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2755 results in Cambridge Elements

Page 12 of 138

Developing Maritime Economies of the Pre-Colonial Massim, Papua New Guinea

Developing Maritime Economies of the Pre-Colonial Massim, Papua New Guinea
  • The Making of an Island World and the Foundations of Kula
  • Ben Shaw
  • Published online:
    22 June 2026
    Print publication:
    23 July 2026
  • The Massim region of Papua New Guinea has been the focus of intensive ethnographic interest for over a century because of sociocultural practices and maritime economies that connect island populations, including the famed Kula ring. Ethnographic models of Kula have been critiqued as ahistorical and heavily influenced by colonial interventions. This volume explores the long-term history of Massim maritime economies from a predominantly archaeological perspective, but draws on ethnographic, linguistic and biomolecular information. Maritime economies have connected islands for at least 17,000 years, with parallels to historically documented networks emerging over the last 3000 years. The Massim region can be considered as a network of decentralized, micro-world economies that frequently overlapped, were shaped by local value systems, clan affiliations, and defined by strategic advantages of location, natural resources and technologies. Maritime interaction in the Massim shaped cultural and linguistic diversity, providing a comparative case study for maritime economies globally.
Archaeological Bird Bone and Eggshell Identification

Archaeological Bird Bone and Eggshell Identification
  • Ariel Taivalkoski
  • Published online:
    22 June 2026
    Print publication:
    30 July 2026
  • This element provides the reader with an easy-to-read reference guide for avian bone and eggshell analysis. Standard visual identification is the methodology outlined for the analysis of avian bone. This element details how to select reference material, what markers to look for, and tips and tricks for identifying avian bones. Cooking, butchery, pathology, and age will be discussed alongside reference images the reader can use when identifying these in their own collections. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is the method utilized for avian eggshell identification in this element. Information about creating your own reference images and performing microscopy are detailed. How to identify several types of cooking methods, embryogenesis (stage of egg development), and weathering will also be discussed. This is the first element to provide methodologies for both avian bone identification and SEM identification of avian eggshell.
Epistemic Game Theory

Epistemic Game Theory
  • Paolo Galeazzi, Eric Pacuit, Olivier Roy
  • Published online:
    22 June 2026
    Print publication:
    23 July 2026
  • This Element situates epistemic game theory at the intersection of decision theory, game theory, and interactive epistemology. It provides an overview and a critical assessment of some of the most classical results and contributions in the field: the epistemic characterization of Nash equilibrium, the epistemic interpretation of mixed actions, rationalizability in static games, and sub-game perfect equilibrium in dynamic games. The book furthermore discusses more recent contributions that highlight the importance of correlated beliefs in games, and as well as experimental and empirical findings on higher-order strategic reasoning.
Philosophy and Religion in Hegel

Philosophy and Religion in Hegel
  • Paolo Livieri
  • Published online:
    22 June 2026
    Print publication:
    06 August 2026
  • This Element analyzes the development of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel's conception of religion through key textual evidence: fragments, lectures, and published works. The structure is largely chronological to allow readers to observe the evolution of Hegel's understanding from his early theological preoccupations to the systematic formulations of his mature period. One organizational exception-treating the 1830 Encyclopaedia (Section 5) before the Berlin lectures of the preceding decade (Section 6) – serves the clarifying purpose of better situating the lectures within the conceptual framework that guided them. Substantively, this Element challenges the common label 'philosophy of religion.' For Hegel, religion was not a discrete academic subfield to which philosophical conclusions were subsequently applied. Rather, alongside art and philosophy, it occupies the apex of his system, functioning as a mode of cognition in its own right and providing resources for understanding how human thought conceptualizes the relation between the finite and the Element absolute.
Protests and Radicalization in the Digital Age

Protests and Radicalization in the Digital Age
  • The Reopen Movement
  • Jeremy Menchik, Samuel Bazzi, Clara Martiny, Pujan Paudel, Seth Soderborg, Gianluca Stringhini
  • Published online:
    22 June 2026
    Print publication:
    31 August 2026
  • This Element provides the first large-scale inquiry into the 'Reopen' protest movement against COVID-19 public health shutdowns. We synthesize digital ethnography inside the movement with text analyses of an original data set spanning more than 1.8 million Facebook comments and posts from over 224,000 online activists. We characterize the movement's origin, growth, and evolution as it interacted with public policies and offline protests. We explain individual- and group-level dynamics of radicalization over time, across topics, and, paradoxically, in response to content moderation. We extend existing theories of contentious politics to suggest that movements that fail to maintain their connection to offline organizations are especially prone to mutability, radicalization, and exhaustion. Together, our findings offer a powerful theoretical framework for understanding social movements in the digital age, while updating and extending classical social movement theory.
Emotional Labor

Emotional Labor
  • The Origin, Development, and Future of a Key Concept
  • Marci D. Cottingham
  • Published online:
    22 June 2026
    Print publication:
    23 July 2026
  • In post-industrial economies, service-based jobs now outnumber manufacturing jobs. Analyzing these changes critically, Arlie Hochschild developed the term 'emotional labor' to refer to the new forms of labor expected in the service sector. She saw the emotional constraints that commercial interests place on workers as part of capitalism's increasing encroachment on our bodies, minds, and hearts. Since her original research, there has been an explosion of interest in studying emotional labor in all manner of jobs and social roles. Empirical studies have explored the connections between emotional labor and job outcomes, as well as the relationship to social class, gender, and race. The term has struck a nerve not only with work scholars, but the public more broadly. This Element traces the term's origin, scholarly development, popular uses, and future possibilities.
Rich Experience and Sparse Awareness

Rich Experience and Sparse Awareness
  • Sensing More Than We Know
  • Ariel Meir Berlinger, Baruch Eitam
  • Published online:
    22 June 2026
    Print publication:
    23 July 2026
  • Consciousness is often treated as unitary phenomenon. We challenge this and propose a framework that parses it into two functionally distinct representational media. Reviewing dominant theories, as well as studies of perceptual failures, neural activity, visual search and attention – we argue that phenomenal experience arises early as a detailed, analogue, and relatively generic representation of the physical world. Awareness, a later and more idiosyncratic representation of the world, results from enriching phenomenal experience via relevance-filtered semantic knowledge. This Multi-Representational Media (MRM) account unifies perception, memory, and cognition, reconciles rich and sparse consciousness views, and reframes concepts in unconscious cognition research.
Hegel's Dialectic

Hegel's Dialectic
  • Dina Emundts
  • Published online:
    22 June 2026
    Print publication:
    06 August 2026
  • This element is a study on Hegel's dialectic. One motivation for turning to dialectic is the idea that in order to understand the complex and dynamic structure of reality and of our thinking itself, we need a different way of thinking from that provided by standard logic and by traditional philosophy. The aim of the book is to present Hegel's basic idea of dialectic and to explain it through an interpretation of the text, an account of its reception, and a survey of themes in the secondary literature. The main theses discussed are that Hegel's dialectic is primarily a method of thinking and that he develops a unified theory of dialectic in his various writings.
AI-Powered Language Teaching

AI-Powered Language Teaching
  • Jeong-Bae Son, Andrew Philpott
  • Published online:
    20 June 2026
    Print publication:
    16 July 2026
  • This Element explores the concepts, benefits, and limitations of the use of AI in language learning, teaching, and assessment. It also looks at AI tools for language teaching and language teachers' roles and competencies required for AI-powered language teaching. In addition, it offers practical ideas for AI-powered language teaching and presents AI-powered language teaching activities based on an AI literacy framework, which highlights using AI creatively, critically, effectively, efficiently, and ethically. The Element examines challenges in AI-powered language teaching and provides teachers with actionable guidelines to overcome the challenges. It guides language teachers and teacher educators on how to develop AI competencies, how to select AI tools, and how to integrate the tools successfully into their teaching practices.
Rethinking Political Meritocracy

Rethinking Political Meritocracy
  • An Attention-Based Approach
  • Xiao Ma
  • Published online:
    19 June 2026
    Print publication:
    23 July 2026
  • Political meritocracy, which selects and promotes officials based on their work performance, is an important explanation for China's rapid development. While prior studies focus on territorial leaders (kuai), less attention is given to functional department leaders (tiao), whose performance is harder to measure, attribute, or compare. This Element introduces an attention-based explanation, arguing that in China's complex bureaucratic system, marked by intricate divisions of labor and information asymmetry, capturing superiors' attention is critical for official's career advancement. Through case studies and analyses of original biographical data on functional department leaders, this Element reveals: 1) Promotion likelihood correlates with officials' ability to gain superiors' attention; 2) Not all attention-seeking behaviors align with governance goals, often fostering bureaucratic issues like formalism and over-implementation. This attention-based framework tries to reconcile debates on competence versus connections in Chinese political selection and explains both the bureaucratic system's successes and its governance challenges.
Absence in the Archives

Absence in the Archives
  • Ciara Breathnach
  • Published online:
    19 June 2026
    Print publication:
    09 July 2026
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  • Absence in official records can have profound implications for social memory, civil rights, restorative and transitional justice, citizenship, social welfare, and redress for historical abuse. Scholars of archivistics and early modern New World imperial contexts have uncovered the epistemological problems that archival silences pose for historical research, and the author contends that absence deserves separate conceptual treatment. Archival absences, both permanent and temporary, have particular resonances for postcolonial countries, and are an ongoing threat under totalitarian regimes. Using Britain and Ireland as primary examples, this Element traces how absence took root in the domestic and subsequently the colonial archive, and how through legal mechanisms it became an accepted part of archival praxis. The aim of this Element is to raise awareness of archival absence in order to prevent more losses, particularly in the abundance of the digital age. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Nietzsche on Fate

Nietzsche on Fate
  • Robin Small
  • Published online:
    19 June 2026
    Print publication:
    16 July 2026
  • This Element explores Nietzsche's thinking about fate. As a doctrine, fatalism asserts that whatever happens does so necessarily. 'Fate', however, implies an overall pattern for every individual life which imposes its own necessity on the events of that life, although with some contribution from chance. Nietzsche's ideas on fate were influenced by other thinkers, notably Emerson and the ancient Stoics, whom he treats with both sympathy and exasperation. After discussing this context, the Element turns to two of Nietzsche's key themes: amor fati and 'becoming what you are'. In a striking way, each of these 'formulae' presents two contrasted elements standing in a close but tense relationship. Behind them is a conflict between the givenness of fate and our capacity to live our lives in our own way. At the same time, each promises an answer to the question: how are we to live with fate?
When Formalization Fails

When Formalization Fails
  • The Credibility of Informality in China’s Resettlement Communities
  • Zhu Qian, Chen Yang
  • Published online:
    17 June 2026
    Print publication:
    23 July 2026
  • Globally, states use rural-to-urban resettlement to fuel development, yet this formal process consistently generates its own informalities. Using a comparative case study of China—contrasting its affluent coast with its poorer hinterland—this book reveals how informality not only persists after resettlement but performs essential functions, critically challenging the effectiveness of prevailing policies. Theoretically, the study leverages the innovative Credibility Thesis, applying its Formal, Actual, and Targeted (FAT) Institutional Framework and Credibility Scales and Intervention (CSI) Checklist to explain the emergence and evolution of post-resettlement informality. The findings offer powerful, empirically grounded recommendations for integrating informal realities into urban planning, with profound implications for understanding institutional credibility and the functional role of informality in development.
Contemporary Iranian Horror Cinema

Contemporary Iranian Horror Cinema
  • Max Bledstein
  • Published online:
    16 June 2026
    Print publication:
    23 July 2026
  • This Element explores how twenty-first-century Iranian filmmakers have applied elements from Persian culture to the horror genre. Although horror films have not often been a part of the rich Iranian cinematic tradition due in part to censorship laws following the 1979 revolution, I argue that a small group of directors has made provocative use of the genre. The first section draws on theories of monstrosity to examine the re-contextualisation of pre-revolutionary film tropes in the work of Fereydoun Jeyrani. The second section examines how Mohammad Hossein Latifi uses the slasher to navigate debates around female university students. The third section discusses Shahram Mokri's use of single takes to facilitate horror's function as social critique. The final section examines the depiction of politics and history in the films of Mani Haghighi. The analysis reveals Iranian horror to be both a vibrant tradition and valuable for understanding the genre's global importance.
Administration and Human Rights

Administration and Human Rights
  • Jessica Kritz, Benjamin Mason Meier
  • Published online:
    16 June 2026
    Print publication:
    30 July 2026
  • Human rights obligations are increasingly embedded in administrative practice, yet scholarship lacks a cohesive framework to guide a rights-based approach to public administration. This Element establishes a strategic foundation for Administration and Human Rights (AHR) at the intersection of administration, law, and human rights. The AHR framework is applied to three critical implementation priorities identified in recent scholarship: deliberate engagement between administration and law, binding norms obligating governments to deliver basic services, and rights-based participation to support democratic governance. Public administration is vital to realizing human rights, translating law and policy into practice. However, administrators who lack understanding of rights may fail to meet government obligations or unknowingly violate the very rights they are charged with implementing. AHR addresses this gap, offering analytical tools linking administrative practice with a rapidly evolving scholarly research agenda.
Youth and Earth Politics

Youth and Earth Politics
  • From Misconceptions to Potential for Synergy
  • Amandine Orsini
  • Published online:
    15 June 2026
    Print publication:
    16 July 2026
  • Youth, defined as individuals between 16 and 35 in global politics, have a key role to play in Earth politics: they are a numerical majority among the world population; they are situated in countries that are more vulnerable to environmental changes; they will be implementing the environmental agenda. Despite their key importance, youth have been associated with a number of misconceptions about their political role in international environmental negotiations. This Element identifies and explains five misconceptions one by one, to go beyond and suggest new ways to engage with youth for greater sustainability. The research presented builds on more than 200 interviews and observations conducted with youth at international climate, biodiversity and sustainable development negotiations. While youth are perceived as politically apathetic, inexperienced, forthcoming, elitist or narcissistic, understanding their very identities enables to suggest synergies for stronger, knowledge-relevant, actual, inclusive and intersectional political action.
Kierkegaard’s View of Love

Kierkegaard’s View of Love
  • Sharon Krishek
  • Published online:
    15 June 2026
    Print publication:
    30 July 2026
  • The themes of love and loving are often, albeit not always explicitly, present in Kierkegaard's works. It is only his 1847 Works of Love, however, in which the topic serves as a central focus of inquiry. And while at first glance, this text may seem alien to Kierkegaard's poetic existentialism, revolving as it does around the commandment 'You Shall Love Your Neighbour as Yourself' rather than the drama of human existence and the mysteries of the human heart, the thesis that emerges is entirely existential: the capacity for loving is inherent to our very existence as humans. Focussing on Works of Love supported by a few short detours through other texts of Kierkegaard, this Element explores Kierkegaard's view of love as ultimately construing loving as a way of life.
Translation in State Governance

Translation in State Governance
  • A Chinese Perspective
  • Dongsheng Ren, Lin Jiao, Sanjun Sun
  • Published online:
    15 June 2026
    Print publication:
    23 July 2026
  • Translation plays a consequential role in how states govern, manage multilingual affairs, and project influence, yet this role is rarely examined through a comparative, state-centred framework. This Element introduces the State Translation Programme (STP) to analyse translation as state-organised action. Comparing China with Japan, Türkiye, the United States, South Korea, Canada, and Poland, it identifies three strategic modes: Architects build national capacity and identity, Influencers project soft power and shape external narratives, and Administrators manage internal coordination and multilingual governance. China stands out in comparative perspective in seeking to combine all three modes, a pattern this Element terms 'sovereign maximalism'. Tracing these governance functions from imperial dynasties to the contemporary People's Republic, the Element offers a framework for comparative analysis across translation studies and political science.
Innateness in Mind

Innateness in Mind
  • Peter Carruthers
  • Published online:
    15 June 2026
    Print publication:
    09 July 2026
  • This Element focuses on contemporary forms of nativism (belief in innateness), which mostly concern the existence of domain-specific learning mechanisms with innate structure and content. After sketching some innate capacities that are widely believed to be shared with other animals, the Element thereafter discusses a number of (alleged) distinctively-human ones. One concerns a faculty of language, another our capacity for representing the mental states of others (and derivatively, ourselves). It then turns to discuss some proposed innate adaptations that support culture. These include a number of learning biases, as well as affective learning mechanisms that enable swift acquisition of cultural values. The final two sections then discuss 'tribal psychology.' This may include an innate disposition to stereotype social groups as well as innate 'tribal' motivations (both positive and negative). The over-arching thesis of the Element is that human nature might best be thought of as culture-enabling nature.
Autism Spectrum Disorder in Childhood

Autism Spectrum Disorder in Childhood
  • Kyle Sterrett, Hillary Schiltz, Katherine Byrne, Catherine Lord
  • Published online:
    15 June 2026
    Print publication:
    30 July 2026
  • This Element provides a broad overview of autism spectrum disorder from early childhood through adolescence. The Element reviews high-impact areas of research relevant to young children, including the shifting diagnostic conceptualizations of autism, current best practices related to screening and diagnosis, our understanding of factors that increase the likelihood of receiving an autism diagnosis, the overlap between autism and other co-occurring conditions, and related contemporary approaches to supports and interventions for young children. The discussion of these topics addresses measurement of outcomes, reproducibility, and methodological rigor. By focusing on these methodological gaps and progress, future directions for research in each of these areas is highlighted.

Page 12 of 138