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This Element documents the life trajectories of Cambodian English users from rural, low socioeconomic backgrounds, and their experiences with the English language in a variety of contexts. Studies on English in Cambodia have, to date, focused primarily on elite users in urban contexts, largely overlooking the use of English at the grassroots level, such as among the lower and working classes, despite the fact that English has appeared to make inroads across all levels of Cambodian society in recent decades. The stories of individuals whose voices tend to be excluded from mainstream academic discourse are thus featured in this Element, providing a fresh glimpse into the sociolinguistic realities at the Cambodian grassroots – and the significant impact that English has had on the lives of such individuals.
The analysis of newly or recently emerged grammatical and lexical forms in Colloquial Singapore English is the main objective of this Element. Using corpus, survey, and interview data from different age groups, we shed light on the spread of language change across generations and ethnicities. Existing descriptions of CSE as a high-contact L1 variety of English in the late stages of endonormative stabilisation do not fully capture Singapore's continued multilingual ecology: source languages remain in active use alongside CSE, enabling ongoing cross-linguistic influence. Innovative uses resulting from contact can be observed in apparent and real time. In this volume, we use a range of sources to look at recent changes in the lexicon and grammar of CSE, pointing to a dynamic variety that is difficult to fully capture with existing models of variation. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
In the social media era, people and organizations increasingly fight over the public's attention. This competition is especially intense in American presidential campaigns. As someone who used attention-grabbing strategies throughout his career, Donald Trump's communication skills were well suited to this environment. His campaigns illustrate the power and limits of attention-grabbing campaign tactics. While he successfully dominated the public's attention in his presidential campaigns, people consistently consumed more negative than positive information about him. Additionally, in this era, the campaign media system and the public continue to focus on incumbent performance, resisting efforts to change the subject. Finally, the editorial decisions that prestigious news outlets make about what to cover still seem to shape which stories people hear about in the crucial final weeks of the campaign. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Heidegger characterizes the history and essence of metaphysics as ontotheological. Ontotheology concentrates on the being of entities and conceives of this being in two interdependent ways. First, as common to all entities, being serves as the ontological ground for their coherence and intelligibility. Second, being is understood theologically, that is, by recourse to a highest entity that both exemplifies what is common to entities and serves as the causal foundation of entities and their being. Heidegger often speaks of an ontological difference, but what interests him is not simply the difference between entities and their being but what enables us to make this distinction in the first place, that is, being itself. Notoriously, Heidegger accuses the philosophical tradition of neglecting this non-ontotheological, enabling condition. This Element reconstructs and critiques Heidegger's conception of metaphysics as ontotheological. It then examines his non-ontotheological understanding of being itself, God, and divinity.
Introduces the concept of legacy-making: future-oriented actions and ideation concerning the material and environmental effects that humans leave behind with reference to their eventual demise. Interviews conducted in Italy, Sweden, South Korea, and the United States are drawn upon to illuminate material-environmental relationalities and entanglements constructed through everyday legacy-making practices. Material and environmental legacies are made by people within the small worlds of their environments and kinship structures, yet they are also connected to the small world of shared global practices and processes that engender the biggest challenges of our time: socio-economic inequalities, environmental degradation, and climate change. This title is also available as open access on Cambridge Core.
Cancer is increasingly recognized as a complex, multidimensional social experience rather than purely a physical or biological disease. This, in turn, highlights the role of communication in cancer-related 'work' such as seeking and receiving a diagnosis, managing disclosure, and incorporating treatment and recovery into everyday life. Although an extensive body of work examining cancer and communication has investigated some of this complexity, the experiences of migrant women in Asia are currently underexplored. In this Element, I argue that the complexity of cancer diagnosis and disclosure for this group can be usefully examined from a perspective of intercultural communication. To support this argument, I investigate instances of intercultural communication that unfolded in a series of focus groups with Filipino migrant domestic workers diagnosed with cancer in Hong Kong.
Shakespeare and Blended Learning charts a distinctive perspective in Shakespeare pedagogy that connects best practices of in-classroom activity to those of online learning. A blended approach to Shakespeare, we argue, stands to make his works more engaging, accessible, and relevant to students in the digital age. Drawing on established evidence-based research and best practices in blended pedagogy, course design, and assessment, and applying them to a range of plays including Hamlet, King Lear, The Winter's Tale, Twelfth Night, and 1 Henry 4, we contend that teaching Shakespeare does not demand a choice between in-person and online learning but rather maximizes engaged student learning by combining the two. This book will appeal to readers who wish to update an extant course with dynamic digital approaches or who seek more formalized, sustained training on how to teach Shakespeare with technology.
The mathematisation of economics took place in three different ways, each based on an image of mathematics that was endorsed by a practice of mathematisation and which remained the dominant image until another image became dominant. The first dominant image was that of mathematics as a science of forms, which was embraced in the 1920s by the early econometric programme of scientisation. The resulting methodology was the modelling style developed at MIT in the 1940s and 1950s. The next dominant image was that of mathematics as a science of structure. It was introduced into economics by von Neumann and opened the door for Bourbaki mathematics which set the standards for mathematical rigour. The image of algorithms entered economics through research into decision making under uncertainty. By turning the decisionmaker into a 'representative agent' who takes decisions at a macro-level, this approach reshaped macroeconomic analysis in the 1970s and 1980s.
Existing perspectives suggest that waves of rural unrest arise as responses to economic and environmental shocks. We propose an integrated framework, grounded in the literature on interest group politics and state-society relations, to explain the dynamics of rural protests by commercial farmers and peasants in democracies during periods of disruptive and rapid change. Focusing empirically on South America during the 2000s agricultural boom, we argue that contentious collective action under democratic rule during shocks is a costly political strategy shaped by access to connections in formal policymaking arenas and the cohesiveness of organizations representing farmer and peasant interests. To substantiate our argument, we conduct within- and cross-case comparisons of Argentina and Paraguay, employing a mix of primary and secondary evidence, and incorporating shadow cases from Brazil and Bolivia.
The rapid integration of generative AI (GenAI) tools into higher education (HE) presents both transformative opportunities and pressing challenges, particularly in English-medium education (EME) classrooms. While GenAI tools offer innovative possibilities for enhancing instruction, assessment, and learner autonomy, they also raise concerns about the erosion of meaningful language and content learning experiences through over-automation and excessive reliance on algorithmic output without involving students' thinking process. This Element offers a timely, practitioner-focused exploration of how GenAI tools can be thoughtfully integrated into both language and content-subject teaching while addressing key threats GenAI poses within EME contexts. The Element does not seek to promote the uncritical adoption of GenAI into HE but instead offers a pragmatic way forward that recognises the essential role of agentic teachers in supporting student content and language learning. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
This Element examines book consumption practices of Gen Z (born 1997–2012), a generation whose formative years coincided with the internet, smartphones, and social media-digital ecosystems that transformed book discovery, consumption, and social identification. Drawing on two nationally representative US surveys (2025, n=2000; 2022, n=2075), the authors investigate paradoxical tensions in Gen Z reading: preference for print despite reliance on digital discovery mechanisms, dissonance between reader identity and actual behaviors, and evolving attitudes toward piracy and AI. The analysis reveals how Gen Z's reading practices exist within multimodal media environments with increasingly permeable format boundaries. This generation navigates a complex landscape spanning traditional bookstores to digital-only providers, where discovery is shaped by algorithms, peer influence, cross-media storytelling, and differential trust in information sources. These findings have significant implications for publishers, educators, and cultural institutions engaging young readers in fragmented media environments.
Egypt and the Levant witnessed complex transformations across the Bronze Age. Beyond the rise and collapse of powerful cities and states were the long-distance connectivities that enabled the movements of people and animals, and the interlinked exchanges of commodities and ideas. By the Late Bronze Age, these connectivities exhibited markers of globalisation. This Element considers how such markers emerged and developed in the preceding centuries. Focusing on the third to mid-second millennium BCE, it brings together recent research on socio-political developments and cross-cultural interactions to give an overview of the transforming networks linking Old to early New Kingdom Egypt and EB III to LB I Levantine communities. In doing so, the Element incorporates approaches that move away from imperialist structures of exchange to consider how dynamic networks were negotiated and maintained across periods of socio-political change.
By building knowledge in a deliberate and systematic manner, we can gain a more complete understanding of a given research area relevant to corpus linguists. Specifically, empirically informed hypotheses (i.e., hypotheses that result from a synthesis of findings from all relevant prior studies) play a key role in this endeavor in that they enable us to test to what extent generalizations from previous research are consistent with our results, or if we need to make adjustments to our existing knowledge or theory. In this Element, we aim to provide a practical and accessible introduction to select statistical methods for evaluating such empirically informed hypotheses. In particular, we illustrate techniques from the broader null-hypothesis significance testing framework (e.g., equivalence testing), and structural equation modeling framework (e.g., measured variable path analysis), with the goal of encouraging knowledge building in a more principled and systematic manner in corpus linguistics.
This Element investigates how selected postcolonial African writers have adapted or rather reshaped historical sources for dramatic compositions. The writers and works the author focuses on are: Wole Soyinka (Death and the King's Horseman, 1975), Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o with Micere Githae Mugo (The Trial of Dedan Kimathi, 1976), Ebrahim Hussein (Kinjeketile, 1970), and Effiong Johnson (Not Without Bones, 2000.) Their reading of the plays emphasizes their status as postcolonial texts and not just works of African literature. In doing so, the Element is mindful of the fact that postcolonialism has inevitably involved the conceptualization of non-Western modes of thought as a means of challenging the West. The author's central argument is that the selected postcolonial African authors use artistic licence to rewrite colonial history from below, transforming historical trauma into counter‑narratives that restore agency, dignity, and futurity to the oppressed.
This Element introduces the reader to the fascinating world of magical rituals performed in the ancient Near East and ancient Israel. It is designed for a diverse audience of professionals, students, and general readers. It surveys the definitions and history of research on magic in the ancient world, delineates the chronological and geographical boundaries of the ancient Near East, and details the pertinent sources of information. The Element distinguishes between different types of magical rituals and identifies their aims, beneficiaries, performers, and procedures. It sheds fresh light on the mechanics of ritual performance in the ancient Near East and explicates the rationales that guided it.
Across history, lotteries were used in political selection to combat corruption, ideological polarization, and inequity in access to governance. Today, democracy seems to be facing similar challenges – are lotteries a potential solution? This Element responds to recent calls to incorporate lotteries in democracy, by analyzing historical cases of their use. We focus on the rationale behind and benefits of lotteries – to prevent elite capture, equalize access to power, and improve deliberation – and then the details of their implementation. Drawing on academic research, our chapters analyze the use of lottery-based selection in pre-modern Greece and medieval Florence, and present original micro-level empirical data on lottery-based selection in the construction of the 1848 Danish constitution and in parliaments in 19th century Europe. We conclude with a discussion of how these analyses inform the use of lotteries in modern day governance. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
This work challenges the conventional understanding of social arenas as merely gateways to traditional political participation, arguing that they function as independent political arenas where citizens exercise political agency. Using LAPOP data from 18 Latin American countries, the authors show that participation in social arenas has distinct demographic correlates relative to electoral participation, with higher levels of engagement among women, indigenous peoples, and individuals with lower levels of formal education. They also identify an "inclusion paradox": social arenas incorporate groups that face barriers in traditional political spaces. Yet, because this inclusion comes partly from exclusion, participation in some of these social arenas correlates with lower support for democracy. Case studies from Guatemala, Peru, and Chile illustrate how participation in social arenas has led to significant political changes. Our findings contribute to political participation theory by illustrating how citizens engage politically across diverse arenas.
Since Wittgenstein's death in 1951, readers have advanced numerous claims about his philosophy's political significance. Some take his philosophy to have a conservative or reactionary bent; others take it to have a relativistic leaning; yet others associate it with classical liberalism, neo-liberalism, or Marxism. The Political Wittgenstein surveys this terrain in four chapter-length narratives about the development of distinct views of the political significance of Wittgenstein's thought. This Element offers a thorough introduction to the question of a Wittgensteinian approach to political thought. It simultaneously makes a case for reading Wittgenstein's philosophy as, at base, political, liberating and pressingly pertinent.
There is increasing evidence for the intergenerational decline of religiosity across many different countries: religious beliefs, behaviours, and identities of parents are not being passed on to their children. This Element surveys the psychological and sociological research on the intergenerational transmission of religion, focussing on the factors that influence it. After introducing the topic in Section 1, Section 2 describes the methods used to study intergenerational transmission. Section 3 argues that the religious decline in recent decades is mainly due to intergenerational changes, as distinct from ageing or historical period effects. Section 4 examines societal and social factors, including national context, peers, education, religious communities, and the Internet. Section 5 focusses on parents, who are the most important agents of religious socialisation. Section 6 draws lessons from religious minorities, highly religious families, and also nonreligious families. Section 7 offers some practical conclusions for parents, and suggests directions for future research.