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2755 results in Cambridge Elements

Page 3 of 138

Pakistani English in the Twenty-First Century
  • Attitudes, Features, and Uses
  • Muhammad Shakir, Dagmar Deuber, Muhammad Asim Mahmood, Muhammad Rashid Mahmood
  • Coming soon
  • Expected online publication date:
    September 2026
    Print publication:
    30 September 2026
  • English is an important part of the linguistic repertoire of Pakistanis and is used in government, top level judiciary, higher education, business, and the internet. In this Element, we cover brief history, attitudes, a feature description, and uses of English on the internet by Pakistanis. The study of attitudes shows that Pakistanis mostly look outwards for standards and norms. The analysis of various features at phonological, orthographic, lexical, and grammatical levels shows that Pakistani English has distinct features that can be categorised in three ways: contact-induced features (e.g. reduplication), the result of conservativism in the variety (e.g. which vs that relatives), and influenced by American and British English (e.g. spellings). English is also frequently used on platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram. We conclude that English in Pakistan is well-established and stabilised with evolutionary characteristics of 'nativisation' on Schneider's Dynamic Model.
Craft Specialization

Craft Specialization
  • Cathy Lynne Costin
  • Coming soon
  • Expected online publication date:
    September 2026
    Print publication:
    30 September 2026
  • Specialization, the regularized or institutionalized production for use by and exchange with others, underlies social cohesion at all sociopolitical scales; it is as much a social phenomenon as it is an economic and logistical one. Craft specialization can be studied across cultures and time periods, from myriad theoretical perspectives and in conjunction with discussions of structures and processes of interest to many in the humanities and social sciences: subsistence, the social utility of material culture, political economy, power, sociopolitical organization, exchange, and the creation of meaning and value, among others. Using case studies from around the world, this Element discusses the evidence used to study the economic and social aspects of the organization of production, explores how different environmental, economic, social, and political factors affect the organization of production, examines the social impacts of the organization of production, and demonstrates how participation in specialized economic activities affects producers' lived experience.
The Grand Duchy of Tuscany and the Islamic Mediterranean, 1574–1610

The Grand Duchy of Tuscany and the Islamic Mediterranean, 1574–1610
  • Self-Fashioning, Patronage, and Negotiation
  • Davide Trentacoste, Francesco Caprioli
  • Coming soon
  • Expected online publication date:
    September 2026
    Print publication:
    30 September 2026
  • This Element reassesses early modern Mediterranean diplomacy by positioning the Grand Duchy of Tuscany at the centre of cross-confessional interactions with several Islamic powers between 1574 and 1610. It demonstrates how a small state shaped and used diplomacy to pursue commerce, security, and prestige in the Islamic Mediterranean, while remaining reliant on papal and Spanish Habsburg support. The argument rests on three case studies: Bongianni Gianfigliazzi's 1578 embassy in Ottoman Constantinople; Medici diplomacy in the Maghreb, facilitated by the Corsican agent Andrea Gaspari, embedded in both Algerian and Moroccan power networks; and the 1610 negotiations with Shah Abbas I's envoy concerning Persian captives in Livorno. Together, these episodes present diplomacy as performative, negotiated, and multi-actor, demonstrating that small polities actively shaped Mediterranean order in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries.
Gender and Local Political Ambition

Gender and Local Political Ambition
  • Christina Wolbrecht, Mirya Holman, Lakshmi Iyer, Samantha Chapa, Fiona Rodger, Emma Schroeder
  • Coming soon
  • Expected online publication date:
    September 2026
    Print publication:
    30 September 2026
  • The Element advances understanding of women's representation by focusing on local office, where women might be expected to express greater interest and face fewer disadvantages. Using an original survey of civically and politically engaged people, the authors find that the ambition gender gap extends to local office, including elected and appointed positions. Ambitious women are also more likely to seek only local office. Men express high ambition in nearly every circumstance, but women do so only under ideal conditions. Women's engagement in their communities and in politics is driven by communal rather than agentic goals, which affects the types and levels of office they seek. Women's lower levels of perceived qualification and recruitment help explain the ambition gender gap at the local level. A more equitable political opportunity structure and an understanding of politics as an arena for problem-solving, rather than power-seeking, could help address women's underrepresentation.
The Edge of Purpose

The Edge of Purpose
  • How Science Funding Lost its Way and How to Fix It
  • Seth B. Darling
  • Coming soon
  • Expected online publication date:
    September 2026
    Print publication:
    31 October 2026
  • Science today is trapped between blurred motives and urgent demands. We invest billions expecting both paradigm-shattering insight and deployable technology, yet our funding systems seldom distinguish between those disparate aims. The Edge of Purpose argues that, in today's ecosystem, conflating curiosity-driven inquiry with technology development stifles each. Tracing the long arc from Aristotle to AI, the Element shows how post-war policy hardened an outdated linear model and how even refined schemes (e.g., Pasteur's Quadrant) still neglect knowledge that is valuable without being useful. A complementary 'Knowledge-Level' (KL) scale is proposed, parallel to Technology Readiness Levels, to map the maturation of understanding itself. Re-aligning incentives around distinct KL and TRL tracks, while building bridges for serendipity, can reinvigorate discovery, accelerate innovation, and restore public trust. Clear purpose, not bigger budgets alone, is the key to unlocking science's full creative power. This title is also available as open access on Cambridge Core.
Critical Language Pedagogy

Critical Language Pedagogy
  • Alessia Cogo, Graham V. Crookes, Sávio Siqueira
  • Coming soon
  • Expected online publication date:
    September 2026
    Print publication:
    30 September 2026
  • Critical language pedagogy (CLP) is the application of critical pedagogy (CP) ideas and principles to the teaching of additional languages. CLP is mainly associated with a theory of education in which the work of Brazilian educator Paulo Freire is to be taken as central. This Element aims to provide readers with a simple and direct introduction to this perspective on additional language teaching. It addresses main principles, regular practices, materials, and their availability and form and considers future development work needed. The starting point is teachers' values, alongside students' issues and problems, and the (ideal) end point is a desired network of teachers (together with students and community members) who have a shared interest in transforming their classrooms in directions that will foster human flourishing.
Heidegger and the History of Being

Heidegger and the History of Being
  • Taylor Carman
  • Coming soon
  • Expected online publication date:
    September 2026
    Print publication:
    30 September 2026
  • In the 1920s, Heidegger's philosophical work centered on the question concerning the meaning of being. What does it mean (for anything at all) to be? By about 1936, his thoughts had moved to a different question concerning what he now called the truth of being, by which he meant the manifestation – or event (Ereignis) – of being as such, with whatever meaning it might have in different epochs of Western history. The “history of being” is the history of the human understandings of being that have grounded Western thought and culture from Greek antiquity, exemplified especially in ancient philosophy and literature, to the modern age, which is defined by the rise of experimental science and machine technology. It has always been the hidden task of great thinkers, Heidegger argues, to articulate those understandings of being and to bear witness to the unspoken – indeed, unthought – happening of the truth of being.
Listening to Early Modern Travel Writing

Listening to Early Modern Travel Writing
  • Sound, Bodies and Purchas His Pilgrimes
  • Emilie K. M. Murphy
  • Coming soon
  • Expected online publication date:
    September 2026
    Print publication:
    30 September 2026
  • This Element demonstrates that the epistemic value of sound and listening (real and imagined) was central to early modern travel writing. It argues that traveller-writers and their editors, in this case Samuel Purchas, intentionally stimulated the ears and auditory imaginations of their listener-readers. By Listening to Early Modern Travel Writing, audiences hear sounds that connote more than descriptive detail; taken together, sounds added credibility to the narratives and embodied proof of the travellers' personal experiences. The Element also uncovers the layers of sound fundamental to the accounts and their reception, arguing that at every stage – from the sound itself, to its interpretation by the initial auditor, to its textual signification, and its reinterpretation by editors – the body functioned as a vital site in both the pursuit and articulation of religious and scientific knowledge. Finally, it argues that such sensory and embodied practices contributed to English Protestant imperial hierarchies.
Poetry and Publishing in the Long 1960s

Poetry and Publishing in the Long 1960s
  • Matthew Sperling
  • Coming soon
  • Expected online publication date:
    September 2026
    Print publication:
    30 September 2026
  • This Element examines how late-modernist poetics intersected with the material realities of the book trade. The first section looks at the publication of Geoffrey Hill by André Deutsch, a trade publisher issuing poetry alongside a general list. The publication of David Jones by Fulcrum Press, an independent start-up specialising in poetry, is the subject of the second section. The third section turns to the postcolonial picture, focussing on the posthumous publication of Nigerian poet Christopher Okigbo in Heinemann's African Writers Series while the Biafran War raged. The last section looks at Cape Goliard, a unique attempt to embed a small press within a major publishing house. Situating these ventures within broader histories of modernism, postcolonialism, and transatlantic exchange and bringing new archival evidence to light, Poetry and Publishing in the Long 1960s illuminates the publishing cultures that sustained late-modernist poetry, and the history and ultimate retreat of 1960s cultural optimism.
Deep Time Heritage

Deep Time Heritage
  • Martin Porr, Shumon T. Hussain, Laura Mayer
  • Coming soon
  • Expected online publication date:
    September 2026
    Print publication:
    30 September 2026
  • This Element introduces the study of Deep Time Heritage as a new field of critical global research. It applies a critical heritage perspective to the archaeology of the Pliocene, Pleistocene and earlier Holocene as it engages with data and interpretations on so-called hunting/gathering/fishing societies. Using a range of case studies, debates and key topics, the Element explores different processes, negotiations, and contestations through which these forms of archaeological and palaeoanthropological research are transformed into contemporary heritage. It argues that this past is 'keystone heritage' and disproportionally shapes conversations on both present and future. It thus advocates for greater critical reflexivity in the study of humanity's deep past and its construction in the present and – in this context – a greater awareness of the importance of the intersection between archaeological knowledge production and public and political discourses.

The Promises and Perils of the Ambitious Leader
  • Brent Edwin Cusher
  • Coming soon
  • Expected online publication date:
    September 2026
    Print publication:
    30 September 2026
  • Ambition, which is essentially the passion to be held superior in the eyes of others, stands in an uneasy relationship with leadership. It is certainly true that this passion can be a powerful force motivating people into leadership roles. Yet the consequences of this dynamic of the human soul are not always, and certainly not necessarily, promising for humankind. This Element investigates the leadership element of ambition through analysis of three key humanities texts: Tocqueville's Democracy in America, Xenophon's Education of Cyrus, and Plutarch's Life of Alcibiades. Through a close reading of these works, the Element sheds light on the nature of ambition and its impact on leadership, especially the way in which ambition operates differently according to the context of the regime.
Nietzsche's Critique of Pity

Nietzsche's Critique of Pity
  • Claire Kirwin
  • Coming soon
  • Expected online publication date:
    September 2026
    Print publication:
    30 September 2026
  • Nietzsche's critique of pity is, by his own account, the initiating move in his broad-scale critique of morality. Despite this, it has received limited scholarly attention. This Element develops and defends a detailed account of three different kinds of argument that Nietzsche makes against pity, which build progressively to form a unified critique. First, there is a psychological investigation, in which Nietzsche reveals pity's dark subconscious motives. Second, Nietzsche addresses pity in its interpersonal dimensions, arguing that it constitutes a disrespectful form of relation to another person. Finally, Nietzsche argues that pity will lead to nihilism. Nietzsche's critique is genuinely radical, demanding that we question and abandon many moral convictions we hold dear. But it is also revealed to be deeply compelling: Nietzsche objects to pity for reasons that we should take extremely seriously.
Evolution of Violent Crime Reduction Strategies

Evolution of Violent Crime Reduction Strategies
  • The Synergy between Innovation, Theory, and Research
  • Edmund F. McGarrell
  • Coming soon
  • Expected online publication date:
    September 2026
    Print publication:
    30 September 2026
  • Violent crime has long been a national concern for policymakers, criminal justice officials, and the American public. Violent crime increased during the 1960s through the early 1990s, and the United States particularly suffered from high levels of gun-related violent crime. The country experienced a welcome decline in violent crime for approximately three decades. Although the trends in violent crime, homicides, gun homicides, and nonfatal firearms incidents, are encouraging, violent crime remains a significant public policy challenge, and overall trends can mask some of the devastating consequences of violent crime, homicide, and gun violence. Indeed, one of the themes of this Element is that we need to learn lessons from this post-1990s period so that we can continue to reduce levels of homicide, firearms violence, and violent crime, particularly in those cities, neighborhoods, and street blocks, as well as demographic groups that continue to experience high levels of violent crime.
A Historical Archaeology of the Kingdom of Israel, Ca. 1000–720 BCE

A Historical Archaeology of the Kingdom of Israel, Ca. 1000–720 BCE
  • Omer Sergi
  • Coming soon
  • Expected online publication date:
    September 2026
    Print publication:
    30 September 2026
  • This element offers a fresh and distinctive viewpoint on the historical-archaeology of monarchic Israel during the Iron Age (ca. 1000–720 BCE). It provides an easy-to-read archaeological overview of main finds from key sites in the northern parts of the southern Levant, which opens the door to beginners as well as to experts into the world of biblical archaeology. It further discusses methodological questions pertaining to the identification of political entities in the archaeological record, and the ways in which material remains and textual sources interact. This book does not presuppose Israel as a well-defined and long-lasting political entity but aims to uncover its underlying social and political hierarchies and interactions, thus portraying a more nuanced image of monarchic Israel: the communities from which it consisted, the socio-political infrastructure that facilitated its emergence and maintenance, and the ways in which political hegemony was exercised within it.
Workers' Song Research and Folk Revival in the Eastern Bloc

Workers' Song Research and Folk Revival in the Eastern Bloc
  • Connected Traditions
  • Ádám Ignácz
  • Coming soon
  • Expected online publication date:
    September 2026
    Print publication:
    30 September 2026
  • This Element explores workers' song research, a dominant strand of music scholarship in the Eastern Bloc and one of the earliest to engage with musical practices beyond the domains of art music and peasant folklore. It traces the institutionalization of this field, the changing interests of its representatives, and the ways in which, from the 1960s onward, they built regional networks and established dialogue with actors of the Western folk revival. Through these networks and exchanges, the repertoires and key performers of the international folk scene gained visibility behind the Iron Curtain. Yet the 'folk revival' assumed an ambivalent character there, as communist governments and cultural institutions sought to appropriate and elevate it to a central position within the popular music sphere. The study focuses primarily on Hungary, East Germany, and Czechoslovakia, highlighting the role of local scholars in linking different musical traditions and in shaping state-sponsored folk culture.
Explaining China's International Behaviour

Explaining China's International Behaviour
  • Andrea Ghiselli, Todd H. Hall
  • Coming soon
  • Expected online publication date:
    September 2026
    Print publication:
    30 September 2026
  • As the People's Republic of China (PRC) has become an increasingly significant global power, understanding its international behaviour has become a central question for scholars, analysts, and policymakers worldwide. This growing attention has not, however, resulted in anything resembling a consensus. Out of this profusion of competing perspectives, the authors identify four distinct ideal-typical approaches employed to explain the PRC's international behaviour: universalist, exceptionalist, political-institutionalist, and particularist. At their core, the fundamental issues of disagreement between these approaches concern the degree to which they conceptualise the PRC as a unitary and/or distinctive actor. Crucially, these are not fixed attributes; they vary over time and across policy domains. Based on this, they make the case for a contextualised approach that adjusts its analysis to such variation. The authors illustrate their approach by examining PRC behaviour in the South China Sea and in relation to its Belt and Road Initiative. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Monotheism and Prayer

Monotheism and Prayer
  • A Study in Trinitarian Prayer
  • Douglas Dales
  • Coming soon
  • Expected online publication date:
    September 2026
    Print publication:
    30 September 2026
  • This is a study of how Christian Trinitarian understanding of monotheism has been expressed in Christian prayer and worship. It studies the emergence and development of a distinctive language of prayer within the New Testament and among some early Church Fathers, which laid the basis for later belief in and worship of the Trinity. This contemplative belief is studied in the light of Eastern and Western understandings of the Trinity, by examining certain key figures Christian history. It concludes with a discussion of the continuing mystical and contemplative traditions within Eastern and Western Christianity. This Element does not consider the development of Christian liturgy, however, which has already been considered in an earlier Element in this series. Nor does it address the varied impact of the Reformation upon the Western churches, which will be addressed by further Elements to be published in this series.

Semantics and Depiction
  • Kathryn Davidson
  • Coming soon
  • Expected online publication date:
    September 2026
    Print publication:
    30 September 2026
  • Although natural languages are often taken to be the prototypical case of the use of arbitrary symbols to encode ideas, it is also clear that linguistic communication across all modalities frequently incorporates iconic elements. How exactly symbolic and iconic aspects of language interact is an area of active research on spoken and signed languages and gesture studies across the cognitive sciences, and this Element overviews approaches to modeling their interaction. The case is made that while both symbolic and iconic content are pervasive in language, they contribute meaning in ways more separate than typically assumed: propositional meaning is built entirely from symbolic abstractions and can be the input for compositional structures that involve reasoning over alternatives; in contrast, iconic depictions within a compositional system are understood as particulars. Depiction is also contrasted with other senses of iconicity in language. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Intercultural Interactions in Workplace Scholarship

Intercultural Interactions in Workplace Scholarship
  • Michał Wilczewski, Guro R. Sanden
  • Coming soon
  • Expected online publication date:
    September 2026
    Print publication:
    30 September 2026
  • This Element focuses on interactions between international assignees (IAs) and host country nationals (HCNs) by synthesizing three decades of empirical research using a combination of bibliometric, thematic, and content analyses. It delineates three major research streams in the field: language and communication; cultural adjustment; and IA-HCN relationships. Utilizing innovative mixed-methods review and analytical techniques, we shed light on the effects of language, communication, and cultural issues on IAs' and HCNs' adjustment, performance, learning, and career development. This Element reveals mixed effects of IA-HCN interactions, calling for further research to contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of IA-HCN interactions. It offers valuable insights into effective cultural adjustment strategies and guides the development of practices for managing international assignments and cultivating positive IA-HCN relationships.
Mental Fictionalism

Mental Fictionalism
  • Ted Parent, Adam Toon, Tamás Demeter
  • Coming soon
  • Expected online publication date:
    September 2026
    Print publication:
    30 September 2026
  • What is the mind? Mental Fictionalism offers an exciting and provocative new approach to this question. Its central idea is that mental states (thoughts, beliefs, desires) are useful fictions. When we talk about mental states, we should be seen as merely speaking 'as if' humans (and perhaps other creatures or even artefacts) had such states, in order to make sense of their behaviour. This Element is unique in presenting three versions of mental fictionalism in a single volume (prefix, pretence, and affective mental fictionalism), written by three of the most prominent proponents of each approach. The Element pits the different varieties of mental fictionalism against each other, allowing the reader to size them up. In the process, it offers a fresh perspective on foundational matters in the philosophy of mind, such as the nature of mental states, the role of folk psychology, and the relationship between mind and material culture.

Page 3 of 138