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2755 results in Cambridge Elements

Page 9 of 138

Views of Roman History

Views of Roman History
  • William Whitehead’s The Roman Father and Historical Culture in Eighteenth-Century Britain
  • Leo Shipp
  • Published online:
    13 July 2026
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    31 August 2026
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  • William Whitehead's The Roman Father (1750) was the most prominent Roman play in late eighteenth-century Britain, and highly revealing of how Britons engaged with Roman history. This Element begins by surveying all eighteenth-century Roman plays, and shows that they focused on what it calls 'the transhistorical Roman character', typically set against a more historically-specific depiction of Rome. It proceeds to explore The Roman Father's text, reviews, performance history, and links to other aspects of historical culture. It argues that, of the three attitudes to history present in eighteenth-century Britain – the exemplary, historicist, and sentimentalist – all three were active in the theatrical context, but took genre-specific forms. Nonetheless, the changing attitudes visible in the theatre between 1750 and 1800 testify to changing attitudes to Roman history outside the theatre too: the decline of the exemplary attitude and the transhistorical Roman character, and the increasing prevalence of historicism and sentimentalism.
The Refugee Trap

The Refugee Trap
  • The Economics of Displacement
  • Alexander Betts, Naohiko Omata, Jade Siu, Olivier Sterck
  • Published online:
    13 July 2026
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    13 August 2026
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  • Refugee movements are one of the defining issues of the Twenty-First Century. But what difference does it actually make to be a refugee? To what extent are refugees economically distinctive compared to citizens or other groups of migrants? Drawing upon original data collected in camps and cities across East Africa, The Refugee Trap shows that becoming a refugee changes the economic constraints people face in important ways; they confront a series of poverty traps that make them systematically worse off compared to citizens. These relate to trauma, dispossession, uprootedness, and rights. By understanding the mechanisms underlying these traps, we can in turn identify the policy interventions needed to support restoration, and thereby address the sources of economic disadvantage that result from forced displacement. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Deescalating a Trade War

Deescalating a Trade War
  • Strategies of Reciprocation amid US-China Great Power Competition
  • Kai Quek, Eddy S. F. Yeung
  • Published online:
    13 July 2026
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    13 August 2026
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  • Reciprocation is central to conflict deescalation. How a country reciprocates-and how its domestic public and international rival respond to its reciprocation-can play an important role in shaping the trajectory of conflicts. Moving beyond conventional understandings in international relations that focus on balanced reciprocity between states, we propose two additional general forms of reciprocation: semi-reciprocity (reciprocation perceivably less than received) and super-reciprocity (more than received). We situate our theory in a hard case for deescalation, the US-China trade war, where relative-gains concerns are salient amid great power rivalry. Employing novel dyadic experiments that capture strategic interactions between states, we show, for the first time, how different strategies of reciprocation shape the domestic feasibilities of deescalation. The findings reveal how different forms and sequences of reciprocation shape the prospect of rapprochement, shedding light on the public dynamics underlying different pathways of deescalating a trade war that has profoundly impacted the world.
The Diarist in <i>Stages on Life's Way</i>

The Diarist in Stages on Life's Way
  • Kevin Hoffman
  • Published online:
    13 July 2026
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    31 August 2026
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  • Kierkegaard's Stages on Life's Way belongs to what by 1845 can be understood as the romantic tradition, itself containing members related by both blood and adoption to those in the Christian tradition. By far the greatest portion of this Element is devoted to the portrait of an ethically enervated, anonymous troubadour turned troglodyte whose peculiar diary is accidentally found locked in a box with the key inside at the bottom of a pond. To bring up and out what animates this central character, the initial portions of stages on the despairing ambivalence of a group of tipsy bachelors and the pedantic moralizing of an anonymous husband unfold the interpersonal ideals at play in pursuit of a meaningful life all told. Following suit, the diary recounts a troubled love affair, which is, as Kierkegaard says elsewhere, 'always a usable theme in relation to what it means to exist.'
The Muslim World in International Relations

The Muslim World in International Relations
  • Discourse, Power, and Pluralism in Global Politics
  • Sefa Secen, Turan Kayaoglu
  • Published online:
    13 July 2026
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    13 August 2026
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  • Does the 'Muslim World' signify a geopolitical bloc, a civilizational unit, or a theological ideal? This Element interrogates the concept of the Muslim World as a persistent yet under-theorized category in International Relations (IR). Although widely invoked in policy discourse, academic literature, and public debate, the term often functions as a geopolitical shorthand that essentializes Muslim-majority societies and obscures their internal diversity. Rather than accepting or rejecting the term outright, this Element offers a critical reconstruction. Drawing on constructivist IR theory, postcolonial studies, and Islamic intellectual traditions, we reconceptualize the Muslim World as a transnational public sphere shaped by shared debates, symbols, institutions, and histories that generate varying degrees of referential coherence across societies. By treating the Muslim World as historically contingent, internally plural, and relational rather than fixed or monolithic, this Element advances the agenda of Global IR and the project of 'worlding beyond the West.'
History of the Humanities

History of the Humanities
  • A New Field of Study
  • Herman Paul
  • Published online:
    13 July 2026
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    13 August 2026
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  • This Element is a newcomer's guide to the history of the humanities. Surveying the types of work in which historians of the humanities engage, it shows that (1) they expand horizons by inviting scholars to look beyond their own discipline; (2) they tell stories that provide historical answers to the question of what the humanities are; (3) they trace origins by explaining where the humanities come from; (4) they provide direction by suggesting what the humanities might do in times of 'crisis'; and (5) they address challenges, such as tensions between methods, viewpoints, and vocabularies. Mapping current trends and identifying areas for future research, this Element offers both a state-of-the-art survey and a rationale for examining the humanities through historical lenses.
The Poet-Physician

The Poet-Physician
  • George Crabbe and Medicine
  • Yimon Lo
  • Published online:
    13 July 2026
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    31 August 2026
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  • This Element offers the first comprehensive study of George Crabbe's engagement with medical thought and practice in his poetry. Drawing on his interest in illness, care, and healing as a trained physician, surgeon, apothecary, and obstetrician, it addresses how his medical expertise and awareness inform his assessment of social problems, his perspective on the role of a poet, and his views on education and religion. The study examines the intersection between Crabbe's poetic achievement and medical discourse in advancing humanist healing for mind and soul, and explores how his verse registers systemic and ethical issues surrounding poverty, addiction, intoxication, and madness through an unsentimental and truthful style. By tracing the moral and social implications of the connection between medical vision and poetic philosophy, it recovers Crabbe as a significant poet-physician of the long eighteenth century and invites renewed attention to the cultural work of his poetry in health and medicine.
Textual Genealogies and Shakespeare's History Plays

Textual Genealogies and Shakespeare's History Plays
  • Gary Taylor, John V. Nance
  • Published online:
    13 July 2026
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    20 August 2026
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  • This Element reconsiders the historical, theoretical, racial, ableist, and editorial problem of genealogy by analyzing to-be-spoken genealogies in two plays in the 1623 Shakespeare First Folio: the 'Salic Law' speech in Henry V and the 'seven sons' scene in Henry VI, Part Two. Both passages also exist in a significantly variant version in The Chronicle history of Henry the fift (1600) and The First Part of the Contention (1594). The differences between the two versions of the biological/bloodline genealogy have been central to the long-dominant theory of 'bad quartos'. That theory assumes that early modern chroniclers and playwrights shared the values of modern archival historians: they assume that Shakespeare prioritized accuracy over acting. The authors offer an alternative reading of genealogies written to be performed onstage as 'documentary effects', adapted for changing audiences in a new multimedia entertainment industry. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Effect-Driven Interpretation

Effect-Driven Interpretation
  • Functors for Natural Language Composition
  • Dylan Bumford, Simon Charlow
  • Coming soon
  • Expected online publication date:
    July 2026
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    31 August 2026
  • Computer programs are often factored into pure components - simple, total functions from inputs to outputs - and components that may have side effects - errors, changes to memory, parallel threads, abortion of the current loop, and so on. In this Element, the authors make the case that human languages are similarly organized around the give and pull of pure values and impure processes, and show how denotational techniques from computer science can be leveraged to support elegant and illuminating analyses of semantic composition in natural language.
Why Do Corporations Exist?

Why Do Corporations Exist?
  • Jang-Sup Shin
  • Published online:
    10 July 2026
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    06 August 2026
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  • Corporations are the engine of the modern economy, yet public debates are ideologically polarized between two extremes-shareholder value theory and stakeholder theory-and the real workings of corporations and their contributions to society are obscured. This book attempts to break the shackles of these two ideologies. It starts from the 'Two Corporate Axioms' that any reasonably well-informed person should accept, i.e., the dominance of corporations and the existence of market competition. It then derives the 'Eight Corporate Theorems' as logical extensions of the axioms and, based on these theorems, re-examines major issues surrounding corporations, including their purpose and governance. To make this construct more realistic, the book weaves the theorems into the story of an imaginary AI company, starting as a venture company and expanding eventually into a multi-planetary enterprise. This book concludes by offering a vision of the corporation as a long-term community for co-prosperity.
The Logic of Group Voting

The Logic of Group Voting
  • How Ethnic Group Characteristics Impact Bloc Voting across Political Institutions
  • Paul Friesen
  • Published online:
    10 July 2026
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    06 August 2026
  • While the politicization of ethnic identities is readily observed around the world, a generalized understanding of what makes members of a particular group more likely to coordinate their votes towards a single party or candidate remains elusive. This Element scrutinizes voting patterns at the social group level based on individual-level survey data and controlling for country-level variables across 115 countries. The findings highlight how the characteristics of ethnic groups, especially size and crosscutting patterns, interact within political institutions. Three group-level characteristics are especially influential to bloc voting – stronger geographic concentration, greater internal alignment of group members across other identity dimensions, and groups whose members are more distinctive across identity dimensions compared to the broader population. When analyzed across political institutions, the highest rates of bloc voting occur among small groups with low crosscutting in permissive settings and medium groups with low crosscutting in restrictive settings.
Teachers as AI Developers

Teachers as AI Developers
  • Qinghua Chen, Yiqi Liu, Angel M.Y. Lin
  • Coming soon
  • Expected online publication date:
    July 2026
    Print publication:
    31 August 2026
  • The dominance of commercial AI in education has created a paradox: while these tools promise transformation, they perpetuate dependency, financial barriers, and environmental unsustainability. This Element challenges the 'technical mystique', the misconception that AI development requires expertise beyond educators' reach, and demonstrates how teachers can become creators rather than consumers of educational technology. The authors chronicle their transformation from linguists and educators to AI developers without formal computer science training, illustrating how the technical barriers educators face are often more perceived than real. Through detailed case studies, including an AI-assisted Dialogue System (ADS) for multilingual nurse-patient training and assessment, they demonstrate how teachers can leverage AI coding assistants, browser-based models, and open-source resources to develop pedagogically tailored applications. This title is also available as open access on Cambridge Core.
Stillbirth

Stillbirth
  • Uma M. Reddy, Christy Gandhi
  • Published online:
    09 July 2026
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    13 August 2026
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  • Stillbirth, especially unpredicted losses in the antepartum period defined as intrauterine fetal demise after twenty weeks gestation, remains sadly a too common event during pregnancy. Dr. Gandhi and Professor Reddy detail the epidemiology and review the impact of proactive interventions both in preparation for and during pregnancy to lower stillbirth rates. The clinical management of a pregnancy affected by this tragedy. The authors address a growing understanding of causes seen clinically and those unseen (e.g. genetic abnormalities, viral infection, fetal hypoxia in a normally grown fetus, etc). The detailed approach to stillbirth during the index pregnancy seeks to maximize the discovery of the underlying causes to provide solace to the grieving family and to prepare for any additions to prenatal care for any subsequent pregnancies.
Theory of the Counterinsurgent Girl

Theory of the Counterinsurgent Girl
  • Molly Geidel
  • Published online:
    09 July 2026
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    31 August 2026
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  • This Element theorizes the emergence of the girl as the ideal subject of Western imperialist power. Feminist anti-imperialist scholars have long argued that imperialism operates through the global North's claim to be the savior of voiceless, victimized women and girls in the global South. However, during the global war on terrorism, the military and development organizations of the global North shifted their practices and rhetoric in response to the popularization of this feminist anti-imperialist critique. Focusing on this key historical shift, Theory of the Counterinsurgent Girl argues that hegemonic Western cultural and military strategies have moved away from 'saving' women to 'empowering' girls, in keeping with the neoliberal emphasis on individual resilience and agency. This Element traces the rise to dominance of the figure of the agential girl, analyzing how she has been incorporated into decision-making, securitizing, and policing operations as both a surveillance tool and a social justice goal.
AI Schools and the New Child Labor

AI Schools and the New Child Labor
  • Kenneth J. Saltman
  • Published online:
    08 July 2026
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    13 August 2026
  • This Element analyzes the expansion of artificial intelligence in schooling as the emergence of a new form of child labor. The first section theorizes digital educational privatization, demonstrating how AI platforms extract value from student activity by converting learning into data production, extending standards-and-accountability reforms, deskilling teachers, and normalizing surveillance. The second section examines the rise of AI schools, focusing on Alpha School as a case through which teacher labor is automated, corporate culture is installed as pedagogy, and schooling is reorganized around profit, techno-utopianism, and anti-democratic assumptions. The third section explores the possibilities and limits of critical AI education. While arguing that AI systems cannot themselves enact critical pedagogy, it identifies conditions under which digital technologies may be repurposed to support critical and democratic education. Drawing on activist and investigative projects such as Forensic Architecture, the book argues for teachers as cultural workers capable of developing technological practices that resist labor extraction and expand critical, public, and democratic education.
The Financial Drivers of Populism in Europe

The Financial Drivers of Populism in Europe
  • Luigi Guiso, Massimo Morelli, Tommaso Sonno, Helios Herrera
  • Published online:
    08 July 2026
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    06 August 2026
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  • This Element argues that the 2008 financial crisis marked a turning point for populism in Europe by extending economic insecurity to the middle class. As insecurity spread, trust in institutions and markets declined, bringing a large new group of disillusioned voters into the political arena. The authors show that this expansion of middle-class anxiety accounts for a substantial share of the rise in populist voting. The political impact was strongest in countries with limited fiscal space, where governments lacked credible tools to cushion economic losses. As voters' demand for protection grew, both new and established parties adjusted their platforms, with populist and protectionist positions becoming more prominent. Using a novel empirical strategy based on differences in occupational exposure to financial constraints, the authors identify the causal effect of crisis-driven insecurity and explain why populism has persisted in European politics. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Gothic Masculinities in the Victorian Age

Gothic Masculinities in the Victorian Age
  • Ruth Heholt, Mariaconcetta Costantini
  • Published online:
    08 July 2026
    Print publication:
    30 July 2026
  • Gothic Masculinities in the Victorian Age explores masculinity and the Gothic in the literature of the long nineteenth century. In recent criticism masculinity in the Gothic is most usually discussed as being fractured, unstable, and threatened. Gothic Masculinities examines this fragmentation of gendered identity, but it also considers other types of arguments and representations of men in Gothic literature. The Gothic (genre and mode) is multiple, shifting, changing, multifaceted, and intertextual, and there are significant differences in the types of masculinity depicted. This Element examines the myth and deconstruction of an idealised conception of one whole, unified, hegemonically powerful masculinity, but it also examines some of the many other identities available within the practices of masculinity. The Gothic has always allowed space for subversion and the unconventional and Gothic Masculinities explores and celebrates some unexpected representations of men and their many different and sometimes surprising forms of masculine identity.
Submarine Cables

Submarine Cables
  • Samuel Bashfield
  • Published online:
    08 July 2026
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    06 August 2026
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  • How and why are key Indo-Pacific states adapting respective foreign and defence policies to secure submarine cable networks amid heightened Sino-US network-based competition? States are driven to control submarine cable networks as these infrastructures transmit information between continents and islands, traverse vulnerable maritime zones, and constrict data through limited chokepoints. China's Digital Silk Road has challenged Western submarine cable dominance, prompting a suite of countermeasures by Western states individually and in coalition. This Element posits a nodes-flows-production typology to illustrate how states are attempting to control connectivity nodes, secure transmission flows and dominate production. The analysis highlights how states are pursuing central network positions to mitigate vulnerability – but this structural competition risks enabling weaponisation. This microcosm of network-based competition reveals how the contest to control submarine cable infrastructure is defining contemporary great power rivalry and re-wiring the Indo-Pacific's arteries. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Making Sense of Economic Change

Making Sense of Economic Change
  • Intentionality, Action Plans, and Evolution
  • Félix-Fernando Muñoz
  • Published online:
    07 July 2026
    Print publication:
    06 August 2026
  • Intentionality is a key constituent of human action in a world of pervasive uncertainty and provisional knowledge. Intentionality provides meaning to the action plans of the agents that interact within a socioeconomic system. Social interaction produces orders that, although more than the sum of individual actions, acquire direction imprinted by the intentional content and structure of the courses of action of the individuals and organizations that interact within the system. Although many of the consequences of interaction may be unintended and even opposite to agents' intentions, the evolution of the system is not entirely blind. Explaining why and how this can be so is the purpose of this Element.
Decolonising Research Practices in Education

Decolonising Research Practices in Education
  • Kincentric and Relational Methodologies
  • Paul Meighan
  • Published online:
    07 July 2026
    Print publication:
    06 August 2026
  • This Element explores kincentric and relational methodologies for decolonising educational research. While Indigenous methodologies emphasise decoloniality, relational accountability, and kinship, mainstream research often neglects these principles. Addressing this gap, it introduces Dùthchas ‒ an Indigenous Gaelic concept of kinship, interconnectedness, and ethical responsibility ‒ as a kincentric, relational methodology. Drawing on research with Anishinaabe and Gaelic community members and broader Indigenous scholarship, the Element interrogates dominant paradigms and reframes data collection, analysis, and dissemination as knowledge gathering, generation, and sharing. It advocates participatory, community-led design and Indigenous-informed analytic approaches, such as Anishinaabe Bizindam (deep listening) and Càirdeas (Gaelic kinship), grounded in researcher positionality and reflexivity. Practical guidance is provided for implementing kincentric and relational methodologies, while respecting Indigenous data sovereignty and cultural protocols. By bridging Indigenous and non-Indigenous traditions, it offers theoretical insights and a framework for decolonising research practices.

Page 9 of 138