnostic terminology such as miscarriage, incompetent cervix, and termination or abortion in the context of a wanted pregnancy, as well as clinical discourses, on the experience of pregnancy loss and subsequent recovery and wellbeing. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
The Indispensability of Intuitions

The Indispensability of Intuitions
  • Marc A. Moffett
  • Published online:
    21 October 2025
    Print publication:
    13 November 2025
  • The idea that human beings possess a substantive source of non-experiential evidence (intuitions) has been ridiculed as mystical or hopelessly mysterious. This Element argues that intuitions are neither. On the contrary, it argues that intuitions are a ubiquitous and familiar feature of our cognitive lives and that their evidential status is no more puzzling than that of any other source of evidence. The author does not, however, parry this accusation by assimilating intuitions to less metaphysically uncomfortable entities. Assimilation is futile. Rather, they treat intuitions as their own kind of sui generis intentional states. But unlike many treatments of intuition, the focus is not on their role in the “a priori” disciplines. Instead, the author argues that eschewing intuitions undermines our knowledge on a very broad scale; they are epistemically indispensable. This Element constitutes a sustained argument for this conclusion.
From Club to Commons

From Club to Commons
  • Enlargement, Reform and Sustainability in European Integration
  • Veronica Anghel, Erik Jones
  • Published online:
    21 October 2025
    Print publication:
    20 November 2025
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  • The Element identifies the logic of how the European Union (EU) has developed both in terms of the way the organization works and the way it has expanded to include new member states. It combines insights from the economic theories related to clubs and common-pool resources. The argument is that the EU may have started as a club, where members agreed to lose arrangements to generate and govern non-rivalrous goods from which only they could benefit, but it quickly evolved into a system of common-pool resources, where members have to manage rivalrous goods, the access to which cannot easily be refused to outsiders. That evolution was necessary to avoid the depletion of the goods EU member states depend on. The argument is illustrated through the evolution of the single market, the single currency, the single financial space, and security. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Theory of Mind in Childhood

Theory of Mind in Childhood
  • Diane Poulin-Dubois
  • Published online:
    20 October 2025
    Print publication:
    13 November 2025
  • This Element describes the development of a Theory of Mind, or mentalizing, in infancy and early childhood. Theory of Mind is a key social cognitive ability that permits children to predict and explain human behaviors by attributing mental states to other people. Understanding mental states gradually progresses from basic desires to false beliefs. The Element reviews the proximal and distal cognitive and social determinants that facilitate early Theory of Mind development. Discoveries in neuroscience contribute to understanding the ontogeny of Theory of Mind. This Element presents an overview of the main theoretical accounts of Theory of Mind development and offers suggestions for future research.
Organizational Stigma

Organizational Stigma
  • Bryant Ashley Hudson, Karen D. W. Patterson, Lin Dong
  • Published online:
    20 October 2025
    Print publication:
    13 November 2025
  • The purpose of this Element is to provide a comprehensive overview of organizational stigma research development and to identify future research directions, focusing specifically on the organization as the level of analysis. It provides a historical and contemporary review of the organizational stigma literature, identifies the most essential topics of discussion when researching organizational stigma, and moves through them to highlight the most salient topics for future research. Organizational stigma is a multidimensional and multidirectional conception. While attached to the organization, organizational stigma is developed based on the evaluation of an attribute, characteristics, or behavior of the organization by an organizational audience. In other words, the stigma is in the eye of the beholder, a result of the sociocognitive processes of heterogenous audiences. The authors hope to illustrate the important role that stigma and other social evaluations play in organizations and their inherently inseparable role in society.
Nonmonotonic Logic

Nonmonotonic Logic
  • Christian Straßer
  • Published online:
    18 October 2025
    Print publication:
    13 November 2025
  • Nonmonotonic logics serve as formal models of defeasible reasoning, a type of reasoning where conclusions are drawn absent absolute certainty. Defeasible reasoning takes place when scientists interpret experiments, in medical diagnosis, and in practical everyday situations. Given its wide range of applications, nonmonotonic logic is of interest to philosophy, psychology, and artificial intelligence. This Element provides a systematic introduction to the multifaceted world of nonmonotonic logics. Part I familiarizes the reader with basic concepts and three central methodologies: formal argumentation, consistent accumulation, and semantic methods. Parts II–IV provide a deeper understanding of each of these methods by introducing prominent logics within each paradigm. Despite the apparent lack of unification in the domain of nonmonotonic logics, this Element reveals connections between the three paradigms by demonstrating translations among them. Whether you're a novice or an experienced traveler, this Element provides a reliable map for navigating the landscape of nonmonotonic logic.
Between Yahwism and Judaism

Between Yahwism and Judaism
  • Judean Cult and Culture during the Early Hellenistic Period (332–175 BCE)
  • Yonatan Adler
  • Published online:
    18 October 2025
    Print publication:
    04 December 2025
  • This Element seeks to characterize key aspects of the cult and culture of the Judean populace at large, in Judea and the diaspora, during the Early Hellenistic period (332–175 BCE). It asks if this period signals cultural continuity with the Yahwism of the past, or cultural rupture with the emergence Judaism as known from later times. It investigates: administrative structures, whether Torah was widely observed, how and where Judeans performed cultic worship of YHWH and if this had become exclusive of other deities, adoption of Greek cultural elements and what literature was well-known and influential, including “Biblical” literature. It concludes that while no rupture is evident, and the Early Hellenistic period marks a strong degree of continuity with the Yahwism of Persian times, in some senses the era paved a way for the subsequent transition into the Judaism of the future.
How to Use Generative AI in Educational Research

How to Use Generative AI in Educational Research
  • Jasper Roe
  • Published online:
    17 October 2025
    Print publication:
    04 December 2025
  • Artificial Intelligence technologies have impacted our world in ways we could not have imagined a decade ago. Generative AI (GenAI), a powerful, complex and general use subset of AI has become available to the public in recent years. GenAI's effect on education, research, and academic practice is far-reaching and exciting, yet also deeply concerning. While GenAI has the potential to offer transformation in the practice of educational research, there are few resources which clarify why, when, and how these tools might be used ethically and sensitively. This Element introduces key areas of consideration for education researchers seeking to use GenAI, including examining the existing research, critically evaluating the benefits and risks of GenAI in educational research, and providing example use-cases of good and bad practice.
Networks of Reception in the Eighteenth-Century British Press and Laurence Sterne

Networks of Reception in the Eighteenth-Century British Press and Laurence Sterne
  • Mary Newbould
  • Published online:
    17 October 2025
    Print publication:
    13 November 2025
  • Criticism and creativity characterised literary reception in eighteenth-century Britain. The press – periodicals, newspapers, and magazines – harboured the reviewing cultures belonging to the emerging professionalisation of literary criticism. It also provided highly fertile ground for creativity, including imitative items inspired by new publications, while critical reviews often incorporated parody. The press fostered experimentation among often anonymous reader-contributors, even while it facilitated the establishment of 'classic' works by recirculating well-known authors' names. Laurence Sterne's reception was energetically shaped by the interaction between critical and creative responses: the press played a major role in forging his status as an 'inimitable' author of note.
Biography and the Trade-Gothic Author

Biography and the Trade-Gothic Author
  • The Case of Isabella Kelly
  • Yael Shapira
  • Published online:
    15 October 2025
    Print publication:
    13 November 2025
  • This Element argues for the value of biography in studying trade Gothic – that is, Gothic novels published by unprestigious trade publishers during the Romantic period. As Section 1 argues, biography has been central to the study of canonical Gothic and, indeed, to the very formation of the Gothic canon, whereas the biographical obscurity of trade novelists has reinforced the marginalization of their works. The following sections draw on the case of Isabella Kelly (c. 1759–1857) to show how biographical knowledge can provide insight into seemingly formulaic Gothic novels. Section 2 uses new archival findings to offer an updated biography of Kelly, while Section 3 traces covert pieces of life writing embedded in her fiction. Section 4 focuses on Kelly's acquaintance with Matthew Lewis, drawing on her fiction to offer a speculative reassessment of their relationship and to question assumptions about the flow of influence in the Gothic literary marketplace.

Page 12 of 120