All spaces are assumed to be Tychonoff. Given a realcompact space X, we denote by $\mathsf {Exp}(X)$ the smallest infinite cardinal $\kappa $ such that X is homeomorphic to a closed subspace of $\mathbb {R}^\kappa $. Our main result shows that, given a cardinal $\kappa $, the following conditions are equivalent:

• • There exists a countable crowded space X such that $\mathsf {Exp}(X)=\kappa $.

• • $\mathfrak {p}\leq \kappa \leq \mathfrak {c}$.

$\mathfrak {d}\leq \kappa \leq \mathfrak {c}$

$2^\kappa $

$\kappa $

$\kappa $

$\mathsf {Exp}(X)$

Small and medium pelagic fish (SMPF, i.e. Scomber colias, Trachurus spp, Sardina pilchardus, and Sardinella spp) in the Canary Islands are mainly targeted by the artisanal purse-seine fleet. The waters in the archipelago (located in the coastal transition zone of the Canary Current Eastern Boundary Upwelling System) are monitored since the late nineties by a hydrographic section (RAPROCAN) designed to study the temporal variability of the eastern subtropical gyre. In this study we analyse the relationship between the SMPF abundance assumed from official sale notes (reported since 2007) and several oceanographic parameters obtained for the outermost water layer (Sea Surface Temperature, SST, and concentration of chlorophyll a, Chla) and from the 200–800 m depth waters (Sea Temperature, ST_200–800, and salinity, Salinity_200–800). Except for SST, statistically significant correlations occur between environmental variables and SMPF landings when one-year time-lag is considered, matching with the time period necessary for these species to attain legal catchable sizes and, hence, being catchable by the fishery. However, in the GLM only Chla resulted a significant explaining variable for the SMPF landings during the following year, probably because this strong correlation overshadows the ST_200–800 influence. Keeping the monitoring systems is crucial to understand, foresee and anticipate potential variations in the fishery resources and to aim the sustainable exploitation of the SMPF populations, even more challenging in the current climate change scenario.

Statutory minimum wages have become an important tool for regulating labor markets. One major reason is the decline in collective wage bargaining. But how can minimum wages be justified? We show that their best justification does not lie in their economic effects but in the respect for social contributors that they express. The article takes an innovative interdisciplinary approach, bridging political philosophy and comparative political economy. We first discuss existing justifications in political practice and theory. We then show how a distinctive and robust justification should regard minimum wages as paying necessary respect to those who fulfill their obligation to contribute to social cooperation. Our justification thus suggests a new concept of economic citizenship and advances recognition theory applied to work. We outline further implications of the argument, such as the desirability of setting minimum wages through collective bargaining, and a tentative case for a maximum income.

Au sein de l’Organisation des États américains (OÉA),1 la Commission interaméricaine des Droits de l’Homme (CIDH) et la Cour interaméricaines des Droits de l’Homme sont les deux principaux organes chargés de veiller à la protection des droits de la personne dans les Amériques.2 Ces instances sont habilitées à instruire des recours individuels intentés contre des États membres et portant sur des allégations de violations de la Convention américaine relative aux Droits de l’Homme (CADH)3 et d’autres instruments interaméricains applicables.4 La présente chronique portera sur certaines décisions rendues par la Cour pendant l’année 2023.

Throughout the twentieth century, considerable research has been dedicated to understanding the rise, development and end of ancient cities. In recent years, there has been a remarkable upsurge of new methodological and theoretical approaches applied in urbanism studies, which enables us to improve, validate or question our knowledge about ancient urban life. The three books reviewed here concern the development, transformation and experience of ancient Roman cities; leading experts in urban history and archaeology discussing the potential of new technologies and conceptual frameworks for analysing Roman urban space.

People living with mental illness report a broad spectrum of nutrition risks, beyond malnutrition, but appropriate and adequately validated nutrition risk screening tools for mental health settings are lacking. This study aimed to develop a nutrition-risk screening tool, the NutriMental Screener, and to perform preliminary feasibility and validity testing. In an international, stakeholder engaging approach, a multifaceted nutrition-risk screening tool for mental health services was developed by means of workshops with international stakeholders and two online surveys. Feasibility of the NutriMental screener was tested as part of a research study in Switzerland with 196 participants, evenly distributed across the three study groups (sixty-seven outpatients and sixty-five inpatients with psychotic or depressive disorders as well as sixty-four controls without mental illness). The NutriMental screener consists of ten items covering different nutritional issues that indicate the need for referral to a dietitian or clinical nutritionist. Almost all patients (94·7 %) reported at least one nutrition risk by means of the NutriMental screener. Prevalence for nutrition risks via NutriMental screener was higher in patients than in controls. Almost every second patient expressed a desire for nutritional support (44·7 %). After further validity testing is completed, there is the potential for the NutriMental Screener to replace malnutrition screening tools as routine screening in various mental health settings aiming to organise nutritional therapy prescriptions in a more targeted and efficient manner.

The study was conducted on indigenous Tharparkar cow (Bos indicus) to evaluate FSH stimulation on follicular attributes, oocyte recovery and morpho-molecular developmental competence parameters concerning oocyte quality. A total of 20 OPU sessions were performed, which included 10 sessions in each FSH stimulated at the dose of 130 µg divided into four sub-doses and non-stimulated. Findings on the size of follicles having ≥6 mm showed a significantly higher, however an opposite trend was observed in the case of smaller sized follicle (<6 mm) between stimulated and non-stimulated respectively. The stimulated cows had a significantly higher number as well as the percentage of oocytes of Grade A, having a diameter ≥120 µm and BCB+VE as compared to the non-stimulated cows. The relative mRNA expression profile of GDF9, BMP15, PCNA and BCL-2 genes was higher and BAX was lower in the FSH-stimulated cow. These results indicated that FSH stimulation before OPU in Bos indicus cows has a significant impact on follicle size, oocyte yield, recovery, and their quality with respect to COC’s, diameter and BCB+VE oocytes. Further, a significant increase in the relative mRNA expression levels of GDF9, BMP15 and PCNA genes in the FSH-stimulated group suggests that FSH plays a key role in modulating the expression of these important candidate genes and thus influencing oocyte quality. The higher mRNA expression of BCL-2 genes and concomitantly lower expression of BAX gene in FSH Stimulated cows indicates the protective role of these genes and preventing programmed cell death and thus promoting cell survival, quality and embryo development.

Randomised controlled trials have demonstrated the benefit of diet modification to improve diet quality in the treatment of adult major depressive disorder (MDD). However, research examining nutritional interventions for adolescents with MDD is sparse. This pilot study examined the feasibility of a personalised nutrition intervention for adolescents with MDD. Ten adolescents with MDD and their parents recruited from a tertiary care setting participated in an 8-week, single-arm mixed-methods study. Feasibility was assessed using five criteria (demand, acceptability, implementation, adaptation and limited efficacy testing) alongside qualitative interviews. The intervention involved four bi-weekly virtual nutrition counselling sessions with a stepped approach to dietary change, menu planning, grocery delivery and educational eHealth messages. Study participants sought positive changes in diet, health and lifestyle for adolescents and family-wide benefits. Recruitment challenges included concerns about managing mood fluctuations, anticipated dietary restrictions and the potential time and effort required for diet adherence. Feedback based on interviews emphasised moderate to high acceptability, satisfaction with menu planning and counselling and recognition of the benefits of trying new foods and sustaining positive dietary changes beyond the study. Improvements in depression symptoms (Cohen’s d = 0·36, 95 % CI (–0·24, 3·36)), parent food modeling (Cohen’s d = 0·24, 95 % CI (–0·43, 1·16) and the family food environment (Cohen’s d = 0·61, 95 % CI (–0·04, 2·61)) were observed. This nutrition intervention was feasible for adolescents with MDD and was acceptable to both parents and depressed adolescents. These preliminary data suggest that further examination of the intervention and its potential benefits on depression symptoms and family food dynamics are warranted.

A recurrent trope in the reception of Joseph Joachim's performances is the notion that that he magically transformed himself into the composer of the work. In particular, his performances of violin concertos frequently evoked this perception, as documented by Andreas Moser, Otto Gumbrecht, Hans von Bülow, and Johannes Brahms. Building on work by Katharina Uhde and Karen Leistra-Jones, this article will propose that Joachim's cadenzas played a central role in fostering the perceived slippage between the composer and performer. Joachim composed – and performed – cadenzas for many of the concertos in his core repertoire, including works by Giuseppe Tartini, W. A. Mozart, Giovanni Battista Viotti, Ludwig van Beethoven, and Brahms. I will argue that Joachim's cadenzas enact a compositional approach to the thematic material. The depth of this engagement is profound, encompassing not only the soloistic passages but also the ritornello sections as material for developmental reworking and modulatory processes. In fact, he often explores harmonic avenues that are only hinted at in the ‘parent’ concerto, highlighting and fulfilling moments of unrealized potential. Joachim's cadenzas thus create the impression that the composer of the concerto is revising and expanding his own work. I propose that he inhabits the genre of the cadenza as a site of compositional and performative virtuosity, fusing the two personas at a time when they were becoming increasingly polarized in European musical culture.

Burmeister's porpoise (Phocoena spinipinnis) is an endemic species found in both the South Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, along the coastal regions of South America. In the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean, the species is reported from Tierra del Fuego, Argentina to Santa Catarina, Brazil, and the Falkland Islands. This study provides new insights on two stranded P. spinipinnis specimens in Southeastern Brazil, including the first occurrence in the state of Rio de Janeiro. Despite the advanced decomposition of the carcasses, which limited necropsy findings, we provide new data on the general characteristics of the specimens found in this extralimital geographical range, such as total body length, age, sex, vertebral count, and cranial measurements.

For a space X let $\mathcal {K}(X)$ be the set of compact subsets of X ordered by inclusion. A map $\phi :\mathcal {K}(X) \to \mathcal {K}(Y)$ is a relative Tukey quotient if it carries compact covers to compact covers. When there is such a Tukey quotient write $(X,\mathcal {K}(X)) \ge _T (Y,\mathcal {K}(Y))$, and write $(X,\mathcal {K}(X)) =_T (Y,\mathcal {K}(Y))$ if $(X,\mathcal {K}(X)) \ge _T (Y,\mathcal {K}(Y))$ and vice versa.

We investigate the initial structure of pairs $(X,\mathcal {K}(X))$ under the relative Tukey order, focussing on the case of separable metrizable spaces. Connections are made to Menger spaces.

Applications are given demonstrating the diversity of free topological groups, and related free objects, over separable metrizable spaces. It is shown a topological group G has the countable chain condition if it is either $\sigma $-pseudocompact or for some separable metrizable M, we have $\mathcal {K}(M) \ge _T (G,\mathcal {K}(G))$.

Greenland is the world's largest island, but only a narrow strip of land between the Inland Ice and the sea is inhabitable. Yet, the Norse chose to settle here around ad 986. During the eleventh century ad, precontact Inuit people moved into Greenland from northern Alaska via Canada. Although the two cultures faced the same climatic changes during the Little Ice Age, the Inuit thrived, while the Norse did not, for multiple causes. The authors focus on one of these causes, the hitherto overlooked contribution of young children's learning strategies to societal adaptation. The detailed analysis of a large corpus of play objects reveals striking differences between the children's material culture in the two cultures: rich and diverse in the precontact Inuit material and more limited and normative in the Norse. Drawing on insights from developmental psychology, the authors discuss possible effects of play objects on children's future adaptability in variable climatic conditions.

In the present study, we assessed the sponge fauna, sponge-associated, and planktonic prokaryotic communities residing in Burgers' Zoo Ocean aquarium, Arnhem, the Netherlands. The Ocean aquarium consisted of separate displays and life support systems, and included fish-only systems in addition to a large, 750,000 L tank containing a living, tropical coral reef ecosystem. Sponges were observed throughout the aquarium system and were identified as belonging to the genera Chalinula, Chondrilla, Chondrosia, Cinachyrella, Stylissa, Suberites and Tethya. There was a highly significant difference in composition between sponge-associated and planktonic prokaryotic communities. The tanks in which the sponges were sampled appeared to have a secondary structural effect on prokaryotic composition with sponges and water from the same tanks sharing several microorganisms. Both sponge-associated and planktonic prokaryotic communities housed prokaryotic taxa, which were highly similar to microorganisms previously recorded in sponges or coral reef environments, including taxa potentially involved in nitrification, denitrification, sulphur oxidation, and antibiotic biosynthesis. Several abundant microorganisms were only recorded in sponges and these may play a role in maintaining water quality in the aquarium system. Potential pathogens, e.g. related to Photobacterium damselae, and beneficial organisms, e.g. related to Pseudovibrio denitrificans, were also detected. The present study showed that Burgers' Zoo Ocean aquarium housed diverse free-living and host-associated prokaryotic communities. Future research should focus on identifying conditions and microbial communities conducive to a healthy aquarium environment.