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This Element outlines the foundational concepts and key applications of humanistic management and leadership. It focuses on the key concepts of protecting dignity and promoting well-being. It provides a humanistically grounded, scientifically backed paradigm for better organizing at the level of individual, relation, team, organization, society and nature. It provides real world examples of organizations and companies that practice humanistic management and leadership and create outstanding value for all stakeholders.
This Element introduces various justifications for reparations and redress for historical injustice discussed in political theory and philosophy. It examines multiple real-world cases to illustrate and test theories. It is accessible to students and scholars unfamiliar with the field, while providing new arguments for experts in the field, and organizing the debate around reparations in new ways. The Element is divided into four main sections. The first three sections examine different temporal orientations of justice: backward-looking, forward-looking, and structural injustice over time. The fourth section examines Indigenous perspectives and settler colonial theory, which complicate and problematize the temporal orientations and arguments from the other sections. The discussion in this Element is organized around two recurring theses. First, approaches relying on primarily forward-looking justifications could be made more plausible and compelling by incorporating backward-looking elements (and vice versa). Second, past injustice can change what should (publicly) count as justice.
Augustine of Hippo (354–430 CE) is widely recognised as providing the foundational theological discussion of the natural law for Western Christianity. Yet his thinking on the natural law has not been examined in depth, despite the growing interest among contemporary theologians and philosophers in the natural law. For Christian thinkers, the idea of a natural moral law directly raises the question of the relationship between reason and revelation. In particular, the idea of the natural law needs to be reconciled with the idea of the divine law: that is, with the traditional Christian claim that knowing right from wrong is dependent in some way, or to some extent, on receiving God's self-revelation in Jesus Christ. This study revisits and revises our understanding of how Augustine reconciled reason and revelation in his discussion of the natural law.
This Element explores how medieval devotional and disciplinary practices acted as 'immersive technologies' for producing presence and configuring emotions. Through the comparative analysis of Aelred of Rievaulx's De Institutione Inclusarum and the Ordo ad Faciendum Disciplinam of the lay confraternity of Santo Stefano in Assisi, it investigates how the devout subject projected themselves into an imaginal, affective space, where memory, posture, and sensory experience converged to enable a participatory encounter with the divine. Drawing on the concept of the 'avatar' as a psychosomatic projection of the self within visionary and ritual practices, the Element traces how the 'theatre of the mind' redefined the relationship between interior vision, exterior action, and affective identity. By examining the dramaturgies of presence articulated within these memorial plays, this Element sheds light on the role of sensory discipline and emotional posture in shaping embodied devotional experience in the Latin Middle Ages.
Anthropologists have struggled with the concept of the food taboo for over a century; and archaeologists struggle with detecting them in the material signatures of the past. Yet by recognizing that ancient peoples must have followed taboos, some of which may have persisted for thousands of years, we gain insight into how cultural traditions shaped the ways in which people ate and interacted with their environments. This Element concerns food and the cultural structures that surround it. It provides an overview of the history and anthropological understandings of food taboos, and offers critical engagement with the current archaeological method and theory investigating these. Archaeological case studies, including the pig taboo in Judaism and ethnoarchaeological analysis of various mammalian taboos among the Nukak of Amazonia, shed light on the difficulties and prospects of studying food taboos in the material record.
The established idea that people learn about politics and relevant societal issues via the news media can be put into question because of a 'twin challenge of increased media choice.' First, there is a growing number of people who choose to avoid most news which leaves them uninformed about what is happening in politics and society. Second, people may form their beliefs based on false and misleading information, leading them to become misinformed about current political issues. This Element investigated both challenges based on data from a large comparative survey in eighteen Western countries. Consistent with the existing literature, the results largely confirm the added value of staying informed through using traditional news media, the public broadcaster in particular. In contrast, consuming news from newer media sources such as social media and messaging apps is across countries typically associated with less knowledge and more misperceptions about political matters.
This Element examines the origins, development, and prospects of forensic linguistics in Indonesia, drawing on a survey of 53 participants and a systematic review of studies from 2011 to 2023. Emerging from early language-related cases in the Old Order era and initially driven by scholars trained abroad, the field has grown through research, collaboration, and academic integration. Key topics include justice sector needs, linguistic diversity, standardization, and institutional strengthening. Despite limited capacity-building, training initiatives have enhanced the field's visibility. The Element outlines challenges and opportunities for advancing forensic linguistics' role in legal reform and fair justice, making it a valuable reference for scholars and practitioners.
This Element interrogates the complex role of gender in shaping the sociolinguistic variable of UPTALK within Hong Kong English, highlighting its interaction with other sociodemographic factors. Foregrounding gender as a central factor, the Element employs a robust array of methodologies to dissect how gender interacts with social factors, identities, and social types across a sample of sixteen participants. Findings unveil new perspectives on gender-dependent meanings of UPTALK, demonstrating that while gendered stylistic accommodation plays a notable role, UPTALK is not merely a gender marker. Instead, it embodies complex social meanings shaped by a broad spectrum of individual, cognitive (awareness), and contextual factors. By integrating both production and perception/attitudinal data from a relatively unexplored context, the Element provides a holistic, nuanced understanding of how UPTALK can function as a multifunctional sociolinguistic resource, offering insights into the theorization of language variation and social meaning, with particular focus on the role of gender.
This Element describes the most common educational processes of religious communities in the late antique period. Through a combination of historical analysis and examples, it provides an overview of the methods used to teach the alphabet and basic rhetoric, which were central to Jewish and Christian – including Manichaean – knowledge production. It also explains how this knowledge was disseminated through liturgy. Rather than viewing the material remains of these communities in isolation, this Element examines them together, overcoming the usual scholarly focus on differences between religious communities and between religious and secular education. Instead, it highlights the dynamics created by mutual exchange and ambition. Since evidence of education is generally scarce, the synopsis demonstrates that, for example, while one religious community may have a surviving textbook with exercises, another community may only have the final products of those exercises.
What does it mean to say that the human being is the imago Dei? This Element leverages the Reformed thinking of archetype-ectype to constructively develop a holistic account of the imago. That is, the image of God refers to both the signifier of God–human stories and the stories of ethical performances towards others and the motivator within the psychosomatic human person for the narration of these stories that have been unfolding since Genesis 2. Furthermore, this Element will argue that the religious and ethical implications of the imago Dei are not confined to the contexts of the Christian faith but bear upon the quotidian lives of all humankind, including atheists. To illustrate this, neuroscience and empathic AI will serve as two case studies, demonstrating how the psychosomatic human person as the imago Dei bears the unique role in the narration of both religious and ethical stories.
Like many other world religious and spiritual traditions, the Sikh tradition is philosophically rich. However, its contributions have been wholly unrepresented in Western analytic philosophy. The goal of this Element is to present a central aspect of Sikh philosophy, its ethics, by using the tools and methods of analytic philosophy to reconstruct it in a form that is understandable to Western audiences, while still accurately capturing its unique and autochthonous features. On the interpretation of Sikh ethics this Element presents, the Sikh ethical theory understands ethics in terms of truthful living – in particular, living in a way that is true to the fundamental Oneness of all existence. Features of the Sikh ethical theory discussed include its account of vice and virtue, its account of right conduct, and the philosophical relationship between ethical theory and practice. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
The topic of linguistic networks unites different frameworks in cognitive linguistics. This Element explores two approaches to networks, specifically Construction Grammar of the Goldberg variety and Word Grammar as developed by Hudson, and how they inform work on language change. Both are usage-based theories, but while the basic units of Construction Grammar are conventionalized form-meaning pairings gathered in a construct-i-con, the basic units of Word Grammar are words in dependency and other relations. Construction Grammar allows for schematic, hierarchized abstract generalizations attributable to social groups, whereas Word Grammar focuses on relations at the micro-level and attributable primarily to individuals. Consequences of the differences are discussed with reference to perspectives on the diachronic development of causal connectives in English, especially because.
As private companies assume a growing role in climate adaptation, their strategies may harm society and ecosystems unless grounded in responsible business conduct. This Element offers a new perspective on responsible business conduct in climate adaptation, presenting a theoretical framework that explains how regulatory and political factors external to firms influence their consideration of societal needs when adapting to climate change. Using a novel quantitative and qualitative dataset, the Element shows that the world's largest mining companies have primarily addressed climate risks through conventional corporate social responsibility strategies rather than procedural components of responsible business conduct, such as risk assessments, participation, and transparency. The results suggest this outcome is best explained by a combination of weak governance, lax voluntary standards, and civil society advocacy. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
This Element focuses on three Chinese productions of The Vagina Monologues (TVM, 1996), a radical-feminist play by the North American artist and activist Eve Ensler: Yin Dao Du Bai (The Vagina Monologues, 2003), Yin Dao Zhi Dao (Vagina's Way, 2013), and Dao Yin (Saying Vagina, 2021). Each production was staged in and informed by the changing landscape of Chinese feminism: from 2003 to the early 2010s, the making of TVM was a process of exploring the subject position of an autonomous citizen, but from 2015, feminist theatre making had to contend with gains being eroded by state neoliberalism, an issue reflected in the third performance, Dao Yin (2021). Drawing on this historical analysis, in the fifth and final section, the author proposes the concept of 'collapsed feminisms' to argue that Chinese feminist theatres from 2003 to 2021 staged an extremely complicated scene where all these feminisms overlapped and 'collapsed' together.
This Element serves as an invitation to architectural historians of modern European imperialism to embrace the insights and claims of the history of emotions. That said, the Element is not a call for an 'intimate', 'affective' or 'emotional' history. Rather, it is an attempt to show how the omission of emotions as mere effects of historical circumstances, devoid of reason, judgment and rationality, combined with a failure to historicise both emotions themselves and the relationship between buildings and feelings, impoverishes our understanding of European imperial architecture. The thematic content of the Element encompasses defining emotions, understanding power, multivalence, changing and unexpected experiences of imperial buildings and unlearning the experience of imperial architecture through the lens of the history of emotions.
Why do some events catch fire in the news, producing a media storm, while many similar events go all but unnoticed? This Element uses a fire triangle analogy to explain the necessary conditions of media storms. The “heat” is the spark: a dramatic event or discovery. The “fuel” is the political and cultural landscape, including similar items in recent news, and current debates that allow the event to be framed in a resonant way. The “oxygen” is the available news agenda space, plus attention the event receives beyond the news (by activists, politicians, people on social media, etc.). Media storms are not easily predictable; it takes the right event, at the right time, with the right momentum of attention. But when the political stars align and a media storm erupts, it can be a window of opportunity for change. This Element is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Drawing on critical insights from the history of emotion and Shakespearean emotion studies, this Element offers a pedagogy rooted in a historicist approach as a stimulating alternative to the teaching of Shakespeare's emotions as universally and transhistorically relatable. It seeks to provide a roadmap – by way of contextual and analytical frameworks and suggested learning activities – for teaching students how to mind the gap between Shakespeare's emotional moment and their own. The benefits to this approach include not only students' enhanced understanding of Shakespeare's plays in the context of early modern emotion culture but also their enhanced ability to think historically and critically about emotions, both in Shakespeare's day and now.
Previous research demonstrates that women's participation in peace processes impacts the adoption of gendered peace provisions but leaves questions about whether women can also shape their implementation. This Element argues that women political representatives shape the implementation of gender provisions in peace agreements. In particular, it considers the role of women elected to rebel parties and ex-rebel women representatives. It tests the relationship between women's political representation and the implementation of gender peace provisions using a novel dataset focusing on the implementation of agreements signed in Africa conflicts between 1990 and 2024. The authors supplement their statistical analyses with case evidence from Angola, Rwanda, and Colombia. They find that women's parliamentary representation, especially that of former rebels in rebel parties, has a positive effect on compliance with gender provisions. These findings contribute to the understanding of women's post-war political influence, the implementation of gendered peace provisions, and rebel party politics.
Sovereign Heritage Crime: Security, Autocracy, and the Material Past explores why autocracies intentionally exacerbate anxieties associated with an aggrieved ethnoterritorial minority's tangible heritage. Since discriminatory domestic campaigns of state-sponsored erasure are political choices, this theoretical study proposes to understand them as sovereign heritage crimes. This framework predicts that heritage securitisation - constructing disquieting material memories into ontological threats - enables legitimacy-deficient yet affluent autocracies to pursue 'performance legitimacy' by delivering a real or imagined 'permanent security'. Since this state crime is both enabled and exposed by traditional and emerging technologies, the study also explores their dual use for human rights and wrongs. This title is also available as open access on Cambridge Core.
This Element highlights the role of constraints in shaping multilingualism. It discusses their conceptualisation, starting from Michel de Certeau's view of action in everyday life, and operationalisation for the study of migrants. The results of the research conducted among Gambian migrants in Italy show not only constraints but also the tactics to inhabit them, as well as non-language related aspects, for example suffering, which are grouped into five clusters. These are (1) lack of support; (2) limited interaction in the 'local' language; (3) immigration status in conjunction with life events; (4) others' behaviour; and (5) other concerns and suffering. The conclusion presents a discussion on the wider significance of what incorporating constraints means for our understanding of multilingualism and migration, including policy implications, and for intercultural communication research.