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2523 results in Cambridge Elements

Page 6 of 127

Psychological Network Analyses and Directed Acyclic Graphs Tutorial for Developmental and Educational Science

Psychological Network Analyses and Directed Acyclic Graphs Tutorial for Developmental and Educational Science
  • Xin Tang, Jindong Zhang, Yuyang Zhang, Hye Rin Lee
  • Coming soon
  • Expected online publication date:
    May 2026
    Print publication:
    31 May 2026
  • Psychological Network Analysis (PNA) has emerged as a powerful tool for understanding the complex interplay of constructs in developmental and educational sciences. Unlike traditional models that assume relationships among variables arise from latent factors, PNA conceptualizes them as dynamic systems of interacting components. This tutorial introduces PNA's theoretical foundations, key concepts (e.g., nodes, edges, network structures), and its methodological applications using cross-sectional, longitudinal, intensive, and cohort data. Through step-by-step guidance and real-world examples, we illustrate how PNA can capture developmental changes, reveal causal structures using Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAGs), and support developmental and educational research. Special emphasis is given to practical implementation using R, including network estimation, accuracy testing, and visualization. By equipping researchers with the necessary tools to construct and interpret psychological networks, this chapter provides a comprehensive framework for leveraging PNA to explore the multifaceted relationships shaping learning, motivation, and social-emotional development.
Policy Experiments

Policy Experiments
  • A View From Elsewhere
  • Sebastián Ureta
  • Coming soon
  • Expected online publication date:
    May 2026
    Print publication:
    31 May 2026
  • This Element introduces a new conceptualization of policy experiments. Beyond their mainstream understanding as randomized trials, policy experiments are seen as speculative instances for testing innovative policy instruments to address public concerns. Drawing on Science and Technology Studies, this conception of policy experiments comprises four interrelated processes. First, there is an encounter with a charismatic foreign policy instrument, generating imaginaries of future success. Second, a local issue is problematized, presenting the instrument as its ultimate solution. Third, an experimental mesocosm is assembled to test this problematization empirically. Finally, evaluations of this test are conducted, usually leading to further experiments. The book exemplifies these processes with case studies from Chile, a world leader in policy experimentation in the last decades. The ongoing troubles of public governance worldwide prompt us to conclude by arguing for careful modes of policy experimentation, more tentative, ethical, and inclusive forms of acting in our fragile worlds.
Thinking Traumatic Histories

Thinking Traumatic Histories
  • Zachary Riebeling
  • Coming soon
  • Expected online publication date:
    May 2026
    Print publication:
    31 May 2026
  • This Element investigates the challenges and possibilities of writing histories of trauma. Interpreting trauma as not only an event but also as an analytical framework and an apparatus for working on suffering, it explores how the historiography of trauma intersects with pressing matters of postcolonialism, historical subjectivity, and modernity. It is designed to illuminate the pressing theoretical matters that histories of trauma touch upon, whether explicitly or implicitly. Drawing from histories of trauma as well as foundational theoretical work in literary studies and memory studies, it argues that thinking traumatic histories requires a commitment on the part of historians to theoretical self-reflexivity, to querying not just the past or the archive for the traces of trauma, but the concept itself in its historical and historiographical modulations.
Philippine Englishes-in-Motion

Philippine Englishes-in-Motion
  • The Case of Filipino Migrants in Japan
  • Julius C. Martinez
  • Coming soon
  • Expected online publication date:
    May 2026
    Print publication:
    31 May 2026
  • This Element proposes the concept of Philippine Englishes-in-motion as an alternative approach to understanding Philippine Englishes. It situates this proposition within the concerns of mobility, labor migration, multilingualism, and transnationalism. Drawing on analyses of self-recorded conversations by 18 Filipino migrants in Japan, along with other empirical data, this Element illuminates the processes of linguistic selection, as Filipino migrants selectively draw from, adapt, or reject specific features within the multilingual pool they share with others. It also examines the social positions that Filipino migrants navigate as they use their linguistic resources across various spaces within Japanese society, as well as the extra-territorial and intra-territorial factors that facilitate the entry and diffusion of Philippine Englishes in Japan. This Element concludes by suggesting avenues of inquiry concerning identity, linguistic variation, education and language acquisition, and more.
Urban Life and Form in Ancient Egypt

Urban Life and Form in Ancient Egypt
  • Nadine Moeller
  • Coming soon
  • Expected online publication date:
    May 2026
    Print publication:
    31 May 2026
  • Taking into account archaeological and written sources, Egypt's urban past is remarkably evident throughout the pharaonic period, as can be demonstrated by a selection of relevant examples. There is also evidence of some unusual forms of towns and cities that do not readily fit into the common categories associated with urbanism. This Element aims to introduce ancient Egyptian urban society and form based on a theoretical framework that uses urban dimensions and attributes. This multi-faceted approach offers a degree of flexibility that is helpful for such an investigation because it can be adapted to the incomplete nature of the available evidence, which theories based on modern urbanism often lack. Additionally, it is important to highlight both commonalities and culture-specific traits of urban manifestations during the pharaonic period, which encompasses almost 3000 years. This longevity provides an exceptional opportunity to follow long-term trajectories and changes.

Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age Economies of Mesopotamia
  • 4th and 3rd Millennia BCE
  • Marcella Frangipane, Lucia Mori
  • Coming soon
  • Expected online publication date:
    May 2026
    Print publication:
    31 May 2026
  • The Element reconstructs economic developments in the crucial phase of State formation in Mesopotamia, from the 4th to early 3rd millennium BCE, trying to understand how interrelating environmental, social, economic, and political factors in the two main areas of Mesopotamia profoundly changed the structures of societies and transformed the relations between social components, giving rise to increasing inequality and strengthening political institutions. The interrelation between economic changes and state formation and urbanization is analyzed. Mesopotamia represents a foundational case study to understand the processes that transformed the function of economy from being an instrument to satisfy community needs to become a means of producing “wealth” for privileged categories. These processes varied in characteristics and timescales depending on environmental conditions and organizational forms. But wherever they took place, far-reaching changes occurred resulting in emergent hierarchies and new political systems. Reflecting on these changes highlights phenomena still affecting our societies today.

Restoring Indigenous Place Names
  • Making Anishinaabe Toponyms Visible Throughout the White Earth Ojibwe Reservation
  • Elan Pochedley
  • Coming soon
  • Expected online publication date:
    April 2026
    Print publication:
    31 May 2026
  • Investigates the 2016 installation of Anishinaabemowin (Ojibwe language) toponym signs throughout the White Earth Reservation, reflecting an ongoing tradition of Ojibwe linguistic preservation rooted in environmental knowledge of waters. Drawing on ethnographic interviews with White Earth citizens, descendants, and personnel, this work addresses how these public markers make Anishinaabemowin visible in the world for Ojibwe youth and other White Earth Anishinaabeg, while marking the reservation as an Ojibwe space. These place name signs, along with youth language programs, intervene in the legacy of imposed language loss of Anishinaabemowin on the White Earth Reservation caused by mission, day, and boarding schools. Examines Ojibwe people's intergenerational efforts to document place names, responses to these signs, and how they relate to toponymic authority and spatial belonging. Focuses on historic and contemporary stories of Ojibwe geographic relationships grounded in fishing, hunting, ricing, and gathering within and surrounding Gaa-waabaabiganikaag. This title is also available as open access on Cambridge Core.
What is Electoral Integrity?

What is Electoral Integrity?
  • Conceptualising Election Quality in an Age of Complexity
  • Toby S. James, Holly Ann Garnett
  • Coming soon
  • Expected online publication date:
    April 2026
    Print publication:
    30 April 2026
  • There are worldwide concerns about the quality of elections and democracy, but also an ambiguity in academia, the international community and popular discourse about how to define and measure good elections. This Element develops an original concept of electoral integrity based around human empowerment. Elections serve a purpose: they should give citizens voice, empower the everyday citizen against the powerful and act as mechanisms for political equality. Secondly, it argues that there have been major societal 'megatrends', meaning that the holding of elections has moved from the modern era to an age of complexity. This describes an era of demographic, technological, legal, economic and political complexity and fluidity. The greater connection between nodes of activities in the electoral process means that elections held in one part of the world can be very quickly affected by actors and developments elsewhere. Thirdly, it provides new measurement tools to assess election quality.
The Chilean <i>Cantora</i>

The Chilean Cantora
  • Women Music Poets in Latin American Post-Colonial Culture
  • María Bernardita Batlle
  • Coming soon
  • Expected online publication date:
    April 2026
    Print publication:
    30 April 2026
  • This Element discusses the figure of the cantora – or woman music poet – and the development of her artistic activity in a context of post-colonial paradigms in Chilean and Latin American societies. Through a historical overview of this multifaceted concept, alongside gender construction in colonial Latin America, this Element offers insights on how the figure of the cantora developed in the confluence between discrimination against festive popular culture and the restrictions imposed on women in a context of an inherited patriarchal order. Moreover, it examines the embodiment of the cantora archetype within the contemporary urban folkloric scene in Chile as a performative exercise of identity construction that is framed in a process of cultural resistance. Revealing how contemporary cantoras are continuing the legacy of their predecessors has become especially relevant at the time of writing in 2020–22, amidst a wave of political protests against long-standing social disparities in Chile.
A Behavioral Finance Approach to International Monetary and Financial Analysis

A Behavioral Finance Approach to International Monetary and Financial Analysis
  • Implications and Evidence
  • Thomas D. Willett
  • Coming soon
  • Expected online publication date:
    April 2026
    Print publication:
    30 April 2026
  • Efficient market theory has made an important contribution to economic and financial analysis, but markets do not always behave according to the theory's predictions. The behavioral finance approach advocated in this Element is a complement to efficient market theory. The Element stresses the effects of perverse incentives, complexity, and uncertainty, as well as the roles of mental models or narrative and behavioral biases. It emphasizes limits to arbitrage, suggesting that international capital mobility is often far from perfect. It reviews popular models and considers alternatives in areas such as currency crises, exchange rates and the balance of payments, the international monetary trilemma, capital flow surges and sudden stops, and the discipline effects of international financial markets. The behavioral approach of the Element also helps to explain why governments often fail to undertake necessary policy adjustments in time to head off currency and financial crises.
Profiling Cleopatra

Profiling Cleopatra
  • A Psychosocial History
  • Sally-Ann Ashton
  • Coming soon
  • Expected online publication date:
    April 2026
    Print publication:
    30 April 2026
  • This Element adopts a psychosocial historical approach to explore the psychological functioning of Cleopatra VII, the last ruler of the Ptolemaic royal house. It investigates key themes that emerge from the data, including childhood trauma and displacement, sibling homicide, her relationships with Julius Caesar and Mark Antony, her divinity, and her suicide. To examine these issues, the author uses a cultural psychological framework, supplemented with social, investigative, and lifespan developmental psychological models, to analyze each theme in depth. The Element also includes a critical examination of how Cleopatra's psychological functioning is presented in Roman sources, alongside a comparison with her self-presentation in both Egypt and Rome. When Cleopatra's actions are viewed within an appropriate cultural context, characteristics that are now associated with psychiatric disorders can be repositioned as appropriate cultural and executive responses.
From Collective Punishment to Constraints on Authority

From Collective Punishment to Constraints on Authority
  • Rethinking the Impact of US Sanctions on Venezuela
  • Miguel Angel Santos, José Morales-Arilla, Zinedine Partipilo Cornielles
  • Coming soon
  • Expected online publication date:
    April 2026
    Print publication:
    30 April 2026
  • This Element critically examines the claim that United States economic sanctions on Venezuela constituted 'collective punishment' of the Venezuelan population, contributing significantly to the country's economic collapse and humanitarian crisis. Through comprehensive analysis of economic, developmental, and welfare indicators from 2013 to 2023, it demonstrates that the bulk of Venezuela's economic devastation - including 52 percent of GDP losses and 98 percent of import declines - largely occurred before financial sanctions were imposed in August 2017. Key welfare indicators such as infant mortality, undernourishment, and life expectancy had deteriorated substantially by 2017 and subsequently stabilized or improved following sanctions implementation, contradicting narratives that attribute Venezuela's collapse primarily to external economic pressure. The Element provides a timeline of Venezuelan economic and political events around sanctions and a critical review of the literature on their economic effects. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Muslim Theological Encounters with Science

Muslim Theological Encounters with Science
  • Kaleidoscopes of Knowledge Over Time
  • Ebrahim Moosa
  • Coming soon
  • Expected online publication date:
    April 2026
    Print publication:
    30 April 2026
  • Muslim Theological Encounters with Science dismantles the 'Islamic decline' narrative by showing how science and theology have long coexisted in Muslim civilization. Premodern thinkers navigated enduring tensions between reason and revelation, ensuring that intellectual disagreement fostered growth rather than hostility. Modern friction between science and Muslim theology-driven by colonialism, limited scientific literacy, and the absence of a science-attuned common sense among theologians-has often, though not exclusively, stemmed from adherence to outdated theological models. The author proposes a 'symphonic and braided' framework for relating science and theology, treating them as distinct yet complementary languages of meaning-making. Cultivating humility and imagination emerges as essential to human understanding. By avoiding the trap of forced convergence, this framework allows science to explain the 'how' while theology addresses the 'why,' together weaving a more complex and resilient pursuit of the truth. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Forensic Linguistics in Indonesia

Forensic Linguistics in Indonesia
  • Origins, Progress, and Prospects
  • R. Dian Dia-an Muniroh, E. Aminudin Aziz
  • Coming soon
  • Expected online publication date:
    April 2026
    Print publication:
    30 April 2026
  • This Element examines the origins, development, and prospects of forensic linguistics in Indonesia, drawing on a survey of 53 participants and a systematic review of studies from 2011 to 2023. Emerging from early language-related cases in the Old Order era and initially driven by scholars trained abroad, the field has grown through research, collaboration, and academic integration. Key topics include justice sector needs, linguistic diversity, standardization, and institutional strengthening. Despite limited capacity-building, training initiatives have enhanced the field's visibility. The Element outlines challenges and opportunities for advancing forensic linguistics' role in legal reform and fair justice, making it a valuable reference for scholars and practitioners.
Between Speech and Song

Between Speech and Song
  • Aspects of Hybrid Voice in Twentieth-Century German Opera
  • Orestis Papaioannou
  • Coming soon
  • Expected online publication date:
    April 2026
    Print publication:
    30 April 2026
  • At the turn of the twentieth century, operatic singing in the German-speaking world remained deeply influenced by the Italian tradition, which implied a lyrical vocal style that prioritised technical precision, tonal beauty, and expressive clarity. From the 1910s onward, composers increasingly and systematically explored vocal techniques that blurred the boundary between speech and song, referred to here as the 'hybrid voice'. These approaches emerged from a complex interplay of symbolic, aesthetic, political, and philosophical influences and reflect a search for more diverse and individualised modes of vocal expression. This Element examines the hybrid voice in four seminal works of German modernism: Alban Berg's Wozzeck, Kurt Weill's Aufstieg und Fall der Stadt Mahagonny, Bernd Alois Zimmermann's Die Soldaten, and Adriana Hölszky's Bremer Freiheit. By situating each work within its historical and stylistic context, it traces a broader musical trajectory in German opera from expressionism and new objectivity to the postwar avant-garde.
The Psychology of Language Teachers

The Psychology of Language Teachers
  • Cognition, Affect, and Motivation
  • Dávid Smid, Sarah Mercer
  • Coming soon
  • Expected online publication date:
    April 2026
    Print publication:
    30 April 2026
  • This Element has three main aims. First, the authors wish to synthesize research on language teacher psychology to provide state-of-the-art insights into the topic and identify possible avenues of scholarship. They do so by adopting a trilogy of mind perspective, which helps organize aspects of teacher psychology into three domains: cognition, affect, and motivation. Second, the overview of the literature outlines key issues, identifies gaps in current understandings and scholarship, and it also introduces less common constructs (e.g., flow, collective efficacy beliefs, and attributions) to inspire future research in this area. Third, the authors intend to reflect on practical implications for practitioners, language teacher educators, preservice teachers, and policymakers of the research to date. Rather than offering a definitive account, the authors seek to open dialogue and encourage further research and practice to ensure language teachers in all contexts receive the recognition and thus support they deserve.
Outsourcing Surveillance

Outsourcing Surveillance
  • Online Opinion Management in China
  • Lynette Ong, Huihua Nie, Jesslene Lee
  • Coming soon
  • Expected online publication date:
    April 2026
    Print publication:
    30 April 2026
  • The digital age has afforded autocrats new technologies of control, allowing it to co-opt, pre-empt and repress dissent. But, what if they lack the technical capacity to access digital tools of control? In what ways have digital technologies altered the way autocratic states conduct statecraft? Based on an analysis of more than 3,000 public procurement documents, and a dozen elite interviews with various stakeholders, we found that the Chinese state has outsourced various functions of online surveillance to private and for-profit arms of state-owned corporations.We found that outsourcing surveillance is intended to augment state technical capacity to moderate and fine-tune the conduct of digital repression. Outsourcing digital repression opens up a pandora box of state-business collaborations in autocratic settings. This Element contributes to the literature on outsourcing repression, state‒business relations, and conduct of digital statecraft.
A Spatial Analysis Model for Exploring Human-Environment Interactions

A Spatial Analysis Model for Exploring Human-Environment Interactions
  • Pedro Trapero Fernández
  • Coming soon
  • Expected online publication date:
    April 2026
    Print publication:
    30 April 2026
  • This Element introduces a methodological framework that positions itself between site-specific archaeological investigations and broader regional approaches characteristic of historical and landscape archaeology. While traditional archaeological studies often focus on detailed analyses of individual sites, and regional studies aim to identify large-scale patterns and long-term processes, the proposed method bridges these scales through the calculation of the minimum mobility space linked to settlements or production centers. This concept enables the delineation of the effective area of influence or resource exploitation surrounding a site, thereby offering a more nuanced perspective on how past communities organized and interacted with their immediate landscapes. The approach incorporates diverse environmental and historical variables, including geology, soil types, and topographical constraints, to reconstruct the spatial logic behind site location and land use. It employs a suite of analytical techniques such as cost-surface analysis, statistical modeling, and historical-geographical integration.
Problems of God in Descartes

Problems of God in Descartes
  • C. P. Ragland
  • Coming soon
  • Expected online publication date:
    April 2026
    Print publication:
    30 April 2026
  • This Element discusses the roles played by the idea of God in René Descartes' epistemology, physics, and metaphysics, and problems arising from those roles. Section 1 gives an overview of Descartes' life, works, and reception, focusing on the extent to which he is a religious or a secular thinker. Section 2 focuses on the problem of the Cartesian circle generated by his claim that all human knowledge depends on knowledge of God. Section 3 explains the role of God in Descartes' physics and addresses problems concerning how God's causal activity relates to that of creatures, including how divine providence fits with human freedom and how voluntary bodily actions are consistent with the laws of nature. Section 4 explores Descartes' claim that God freely created the eternal truths, noting its implications for his theory of modality.
The Problem of God in Alvin Plantinga

The Problem of God in Alvin Plantinga
  • James Beilby
  • Coming soon
  • Expected online publication date:
    April 2026
    Print publication:
    30 April 2026
  • Alvin Plantinga is a noted American analytic philosopher who has written in the areas of philosophy of religion, metaphysics, epistemology, and apologetics. Plantinga's Christian commitments are a crucial part of his philosophical work since nearly all of Plantinga's writings have focused on explaining and defending Christian beliefs. He argues that there is no objection or set of objections that shows that Christianity is epistemically lacking, and as such, Christians can be fully rational, justified, and warranted in their religious beliefs. This Element discusses his work as a whole, and focuses on his contributions on the problem of evil, religious knowledge, science and religion, and Christian philosophy.

Page 6 of 127