EAT-Lancet Commission on Healthy Diets from Sustainable Food Systems proposed a global healthy reference diet that addressed both the needs for health and environmental sustainability (1). As the diet was predominately plant-based, there are concerns about the iodine adequacy of the EAT-Lancet reference diet (2). Other studies have examined the provision of micronutrients but did not include iodine (3). Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the iodine provided by EAT-Lancet reference diet in 16 countries around the world, using country-specific food tables.

Each food code in the EAT-Lancet reference diet was matched with nationally-representative food composition data and the iodine content was extracted. Total iodine provided by the EAT-Lancet diet was calculated for each country and compared against iodine intake recommendations (adults: 150μg/day, pregnancy 200-250μg/day). Iodine content was calculated for two dietary scenarios: strict adherence to the EAT-Lancet diet (Tier 1) and an expanded version with more varied food items (Tier 2). The iodine content of a vegan version of the EAT-Lancet reference diet was also calculated.

Sixteen countries with iodine data were included. Iodine content in the Tier 1 diet ranged from 45μg/day in New Zealand to 128μg/day in the UK, covering 30-85% of the adult RNI. In Tier 2, the iodine content increased in countries that used iodised salt in bread making but remained below the RNI in most countries. Dairy foods, fish, and eggs were the primary contributors to iodine intake in most countries. However, the wholegrain group was the primary contributor in countries that add iodised salt to bread products. The vegan version of the EAT-Lancet reference diet did not cover the RNI for adults or pregnancy in both tiers of analysis, meeting less than 10% of recommended intake in some countries.

This study highlights the need for further evaluation of plant-based dietary recommendations to ensure iodine sufficiency is not compromised, particularly in populations with limited access to iodine-rich plant-based foods and without iodine fortification programmes.

The fly Heleomyza serrata (Linnaeus) (Diptera: Heleomyzidae) is reported to range widely throughout the United States of America and Canada. However, in Eurasia, this species is restricted to northern regions; in central and southern Europe, H. serrata is replaced by the similar species H. captiosa (Gorodkov), which can be distinguished from H. serrata by the male genitalia. We report H. captiosa from Kentucky, United States of America, the first Nearctic record of this species. The taxonomy of Nearctic Heleomyza Fallén is discussed, and we propose to transfer three species to the genus Scoliocentra Loew: Scoliocentra (Scoliocentra) bisetata (Garrett) comb. nov., S. (Leriola Gorodkov) latens (Aldrich) comb. nov., and S. (L.) nebulosa (Coquillett) comb. nov. We recognise Anypotacta Czerny as a subgenus of Heleomyza and transfer the two Nearctic species to that genus: H. (A.) aldrichi Garrett comb. nov. and H. (A.) gilli nom. nov. (new replacement name for Anypotacta czernyi Gill, 1962). Finally, we provide an updated key to Nearctic Heleomyza and morphologically similar species of Scoliocentra. Further study will be required to ascertain the range and abundance of H. captiosa in North America.

In this article we offer an editio princeps of a new inscription from the Cycladic island of Paros and discuss its implications for understanding Parian co-operation with Dionysiοs I of Syracuse in the Adriatic in the early fourth century BCE. We argue that the text throws light on the Parian colonization of Pharos, and is related to activities of the Parians in the Adriatic in what seems to be the result of local Parian strife and strong anti-Athenian affiliations on Paros. We explore possible interpretations of the inscribed decree and their implications for the relationship between the Parians and Dionysios.

The Research Liaison Committee was established under the auspices of the African Studies Association. It is supported by a Ford Foundation grant following the Ford-sponsored ASA exploratory mission to Africa. This mission examined opportunities for new ways in which to increase cooperation between U.S. scholars concerned with Africa and individuals and academic institutions based in Africa.

Scholars from the United States constitute the largest single national group engaged in African research. In the past the responsibility for establishing friendly relations with our colleagues in Africa has been assumed by the individual scholar. However, it becomes increasingly apparent that cooperation with Africanists in Africa itself will be of the greatest importance to future research, and that the Association can play a useful liaison role in establishing this cooperation.

To facilitate communication, the Research Liaison Committee is collecting information and identifying sources of information for scholars and students proposing research in African Studies. The Committee has established an office in New York at the same address as the Association's offices and under the direction of William O. Brown, with Shirley K. Fischer as Administrative Secretary. Its objectives are first, to develop and strengthen relations among scholars concerned with Africa; and second, to maintain liaison with research institutions in Africa through visits to Africa by members of the Committee.

Africana at Howard University, Washington, D.C., developed as records on the African background of the American Negro were required to supplement the Library's collection of works written by and about persons of African descent.

Among the first books acquired by the Library soon after Howard University was incorporated on March 2, 1867, were titles on Africa. Some of the founders of the University interested in foreign missions donated to the Library their files on periodicals, books of travel and description, histories of Africa, and biographies of missionaries. Among these was the first edition of Churchill'sCollection of Voyages and Travels issued in four volumes in 1704; seven editions of the works of Hiob Ludolf, the Elder ( …Historia Aethiopica, 1681; …Aethiopicam … commentarius, 1691; …Lexicon Amharico, 1698; …Grammatica Aethiopica, 1702;A New History of Ethiopia, 1682 and 1684); Barbot'sDescription of the Coasts of North and South Guinea (1732); the 1639 reissue of the 1632 edition ofAfricae descriptio of Leo Africanus; and works of travel by Bosman, Proyart, Kolbe, Bruce, Smith, Vaillant, and Sparrman. Some of the serial files presented were theMissionary Herald (1821-1882);Africa's Luminary (1839-1840);African Repository (1825-1900);Mouvement Antiesclavagiste (1889-1906);Liberia (1892-1908);Journal of the Royal Geographical Society (1833-1849);Afrique Explorée et Civilisée (1879-1882); andBulletin du Comité de l'Afrique Française (1891-1919).

Sustainable food based dietary guidelines could be leveraged by national governments to lead transitions to more sustainable food systems. Many countries are in the process of updating their national dietary guidelines to incorporate sustainability (1). In 2021 during the preparations for the United Nations Food Systems Summit, the Irish government announced their aim to become a world leader in sustainable food systems(2).To achieve this, a coherent food system approach is needed, which involves updating the dietary guidelines in line with this goal. To help inform future updates of dietary guidelines in Ireland, this study aimed to identify the sustainability gaps in current Irish dietary guidelines, and barriers to making them more sustainable.

The sustainability gaps in the guidelines and barriers to addressing them were identified by combining a content analysis of the Irish dietary guidelines and supporting documents to evaluate their sustainability, with semi-structured stakeholder interviews to identify barriers to sustainable dietary guidelines. The guidelines were evaluated using an integrated framework by Ahmed and colleagues (3) covering four dimensions of sustainability; ‘health’, ‘economic’, ‘ecological’ and ‘socio-cultural and political’. Semi-structured interviews were held with eight key stakeholders in research, food industry and governance in the Irish food system. Transcripts from interviews were analysed using NVivo 12. A thematic analysis was carried out based on Clarke and Braun’s method(4).

Across the four dimensions of sustainability, the Irish dietary guidelines scored highest in the ‘human health’ (6/8). Food safety and the nutrition aspects of food security were the two aspects of the human health dimension which were not incorporated in the dietary guidelines. However, scores were universally low in the other dimensions, scoring 1/8 in both the ‘socio-cultural and political’ and ‘economic’ dimensions, and 0/8 in the ‘ecological’ dimension. Key barriers to closing these gaps, identified by interviewees included: a siloed approach toward food policy in Ireland; lack of evidence of long-term nutritional impacts of shifting towards sustainable diets; knowledge and behaviours of consumers; no agreed framework defining and monitoring progress towards sustainability; the social and economic importance of animal sourced foods in Ireland and the affordability of sustainable diets.

Future versions of the dietary guidelines need to address the gaps identified in this study to incorporate multiple dimensions of sustainability. While doing so, the government will also need to tackle the barriers to closing these gaps highlighted by stakeholders, if they are to fulfil the ambition to be a world leader in sustainable food systems.

It would also be worthwhile carrying out research on barriers and enablers to compliance with dietary guidelines to improve uptake. An integrated food systems approach including larger sample a range of stakeholders, including consumers, is recommended when updating future dietary guidelines.

In this paper, we adopt an evolutionary model to describe the coevolution of technological transition and pollution in a country, where the choice of technology does not only give firms access to cleaner (but more expensive) or dirtier (cheaper and illegal) forms of production, but also access to social groups and information. Firms’ activity may be harmful to the environment and, due to the existence of ambient pollution charges, economic activity is affected by the level of pollution in the country. Our analysis describes how the evolution of the transition to clean technology and pollution generates a rich set of possible equilibria, which include stable pure strategies (where all firms choose the same technology) and inner equilibria (where both technologies could be adopted in the long run). We also observe more complex behavior and coexistence of different attractors as well as highlight the importance of initial conditions and uncover how the regulator may face possible pollution traps.

Following the independence of African countries in the 1960s and 1970s, many newly minted politicians and political scientists who studied them directed their attention to the effects of ethnic identities, heterogeneity, rivalries, and alliances on African politics. In the aftermath of colonial violence and social engineering, ethnic competition contributed to violent secessionist movements, and ethnic hatred sometimes fueled genocide. Many African governments expelled minorities and banned ethnic parties, established federal institutions, and at times adopted nationalist rhetoric to punish rivals or mitigate the deleterious outcomes of ethnic conflict. As Christof Hartmann summarizes, “political regulation of ethnicity has been a core dimension of state-building in Africa” (“Managing Ethnicity in African Politics,” in Nic Cheeseman, ed., The Oxford Encyclopedia of African Politics, 2019: 1).

Independence broke the formal political connection between the new African states and their former European colonial administration. The change did not terminate the significance of the ex-colonial language within these African countries. The colonial power had, by both design and necessity, woven its language tightly into the educational and administrative structure of the countries. Even after independence the difficulties facing the adoption of some vernacular seemed insurmountable. Choice of any African language would not only have exacerbated already centrifugal tribal tendencies within the complex racial and linguistic divisions of the country but also have spelled virtual isolation from international affairs. It has generally been accepted in Africa that the use of a European language as the national one does not constitute a neocolonial threat but is essential to the national development.

One of the interesting aspects of the decision to retain a European tongue as a second language has been the beginning of new national literatures--African in theme and content yet utilizing the literary resources of the European language of the country, primarily English and French, to some extent Portuguese. In the case of the English language especially, this is not a new thing. Already there is evidence of a worldwide literature of similar nature from India, from the Philippines, and from the Caribbean. The geographic range and the quantity of such writing are far greater than the uninitiated might conceive.