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2757 results in Cambridge Elements

Page 13 of 138

Innateness in Mind

Innateness in Mind
  • Peter Carruthers
  • Published online:
    15 June 2026
    Print publication:
    09 July 2026
  • This Element focuses on contemporary forms of nativism (belief in innateness), which mostly concern the existence of domain-specific learning mechanisms with innate structure and content. After sketching some innate capacities that are widely believed to be shared with other animals, the Element thereafter discusses a number of (alleged) distinctively-human ones. One concerns a faculty of language, another our capacity for representing the mental states of others (and derivatively, ourselves). It then turns to discuss some proposed innate adaptations that support culture. These include a number of learning biases, as well as affective learning mechanisms that enable swift acquisition of cultural values. The final two sections then discuss 'tribal psychology.' This may include an innate disposition to stereotype social groups as well as innate 'tribal' motivations (both positive and negative). The over-arching thesis of the Element is that human nature might best be thought of as culture-enabling nature.
Autism Spectrum Disorder in Childhood

Autism Spectrum Disorder in Childhood
  • Kyle Sterrett, Hillary Schiltz, Katherine Byrne, Catherine Lord
  • Published online:
    15 June 2026
    Print publication:
    30 July 2026
  • This Element provides a broad overview of autism spectrum disorder from early childhood through adolescence. The Element reviews high-impact areas of research relevant to young children, including the shifting diagnostic conceptualizations of autism, current best practices related to screening and diagnosis, our understanding of factors that increase the likelihood of receiving an autism diagnosis, the overlap between autism and other co-occurring conditions, and related contemporary approaches to supports and interventions for young children. The discussion of these topics addresses measurement of outcomes, reproducibility, and methodological rigor. By focusing on these methodological gaps and progress, future directions for research in each of these areas is highlighted.
The Ethical and the Religious

The Ethical and the Religious
  • Roe Fremstedal
  • Published online:
    15 June 2026
    Print publication:
    30 July 2026
  • This Element discusses the relation between the ethical and religious as key concepts in Kierkegaard's works. Instead of viewing the ethical and religious mainly as different stages on life's way, it identifies different connections between ethical and religious considerations, reasons, and values. By discussing Abraham's sacrifice of Isaac in Fear and Trembling, it argues that – despite appearances – religion does not undermine but rather supports moral constraints. However, Kierkegaard is clear that our moral requirements exceed our natural capabilities, something that makes divine assistance morally necessary. Thus, religious belief seems supported by moral reasons. Still, we often recognize moral truth without seeing the metaphysical and theological implications of morality. Therefore, moral agents need not be religious believers, although morality nevertheless has metaphysical and theological implications if Kierkegaard is correct. Specifically, Kierkegaard seems to combine realism regarding value with the view that some moral requirements are divinely commanded.
Contextualising Teacher Education Curricula in the Arab Gulf States

Contextualising Teacher Education Curricula in the Arab Gulf States
  • Wisam Kh. Abdul-Jabbar
  • Published online:
    15 June 2026
    Print publication:
    31 July 2026
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  • This Element advocates the Majlis Curriculum as a culturally responsible framework for teacher education in Arabia. Rather than treating culture as a supplementary means of transmitting local values or reducing it to language instruction, the Element conceptualizes culture as an epistemic and pedagogical foundation for teacher training. It extends the Arab-Islamic tripartite model of Tarbiya, Ta'lim, and Ta'dib by introducing Al-Ra'y as a fourth component of deliberative reasoning. The Majlis is theorized as an educational space that cultivates deliberation and civic responsibility in conversation with the liberal arts. This Element, therefore, positions culturally responsible pedagogy as a precondition for culturally responsive teaching. Intercultural engagement requires identifying and activating local epistemologies that align with the aims of liberal arts. The Element offers a contextual approach that preserves cultural continuity and enables teachers in Arabia to engage with international educational discourses. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Looking Trustworthy

Looking Trustworthy
  • Portraits and Textual Poses of Humanist Translators in the Renaissance
  • Andrea Rizzi
  • Published online:
    15 June 2026
    Print publication:
    23 July 2026
  • In this Element I investigate how Renaissance humanist translators used the printed page to construct a trustworthy persona and persuade readers of their translations' value. These portraits did more than decorate books – they shaped the public identity of translators, lent credibility to their work, and positioned them within broader networks of cultural authority. As the early modern book trade expanded, portraits became key instruments in establishing recognisability – what we might now call a 'brand' – that reassured readers and patrons alike. By revealing how trustworthiness was deliberately performed and circulated in print, this Element reframes the role of translators in Renaissance culture and offers new insights into the social and symbolic economies of early modern trust.
Mar Menor

Mar Menor
  • Histories from the Critical Zone
  • Juan Manuel Zaragoza Bernal
  • Published online:
    15 June 2026
    Print publication:
    09 July 2026
  • The Mar Menor, Europe's largest saltwater coastal lagoon, was long sustained by high salinity and low-nutrient waters that supported remarkable biodiversity. Since the late twentieth century, however, intensive tourism, industrial agriculture linked to the Tagus–Segura water transfer, and legacy mining pollution have driven accelerating ecological degradation. The eutrophication crisis of 2016 and the mass anoxic events of 2019 and 2021, which caused extensive marine die-offs, marked a profound ecological and political rupture. In response, a civic movement led by Teresa Vicente achieved an unprecedented outcome in 2022: the lagoon was granted legal personality, becoming the first ecosystem in Europe to obtain such status. This Element examines the social, legal, and scientific transformations surrounding this case and argues that recognising the lagoon as a subject opens new possibilities for rethinking human–nature relations and imagining more-than-human political communities grounded in ecological justice.
ASL Signbank

ASL Signbank
  • Julie A. Hochgesang
  • Published online:
    15 June 2026
    Print publication:
    30 July 2026
  • Language documentation of the American Sign Language (ASL) communities is essential to preserve and share our language use and interaction, something we cherish. Yet there is no conventionalized written system that can be used, instead we've been using video. Currently these videos are mostly not accessible in a way we can search the contents for language expressions. The ASL Signbank, an empirical-based resource-driven database, labels ASL use in transcripts time-aligned to ASL videos along with a set of annotation conventions to make the data machine-readable. ASL Signbank is a cloud-based annotation tool built over twenty years from the models of extant signbanks and their organizing principles. To create a database requires many choices and ongoing labor which is detailed in this Element - from what ASL Signbank is to why it exists and how to use it. This Element is also a reflection on these choices.
Cultural Memory in the Hebrew Bible

Cultural Memory in the Hebrew Bible
  • Genesis to Kings
  • Ronald Hendel
  • Published online:
    12 June 2026
    Print publication:
    09 July 2026
  • The relationship between the biblical representations of the past and the history of the second and early first millennia BCE is best comprehended by the concept of cultural memory. This volume investigates the dynamics of cultural memory in the Hebrew Bible, with case studies on the ancestors, the Exodus, the conquest, and Solomon and the Queen of Sheba. The texts create a monumental past by a mixture of memory, forgetting, revision, and re-actualization, motivated in various measures by religion, politics, the landscape, ethnic relationships, and cultural self-fashioning. The archaeology of the Levant illuminates the complicated pathways between history and biblical memory.
Wittgenstein on Belief Formation

Wittgenstein on Belief Formation
  • Nuno Venturinha
  • Published online:
    12 June 2026
    Print publication:
    09 July 2026
  • This Element traces the development of Wittgenstein's views on belief formation throughout the different phases of his philosophy. Section 1 concentrates on the Tractarian period, where the sparse references to belief consist primarily of reactions to Russell. The logical purism of the early Wittgenstein led him to reject psychological stances such as those found in Russell's epistemological works. Section 2 explores Wittgenstein's 'middle' period, focusing on his evolving views on belief formation, influenced by his shift to viewing language as a social practice. It addresses key texts, including The Big Typescript and 'Cause and Effect', and links the psychological mechanisms of belief to Wittgenstein's later grammatical investigations in an analysis that extends to his reflections on mathematics and religion. Section 3 reconstructs the intellectual trajectory that would culminate in On Certainty, tracing the influence of Moore and Newman on the range of belief-forming processes Wittgenstein examines in his final writings.
Perceptions of Danger

Perceptions of Danger
  • How Risk Assessments Underpin Attitudes on Crime and Intimate Partner Violence
  • Helen Rabello Kras
  • Published online:
    12 June 2026
    Print publication:
    09 July 2026
  • This Element explores how citizens understand general crime and violence against women, especially intimate partner violence (IPV). Drawing on interdisciplinary literature, this Element makes the case that cognitive heuristics and risk assessments, in particular, shape the way people see crime versus IPV. The central argument is that cognitive heuristics that generate risk perceptions help us understand why the public worries excessively about crime, with important political consequences, while downplaying IPV. This fosters distinct attitudes toward IPV and general crime. Accordingly, this Element sheds light on why victim-blaming is so prevalent in the context of IPV. Using original survey experiments from Brazil and Mexico, the study shows that respondents attribute more responsibility for prevention to the victim for IPV than for general crimes, display optimism bias with acquaintance victimization, and approve different types of policy remedies to deal with general crime and IPV.
How Settlers Shaped Eastern Europe and Scandinavia

How Settlers Shaped Eastern Europe and Scandinavia
  • Economic Development, Regime Change, and State Formation, 800–1800
  • Jonathan Stavnskær Doucette
  • Published online:
    11 June 2026
    Print publication:
    09 July 2026
  • This Element argues that settlers from Western Europe shaped European state formation and transformed the political and economic fate of Eastern Europe and Scandinavia between 800 and 1800. While existing work on European colonization focuses on overseas settlers, and studies of Europe's development tend to concentrate on the continent's western regions, the Element highlights a significant internal wave of settlement from Western to Eastern and Northern Europe. Beginning around 1100 and tapering off after 1400, this settler movement spurred economic development and the spread of local self-government across Eastern Europe and Scandinavia. Settlers also provided institutional templates that local rulers adapted in their efforts to build states. These rulers were increasingly compelled to bargain with politically autonomous and large cities. Over time, the emergence of new states in Eastern Europe intensified geopolitical competition across the continent.
Theory of Mind and Language Development

Theory of Mind and Language Development
  • Silke Brandt
  • Published online:
    11 June 2026
    Print publication:
    09 July 2026
  • This Elements presents a series of studies investigating the relationship between language, Theory of Mind, and other cognitive skills, across different languages and cultures. The first set of studies focuses on longitudinal relationships between English-speaking children's understanding of complement-clause constructions (e.g., The cow knows the sticker is in the red box), mental verbs (e.g., know vs. think), modal verbs (e.g., must vs. might), and Theory of Mind. The second set of studies investigates links between complement-clause constructions, mental verbs, and Theory of Mind in Mandarin Chinese and English. The last study looks at English- and Turkish-speaking children's knowledge of evidentiality, source monitoring, and Theory of Mind. Together, these studies suggest that there are different linguistic tools that enable children to represent and acquire Theory of Mind, and that the availability and choice of these linguistic tools differ across languages and cultures.
Reparations and Redress for Historical Injustice

Reparations and Redress for Historical Injustice
  • Timothy Waligore
  • Published online:
    10 June 2026
    Print publication:
    09 July 2026
  • This Element introduces various justifications for reparations and redress for historical injustice discussed in political theory and philosophy. It examines multiple real-world cases to illustrate and test theories. It is accessible to students and scholars unfamiliar with the field, while providing new arguments for experts in the field, and organizing the debate around reparations in new ways. The Element is divided into four main sections. The first three sections examine different temporal orientations of justice: backward-looking, forward-looking, and structural injustice over time. The fourth section examines Indigenous perspectives and settler colonial theory, which complicate and problematize the temporal orientations and arguments from the other sections. The discussion in this Element is organized around two recurring theses. First, approaches relying on primarily forward-looking justifications could be made more plausible and compelling by incorporating backward-looking elements (and vice versa). Second, past injustice can change what should (publicly) count as justice.
The Disinterested Teacher

The Disinterested Teacher
  • Kandice Chuh
  • Published online:
    10 June 2026
    Print publication:
    09 July 2026
  • In the vital traditions of women of color feminisms, queer of color critique, and aligned projects disidentified from majoritarian worlds, this Element focuses attention on how we continue to work in and with the attenuating conditions of academic life.There is, it suggests, hope to be found, nurtured, and elicited amid the difficulties of the present. This Element does not romanticize or assign nobility or moral purpose to teaching or to scholarly life more broadly. Rather, it elaborates an understanding of teaching as a name for how we go about building collectivities, sensibilities, and social formations organized by and around mutuality, reciprocity, and solidarity. This Element remembers the classroom to be any space dedicated to the work of collectively thinking hard, and one in which we rehearse the forms of relation, social being, and collegiality we wish to proliferate.
Decolonizing Security in East Asia

Decolonizing Security in East Asia
  • Towards Pluriversal Coexistence
  • Chih-yu Shih, Chiung-Chiu Huang, Yih-Jye Hwang
  • Published online:
    09 June 2026
    Print publication:
    09 July 2026
  • Decolonizing Security in East Asia challenges failing sovereign-centric models in the Indo-Pacific. It identifies a 'postcolonial security dilemma' where states camouflage ontological identity anxieties as existential survival discourse to secure Western recognition. The advocacy for an 'Asian NATO' epitomizes this mimicry, institutionalizing rigid binaries that provoke regional friction and invite the very external interventions they claim to deter. While regional groupings such as ASEAN or BRICS attempt to 'delink' from Western hegemony, they often fall into a 'Sovereign Sensibility Trap.' By hyper-fixating on sovereign equality, they ironically reproduce colonial logic, inviting fragmentation and marginalizing local peace. Moving beyond state-centrism, this Element proposes 'pluriversal coexistence' as a radical alternative. Through subaltern sites and grassroots vignettes, it demonstrates how security is found in relational, nonbinary practices rather than rigid borders. This Element provides a transformative framework for moving beyond the colonial architectures currently fracturing East Asian security.
Russian Grand Strategy

Russian Grand Strategy
  • The Quest for Major Power Status and a Multipolar World Order
  • Ivan U. Kłyszcz
  • Published online:
    09 June 2026
    Print publication:
    09 July 2026
  • Why has Russia embraced a global foreign policy after 1991, despite its limitations when compared to the Soviet Union? What distinguishes the current moment from the long-standing Russian quest for major power status is the particular grand strategy adopted by Moscow since the mid-1990s. Here, the grand strategy is labelled as 'multipolarity', and it consists of a series of grand principles that reflect Russia's views on the roles of major powers, the West, and itself. In turn, the specific ways deployed have changed and adapted according to the changing circumstances in which Moscow's foreign policy is deployed. Notably, Russia differentiates in the means used in relations with its neighbours, with the major powers, and with the broader world, but all together are meant to reinforce the goals of Russian multipolarity.
God and the Problem of Scepticism

God and the Problem of Scepticism
  • J. L. Aijian
  • Published online:
    09 June 2026
    Print publication:
    02 July 2026
  • Contemporary debates about faith and scepticism are best understood by tracing the development of our current assumptions back to their historical roots. Scepticism, particularly in the west, has its foundation in Socrates' famous claim that his knowledge of his own ignorance made him the wisest of men. Socrates' intellectual humility was then translated into the Christian philosophical tradition, where it came into contact with the doctrines of divine revelation and original sin. This Element will select key historical figures to illustrate the impact that belief in God has had on how we assess the claims of scepticism, and on how scepticism impacts belief in God.
Urban Life and Form in Ancient Egypt

Urban Life and Form in Ancient Egypt
  • Nadine Moeller
  • Published online:
    09 June 2026
    Print publication:
    09 July 2026
  • Taking into account archaeological and written sources, Egypt's urban past is remarkably evident throughout the pharaonic period, as can be demonstrated by a selection of relevant examples. There is also evidence of some unusual forms of towns and cities that do not readily fit into the common categories associated with urbanism. This Element aims to introduce ancient Egyptian urban society and form based on a theoretical framework that uses urban dimensions and attributes. This multi-faceted approach offers a degree of flexibility that is helpful for such an investigation because it can be adapted to the incomplete nature of the available evidence, which theories based on modern urbanism often lack. Additionally, it is important to highlight both commonalities and culture-specific traits of urban manifestations during the pharaonic period, which encompasses almost 3000 years. This longevity provides an exceptional opportunity to follow long-term trajectories and changes.
Analogical Reasoning in Science

Analogical Reasoning in Science
  • Francesco Nappo, Giovanni Valente
  • Published online:
    08 June 2026
    Print publication:
    02 July 2026
  • When faced with a difficult problem or limited information about a novel domain, how do scientists advance their research? As historians of science have widely noted, one strategy common to the natural and the social sciences is to make use of analogy. Formulating hypotheses about an unknown system construed by analogy with what is observed in a more familiar system has repeatedly proven to be a source of discoveries. But what makes analogy such a useful tool for scientific inquiry? Although early reflections trace back to Aristotle, the question of the exact role of analogy in science remains an outstanding one in contemporary philosophy of science. This Element aims to clarify the main epistemological questions at stake and why seemingly obvious answers to them do not survive scrutiny. We provide an overview of the current debate and summarize insights from relevant case studies in the natural and social sciences.
Slavery in Capitalism

Slavery in Capitalism
  • A Deep History
  • Tâmis Parron
  • Published online:
    08 June 2026
    Print publication:
    02 July 2026
  • The enslavement of Africans in the Americas profoundly shaped the continent's demography, cultures, languages, and legal systems, playing a decisive role in modern economic growth and the rise of industrial capitalism. Yet, its historical interpretation remains contested. One view sees modern slavery as beginning with the transatlantic slave trade, disconnecting it from earlier traditions in Europe, Africa, and Asia. Another claims slavery is a universal institution, unchanged across millennia. Moving beyond this dichotomy, the book offers a new framework for the study of Black slavery in the Americas. It situates slavery within a broader and older human geography: a world region of enslavement that dates back to the deep historical formation of the Mediterranean basin. By tracing the emergence of modern slavery from within this ancient system, the book sheds new light on its conditions of existence, collapse, and reconfiguration up to the present day.

Page 13 of 138