This longitudinal study monitored Theory-of-Mind development in monolingually raised but bilingually educated Spanish children (age 5–6) with varied L2-English curricula (13%–83%) to assess whether higher L2-exposure resulted in advantages on seven ToM concepts (emotion, desires, belief, reference, moral-reasoning, lies, sarcasm). Attention (selective, switching, inhibition) and a full suite of individual-difference effects were also monitored. GLMMs linked greater L2-exposure to higher ToM accuracy, and although all three attention measures contributed to ToM scores, the effect of selective attention was the strongest. L1-vocabulary and NVR routinely predicted ToM scores, and girls surpassed boys on sarcasm. We conclude that bilingualism spurs ToM development quickly and is not linked to L2-vocabulary at this stage. In addition, the fact that L2-exposure and individual differences impacted cognitive, affective, and conative ToM differentially supports an approach that analyses these components separately.

Old Saxon shows sporadic vowel insertions, a phenomenon whereby a vowel is inserted into heterorganic post-nucleic liquid–consonant sequences. The process is highly variable, and differences occur within and across manuscripts and lemmas. Moreover, the phenomenon is under-researched and has hitherto been analyzed as a mechanism to dissolve challenging liquid–consonant clusters by causing resyllabification of the liquid. This article provides a corpus-based analysis of the Old Saxon vowel insertions to establish the most detailed investigation of the process thus far. The findings suggest that the Old Saxon phenomenon is an instance of vowel intrusion rather than phonological vowel epenthesis.*

When activists act as unelected representatives by voicing political demands on behalf of various constituencies, does this affect citizens’ satisfaction with democracy? We theorize that this may be the case if and when such individuals constitute an effective channel of representation, meaning that (1) activists substantively represent individuals and (2) they are included in politics. Furthermore, we theorize that marginalized individuals become more satisfied with the way democracy works when they witness activists with whom they agree. We test this through a preregistered vignette experiment in Sweden, Germany, Italy, and Romania (N = 8196). Our findings are mixed. Unelected representatives can sway citizens’ satisfaction with democracy in some instances. Specifically, the electoral winner–loser gap can be narrowed through substantive representation from unelected representatives. This presents an invitation for further research on the role activists play in shaping the legitimacy of liberal representative democracies.

In a posthumous publication in 1954, seven years after his death, Reuben Anywar became the second Acholi to publish a book. Acoli ki Ker Megi was released one year after Lacito Okech’s Tekwaro ki Ker Lobo Acholi. Unlike Okech, who received little education, Anywar was among the first northern Ugandan graduates of Makerere College. He became one of the first Black teachers at the prestigious Gulu High School and was the founder and original editor of Acholi Magazine. By the mid-1940s, Anywar was arguably the most towering intellectual in northern Uganda. Yet, existing works overlook his significance in knowledge production. This article seeks to rectify this oversight.

Lizards represent a diverse group, adapted to a wide variety of environments, and interact with a wide range of parasites. The composition of a parasitic community can be influenced by several factors, including the host, the environment, and the parasite itself. This study evaluated the composition of the helminth community in three species of lizards of the genera Ameiva, Ameivula, and Tropidurus, from a Carrasco habitat in Chapada do Araripe, Brazil. Carrasco is a little-explored environment in which the diversity of hosts and parasites is still poorly understood. The composition of the helminth community associated with lizard species was evaluated by comparing richness, evenness, dominance, and diversity among component communities, including host sex and size as influencing factors, using different statistical comparison tools. The community consisted of 12 taxa from eight genera of parasitic helminths, seven of which were Nematoda and one Cestoda. The factors analysed had different influences on the different parasitic communities of each host species. It was possible to determine the dissimilarity between host populations based on their parasitic communities, and it was observed that the host species itself represented the most important factor in the structuring of helminth communities. The information recorded here converges with other results obtained in different studies with lizards, but points to patterns in the helminth community that differ from those observed in other areas of the Caatinga. The results obtained reveal complex patterns of association between parasites and hosts, demonstrating the existence of ecological relationships that can be shaped by specific factors.

Using a variation of Woodin’s $\mathbb {P}_{\mathrm {max}}$ forcing, we force over a model of the Axiom of Determinacy to produce a model of ZFC containing a very strongly increasing sequence of length $\omega _{2}$ consisting of functions from $\omega $ to $\omega $. We also show that there can be no such sequence of length $\omega _{4}$.