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2757 results in Cambridge Elements

Page 15 of 138

Outsourcing Surveillance

Outsourcing Surveillance
  • Online Opinion Management in China
  • Lynette Ong, Huihua Nie, Jesslene Lee
  • Published online:
    29 May 2026
    Print publication:
    21 May 2026
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  • The digital age has afforded the governments new technologies of control, allowing them to co-opt, pre-empt and repress dissent. But, what if they lack the technical capacity to access digital tools of control? In what ways have digital technologies altered the way governments conduct statecraft? Based on an analysis of more than 3,000 public procurement documents, and a dozen elite interviews with various stakeholders, we found that the Chinese state has outsourced various functions of online surveillance to private and for-profit arms of state-owned corporations. We found that outsourcing surveillance is intended to augment state technical capacity to moderate and fine-tune the conduct of digital repression. Outsourcing digital repression opens a Pandora's box of state-business collaborations. This Element contributes to the literature on outsourcing repression, state‒business relations, and conduct of digital statecraft.
Between Speech and Song

Between Speech and Song
  • Aspects of Hybrid Voice in Twentieth-Century German Opera
  • Orestis Papaioannou
  • Published online:
    29 May 2026
    Print publication:
    25 June 2026
  • At the turn of the twentieth century, operatic singing in the German-speaking world remained deeply influenced by the Italian tradition, which implied a lyrical vocal style that prioritised technical precision, tonal beauty, and expressive clarity. From the 1910s onward, composers increasingly and systematically explored vocal techniques that blurred the boundary between speech and song, referred to here as the 'hybrid voice'. These approaches emerged from a complex interplay of symbolic, aesthetic, political, and philosophical influences and reflect a search for more diverse and individualised modes of vocal expression. This Element examines the hybrid voice in four seminal works of German modernism: Alban Berg's Wozzeck, Kurt Weill's Aufstieg und Fall der Stadt Mahagonny, Bernd Alois Zimmermann's Die Soldaten, and Adriana Hölszky's Bremer Freiheit. By situating each work within its historical and stylistic context, it traces a broader musical trajectory in German opera from expressionism and new objectivity to the postwar avant-garde.
From Stone to Digital Screen

From Stone to Digital Screen
  • Gothic Cathedrals and Local Iconic Churches as Hybrid Media Spaces
  • Damian Guzek
  • Published online:
    28 May 2026
    Print publication:
    18 June 2026
  • Written against the backdrop of ten years of visits and studies in 220 Gothic cathedrals, Gothic iconic local churches, and neo-Gothic cathedrals, this Element examines the idea of historical religious structures as 'hybrid media spaces' using grounded theory and communication and media approaches to capture the processes of communicating and erasing Christian processes of excommunicating in contemporary secular society. They show that at the current pace of societal conditions, cathedrals and iconic churches labeled as Gothic style are becoming the new platform for religious hybrid media practices and connections between religious and non-religious approaches.
Let Them Cook

Let Them Cook
  • Generational Slang and University Teaching
  • David S. Kreiner
  • Published online:
    28 May 2026
    Print publication:
    25 June 2026
  • Higher education faculty often differ in age from the students in their courses, and these age differences may relate to social and cultural differences. As an aspect of culture, different social groups adopt different slang vocabularies. For these reasons, an understanding of generational differences in slang is relevant to university-level teaching. We explore the nature and characteristics of slang in comparison to other types of language variation as well as the multiple functions that slang serves, both linguistic and social. Next, we examine the concept of generations and education-relevant characteristics that are associated with recent generations. We then connect slang to the concept of code-switching, followed by an examination of slang associated with Generation Z and Generation Alpha. Finally, we consider the implications of generational slang for university level teaching and learning. Generational slang is not just a challenge for university faculty, but also an opportunity.
Participatory Creation within French Public Theatre

Participatory Creation within French Public Theatre
  • Séverine Ruset
  • Translated by Lucy Garnier
  • Published online:
    27 May 2026
    Print publication:
    02 July 2026
  • Within French subsidised performing arts institutions, productions involving non-professional contributors have been gaining traction over the last decade. The trend is spearheaded both by artists, seeking to increase their interactions with society, and by public authorities, preoccupied with people-participation. The recent acceleration of this trend notwithstanding, participatory productions have long been a peripheral phenomenon in French institutions, keen to differentiate their work from socio-cultural approaches. This Element investigates the current rise in participatory creation, examining the motivations underpinning it and charting the artistic processes and forms it produces. The aim is to explore the realities of the presumed democratic reinforcement attached to participation, placing particular emphasis on the nature and scope of the democratising modes in play both on and off stage, and discussing how they interact with the prevailing conventions and value systems of French public theatre.
Post-Humanistic Love

Post-Humanistic Love
  • How Artificial Intelligence Is Reimagining the Construction of Human Intimacy and Emotions
  • Thomas James Vaughn Williams, Camilo Tamayo Gomez
  • Published online:
    26 May 2026
    Print publication:
    02 July 2026
  • The rapid integration of artificial intelligence into everyday life has extended beyond functional assistance into the intimate domains of emotion, companionship, and love. AI chatbots and virtual companions are increasingly engaged as emotional confidants, romantic partners, and sources of care, prompting a re-evaluation of how intimacy is constituted and experienced in a technologically mediated society. This Element examines the emergence of what is termed post-humanistic love, defined as a profound emotional and romantic attachment formed between humans and artificial agents. Drawing on sociological and philosophical theories of intimacy, love, and post-humanism, the Element explores how AI interfaces reconfigure classical conceptions of love, as well as contemporary understandings of emotional reflexivity, distant intimacy and emotional labour. Empirically, the study analyses first-person accounts describing romantic and emotionally significant relationships with AI companions. The findings highlight both the affective potency and the ethical fragility of AI-mediated intimacy in the post-human condition.
Embracing the Circular Economy in Developing Nations

Embracing the Circular Economy in Developing Nations
  • A Pathway to Sustainable Growth and Resilience
  • Sandeep Goyal, Bruno S. Sergi, Sarthak Kaushish, Priyanka Chaudhary
  • Published online:
    26 May 2026
    Print publication:
    18 June 2026
  • Many developing countries are recognising that the traditional 'take–make–dispose' model of growth is no longer sustainable. This element explores that turning point and examines how the circular economy can offer a better path. A circular economy focuses on using resources for longer, reducing waste, and reusing or recycling materials. It offers a way to grow that can generate income, protect nature, and include more people in development. The element traces how circular economy ideas have evolved over the past decade, moving from a mainly global conversation to one increasingly shaped by local needs and realities. It argues that meaningful progress happens when three forces align: effective public policy, active communities, and strong cross-sector partnerships. Through case studies of businesses in developing countries, the element shows how firms with limited resources use creativity to redesign products and processes, turn waste into value, and collaborate to overcome constraints.
The Tolerance of Informality

The Tolerance of Informality
  • State, Religion and Property in China
  • Peter Ho, Heng Zhao
  • Published online:
    25 May 2026
    Print publication:
    18 June 2026
  • Today's resurgence of global strife, polarization and neo-nationalism is unprecedented in intensity since the end of the Cold War. Against the backdrop of such dramatic changes, there is anxiety leading many to cling to certitudes that the world is made up of clear-cut divisions: developed versus undeveloped; democratic versus dictatorial; tolerant versus intolerant... Yet, when taking a long term view, and when delving into the vastness of geographical spaces, it becomes obvious that such beliefs are decoupled from reality. This work shows the relativity of these beliefs by examining an issue that has divided the West and China: Tolerance, particularly as reflected in state acts towards religion. It does so without wanting to expound opinions but rather to verify facts; without simplifying but rather to show complexity; and without judging but rather to comprehend.
Playwriting and the Craft of Audience Participation

Playwriting and the Craft of Audience Participation
  • Helen E. Shutt
  • Published online:
    25 May 2026
    Print publication:
    18 June 2026
  • This Element investigates how playwrights can employ text-based strategies to facilitate audience participation in performance. It looks to contemporary discourse in the field of applied theatre to suggest principles the creator of a participatory work may employ to support the creation of a performance text which invites, and is responsive to, contributions from the audience. This Element offers analysis of works by playwrights Tim Crouch, Nassim Soleimanpour, Hannah Jane Walker and Chris Thorpe, all of whom experiment with text-based modalities to position the audience as co-creators in performance. It offers the insights gained from the author through their own experience of writing and staging a participatory performance. This Element draws upon ideas on care, relationality and affect to propose a care-centred model of playwriting which fosters an inclusive and accessible experience of co-creation in performance.
Conservation Covenants and Easements

Conservation Covenants and Easements
  • A Local Instrument Supporting Global Biodiversity Goals
  • Benjamin J. Richardson, Dominic Bilton, Afshin Akhtar-Khavari, Sarah Brugler, James A. Fitzsimons, Phillipa C. McCormack
  • Published online:
    25 May 2026
    Print publication:
    18 June 2026
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  • Conservation covenants and easements are legal mechanisms for private landholders to contribute to long-term protection of natural values. This book furnishes a unique international legal and policy study of how covenants and easements in seven jurisdictions are supporting global biodiversity goals, and it considers how they may address new challenges associated with ecosystem restoration and climate change. It compares laws in Australia, Belgium (Flanders), Canada, Chile, New Zealand, South Africa, and the United States, countries where these mechanisms are increasingly used to support national and global goals of relevance to Earth System Governance. Through interjurisdictional comparison, the book analyses key themes, including recruitment and retention of landholders into conservation agreements, climate adaptation and compliance. This study also offers practical advice on potential directions for law reform or improved implementation of existing covenants and easements law. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Who Follows Whom?

Who Follows Whom?
  • The Role of Geography and Similarity in Online Attention Networks
  • Alexi Quintana-Mathé, Zhen Guo, Nir Grinberg, David Lazer
  • Published online:
    25 May 2026
    Print publication:
    18 June 2026
  • Follower ties play a major role in many social media platforms, representing users' choices on what content to pay attention to. This Element examines the role of geography and similarity by gender, age, race, and partisanship with respect to attention in social media by studying the follower ties among 1.1 million Twitter accounts matched to U.S. voter records. We find that geographic proximity is the dominant predictor of follower ties, and that demographic similarity by age and race/ethnicity are quite important. Surprisingly, given the prominence of political polarization in the contemporary US, partisanship plays a relatively minor role. In addition, our results indicate that the tendency to follow nearby users leads to following users of the same race/ethnicity and partisanship. Our findings highlight the enduring significance of physical geography in virtual spaces and that political preference is not a dominant determinant of online attention in social media.
A Franciscan Tombstone in Fourteenth-Century China

A Franciscan Tombstone in Fourteenth-Century China
  • A Global History
  • Nancy Wu
  • Published online:
    25 May 2026
    Print publication:
    18 June 2026
  • This Element examines the tombstone for Andrew of Perugia (d. 1332?), the sole surviving object from the 14C Franciscan mission in China. The narrative begins in Zayton, where diverse groups brought to this maritime entrepot old antagonisms and new alliances. The discovery of Andrew's tombstone and that of other Christian monuments over the centuries, demonstrate how various Christian churches interacted with their host society from the eighth through the fourteenth centuries. Relying to the extent possible on words of the protagonists, this Element scrutinizes the Nestorian cross-and-lotus motif and questions prevailing interpretations about this quintessential Nestorian iconography and its presence on a Franciscan tombstone: the interreligious borrowing of art and symbolism, the mode through which ideas and traditions were transmitted, the function and purpose of adaptation, and the plausible contribution of local artisans to the creation of the earliest Christian art in China.
Christology and the Enactment of Jesus Christ's Presence

Christology and the Enactment of Jesus Christ's Presence
  • Victor I. Ezigbo
  • Published online:
    22 May 2026
    Print publication:
    18 June 2026
  • This Element examines a phenomenon that reflects a distinctive and insightful Christological imagination, yet one that has received little sustained attention within the field of Christology. Specifically, it focuses on the sphere of deputation, characterized by Jesus' authorization of his disciples to serve as his proxies. In their deputized capacity, Christians engage in activities that reflect the dynamics through which Jesus' presence is enacted in his post-earthly life, albeit within the limits of his prerogatives. Jesus may choose, through such enactment, to act by means of his disciples, both individually and collectively as the church. I argue that attention to this sphere of deputation moves both formal Christology and informal, grassroots Christology beyond the traditional Christological concentration on ontology, function, and significance.
Microlearning with GenAI

Microlearning with GenAI
  • Enhancing Second Language Education
  • Lucas Kohnke
  • Published online:
    21 May 2026
    Print publication:
    04 June 2026
  • This Element explores the innovative integration of microlearning and generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) in second-language education. Designed for language teachers, teacher trainers, and future educators, it offers research-informed insights and actionable strategies for designing learner-centred, technology-enhanced instruction. The Element introduces the evolution and applications of GenAI in language learning, examines its synergy with microlearning, and presents pedagogical frameworks rooted in SLA theory, cognitive load theory, and multimodal learning. Practical guidance is provided for designing, implementing, and evaluating AI-assisted microlearning tasks, focusing on interactivity, accessibility, and ethical use. The Element also explores GenAI's role in teacher professional development and considers future trends shaping language education. While celebrating the transformative potential of GenAI, it critically engages with the challenges and limitations of emerging technologies. Through a balanced blend of theory and practice, this Element equips educators with the knowledge and tools to navigate and harness the evolving AI-enhanced language learning landscape.
Spinoza on Free Will

Spinoza on Free Will
  • Matthew J. Kisner
  • Published online:
    21 May 2026
    Print publication:
    11 June 2026
  • In recent writings on popular science, there has been much handwringing about the apparently deterministic picture of human decision making suggested by the latest scientific research. Robert Sapolsky's bestselling Determined boldly argues that morality must be reformed because free will has been effectively refuted. But the question of whether free will and morality can be reconciled with a causally determined world is nothing new, nor is it the sort of question that can be answered by scientists. This Element examines how these questions were answered by Spinoza, history's most forceful defender of the claim that all things are necessarily determined, who also was keenly interested in the prospects for morality in a determined world. The Element aims to show that this figure from the past offers a timely and insightful explanation of how we can be free and responsible even if our actions are inevitable.
Popular Music and Football

Popular Music and Football
  • Nicolai Jørgensgaard Graakjær
  • Published online:
    20 May 2026
    Print publication:
    21 May 2026
  • Popular music and football rank among the most globally widespread and culturally significant practices in contemporary society. While neither defines the other, their intersections reveal a rich site of musical interaction. This Element investigates how and why popular music and football interact within the context of elite-level national league matches. Grounded in observations from several European case matches over the past decade, the Element examines these interactions as they unfold in stadium environments, focusing on three primary modes: intra-type music interactions, inter-type music interactions, and music–match interactions. In doing so, it engages with one of the most pervasive, multi-layered, and contested arenas for the distribution and significance of popular music in everyday life. Particular attention is given to emotionally charged, identity-infused mega-performances by musical amateurs – many of whom may be otherwise musically inactive and overlooked but embrace the stadium as a space for emotional release and collective expression.
Language, Water, Power

Language, Water, Power
  • Alastair Pennycook
  • Published online:
    20 May 2026
    Print publication:
    18 June 2026
  • This Element is about language, water and power. It challenges the terracentric bias of much scholarship in language studies, suggesting instead that oceans and rivers should be central in investigations of language, history, culture, society and politics. Working through different engagements with water – swimming, surfing, sailing and diving – this Element explores how thinking in and with water can transform our understandings of justice, power and language. By taking water seriously as both a social and material category, hydrosocial perspectives draw attention to the ways modern water and language are controlled, restricted, standardized and contained. A hydrocolonial lens focuses on the centrality of water in colonial regimes, the oceanic origins of creoles and the need to decolonize control and conceptions of water. For critical hydrosocial language studies language is entangled in an inequitable watery world, and language study from below is a form of spiritual, material and embodied engagement.
Border Control without Walls

Border Control without Walls
  • Managing Migration with Foreign Aid
  • Jonas Gamso, Farhod Yuldas
  • Published online:
    20 May 2026
    Print publication:
    18 June 2026
  • Immigration to Western nations has risen sharply, fueling political backlash and the ascent of far-right, nativist policymakers who favor restrictive migration policies. Yet such restrictions are unlikely to succeed over the long term because they fail to address the root causes that drive people to seek better lives abroad. Foreign aid has long been viewed as a tool for tackling these underlying causes, though its effectiveness in shaping migration remains contested. The recent curtailment of aid by the same governments advancing migration restrictions creates a pivotal moment to reconsider the role and design of aid programs. This volume contributes to that effort by offering a systematic assessment of the intersections between aid and international migration. It identifies four distinct pathways through which aid affects migration and a fifth feedback pathway through which migration influences the allocation of aid, providing a comprehensive framework for future research and policymaking.
Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age Economies of Mesopotamia

Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age Economies of Mesopotamia
  • 4th and 3rd Millennia BCE
  • Marcella Frangipane, Lucia Mori
  • Published online:
    19 May 2026
    Print publication:
    11 June 2026
  • The Element reconstructs economic developments in the crucial phase of State formation in Mesopotamia, from the 4th to early 3rd millennium BCE, trying to understand how interrelating environmental, social, economic, and political factors in the two main areas of Mesopotamia profoundly changed the structures of societies and transformed the relations between social components, giving rise to increasing inequality and strengthening political institutions. The interrelation between economic changes and state formation and urbanization is analyzed. Mesopotamia represents a foundational case study to understand the processes that transformed the function of economy from being an instrument to satisfy community needs to become a means of producing “wealth” for privileged categories. These processes varied in characteristics and timescales depending on environmental conditions and organizational forms. But wherever they took place, far-reaching changes occurred resulting in emergent hierarchies and new political systems. Reflecting on these changes highlights phenomena still affecting our societies today.
Meritocracy in Early Chinese Political Thought

Meritocracy in Early Chinese Political Thought
  • Eirik Lang Harris
  • Published online:
    19 May 2026
    Print publication:
    21 May 2026
  • This Element explores a range of conceptions of politically relevant merit found in the philosophical texts of pre-Qin China (before 221BCE). It demonstrates both that the role accorded to political merit was substantial and that the ideas of what constituted politically relevant merit were heavily contested. Through a focus on four texts, the Xunzi, the Mozi, the Laozi, and the Han Feizi, it sketches out a long-standing debate over questions including the appropriate source of merit, the relationship between political merit and moral merit, and how merit should be nurtured and directed in the political arena. In doing so, it hopes to show why contemporary discussions of Asian-inspired political meritocracy, its promise, and its perils, are impoverished if they limit themselves to 'Confucian' notions of meritocracy rather than exploring more fully the wider variety on offer.

Page 15 of 138