Trommeslåtter (drum tunes) have played a vital role in Norwegian traditional music for several hundred years. This article examines the development and performance of drum tunes in Norway, with a special focus on the work of Johannes Sundvor in transcribing drum music. We present several examples and analyse tunes from Sundvor’s collection. We also demonstrate how this Norwegian drum tradition is related to a tradition of European military drumming. The article concludes with a discussion of aspects of interpretation and an outline of the status of drum tunes today.

This article examines reactions to the South China Sea and Chagos Marine Protection Area arbitrations under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), in particular concerns about the potential widening of Part XV jurisdiction and its impact on the dispute resolution system's consent basis. It argues that assessing the impact of such cases involves a characterization of both the function of Part XV and of international judges. Ultimately, it suggests that the best test of whether UNCLOS case law has gone too far is the reaction of States in designing dispute settlement under the new Agreement under UNCLOS on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biological Diversity of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction.

A regularly interstratified chlorite/vermiculite occurs in red beds of the East Berlin Formation (Early Jurassic age) in the Connecticut Valley. The mineral is restricted to a 2.5-m wide zone of contact metamorphosed strata adjacent to and underlying the Hampden Basalt. Chemical and X-ray powder diffraction data indicate that the chlorite/vermiculite formed in response to lava-induced elevated temperatures and the availability of magnesium in the muds during and shortly after emplacement of the lava flow. Near the contact, hydrothermal fluids originating from the lava and from the synchronal weathering of basalt fragments by superheated pore waters provided a source of Mg. Further from the contact, magnesium was primarily derived from the thermal dissociation of dolomite. K2O concentrations and the distribution of clay minerals in the red mudstone suggest that the interstratified chlorite/vermiculite formed from preexisting illite or vermiculite as potassium was released and brucitic sheets were incorporated into interlayer positions.

Infrared spectra of two minerals; Urkut quartz (Hungary) and a Swedish feldspar, of different origin with different physical characteristics and crystallinity were studied. Samples were taken after appropriate grinding, and infrared spectra, X-ray powder diffraction and water vapor absorption measurements were made along with electronmicrographs. Quantitative conclusions were drawn from changes of particle size and the ratio of bands of the Si—O groups and also the degree of crystallinity and changes of the particle size, respectively.

The 0.2–5μ particle size fraction of montmorillonite from three sources was equilibrated with various solutions at room temperature. After 3–4 yr, kaolinite was found in some of the samples that were supersaturated with respect to kaolinite, but not in any of the undersaturated samples or in the original montmorillonite. X-ray diffraction analysis of the precipitated kaolinite showed no inter-layer expansion of glycerated, oriented samples. Random powder samples indicated a poor crystal-Unity. The thermal stability of the precipitated material was indistinguishable from that of crystalline kaolinite. The electron microscope did not reveal any distinctive sizes or shapes.

Equilibration behavior of several samples defined a single kaolinite solubility line at or above which kaolinite apparently begins to precipitate. The solubility line is equivalent to a standard free energy of formation (ΔG) of -904.2 kcal per mole of kaolinite. This represents highly crystalline kaolinite. The stability of kaolinite actually precipitated at room temperature probably depends upon precipitation conditions. Thus kaolinite stability could range from poorly crystalline up to the equivalent of the kaolinite solubility line at which initial precipitation begins.

The basic outlines of most of the hydrous layer silicate structures were determined during the 1930’s. Present escalating interest in obtaining additional detail is indicated by (a) publication of over twenty structural refinements (2-D or 3-D) during 1954-64, (b) publication of at least nine structures in 1965 or early 1966, and (c) personal communication that at least fifteen additional refinements are in progress. Points of especial interest in these recent studies follow.

1. 1. Octahedral cation order is common, but tetrahedral cation order is confirmed in only three cases. Because ordering of Si, Al does not significantly affect the statistical tests for centrosymmetry, centrosymmetric space groups that do not permit order should be avoided during refinement.

2. 2. Oversize tetrahedral sheets articulate with smaller octahedral sheets by tetrahedral rotation and, for dioctahedral species, by tetrahedral tilting around vacant octahedra. The latter mechanism influences the type and regularity of layer sequences. Undersize tetrahedral sheets articulate with larger octahedral sheets by tilting plus octahedral contraction or by inversion of some tetrahedra.

3. 3. The amount and direction of tetrahedral rotation and tilt, length of T—O, M—O, and O—O bonds, sheet thicknesses, and relation of cell dimensions to composition can now be predicted with some confidence.

4. 4. Variation in layer stacking (polytypism) is common. In some cases the stabilities of different polytypes can be explained by the relative amounts of repulsion and attraction between the ions in the structures. The stabilities can be correlated with the energy available in the environment of crystallization.

The change of the properties of chrysotile after ball milling in organic liquids (aromatics, alcohols, silicone oils) or water was studied by gas adsorption, electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, differential thermal analysis, zeta potential measurements, and chemical analysis. Grinding in low viscosity organic solvents leads initially to a rapid defiberization of the asbestos bundles and to a fragmentation of the isolated fibrils. Finally, amorphization and agglomeration occur causing a drastic decrease of the specific surface area of the ground material. Grinding in water brings about a defiberization, but much more slowly than in organic solvents. Moreover, prolonged grinding in water does not significantly alter the structure of chrysotile. The efficiencies of the organic solvents, considered as grinding aids that induce fracture of the fibrils, are related to the environmental stress cracking of brittle solids (Rehbinder theory). Hence, the pertinent properties of the organic liquids are their viscosity and their cohesion energy (solubility parameter). Solvents chemisorbed on the surface of the ground chrysotile reduce the surface energy of the fracture surface and prevent aggregation. Water does not react according to Rehbinder's theory, but appears to form a protective layer around the fibrils. This hypothesis was verified by dry grinding defiberized asbestos (rapid amorphization) or by disturbing the stability of the water coating by coadsorbing alcohol on the solid surface. Alternatively, the resistance of the fibrils to fracture may be explained by Westwood's theory that grinding in water is equivalent to grinding in an alkali medium, wherein the surface charge of the chrysotile becomes negligible, and the mechanical stability of the fiber reaches a maximum.

How should we think about the ways search engines can go wrong? Following the publication of Safiya Noble's Algorithms of Oppression (Noble, 2018), a view has emerged that racist, sexist, and other problematic results should be thought of as indicative of algorithmic bias. In this paper, I offer an alternative angle on these results, building on Noble's suggestion that search engines are complicit in a racial contract (Mills, 1997). I argue that racist and sexist results should be thought of as part of the workings of the social system of white ignorance. Along the way, I will argue that we should think about search engines not as sources of testimony, but as information-classification systems, and make a preliminary case for the importance of the social epistemology of technology.

A kaolin bed in which many of the individual kaolinite platelets exceed 0·2 mm in size occurs in the immediate vicinity of the base of the middle-Miocene Kirkwood Formation, near Woodstown, New Jersey. These platelets appear to have resulted from breakdown of pre-existing illite and montmorillonite coupled with concurrent epitaxial growth and diagenetic growth of primary kaolinite. The alteration of the clay minerals is thought to be a product of upward leaching (dialysis) by groundwaters in the underlying Vincentown Sand. This is further evidenced by abnormally high percentages of clay-size kaolinite in the clays that lie above the Vincentown Sand but beneath the macro-kaolinite horizon. Growth of the macro-kaolinite was facilitated by face-to-edge sédimentation and the resultant high permeability of the stratum.