Miocene lacustrine clay deposits formed in the Şile region of Türkiye rest unconformably on Cretaceous andesite, basaltic andesite, basalts and rare dacites. Factors controlling the genesis of this sequence include: (1) sediment provenance, (2) tectonic uplift and climatic regimes during syn- and post-depositional times, (3) burial diagenesis and (4) changes from surface weathering alterations (i.e. oxidation and hydrolysis reactions) in the critical zone. Clay minerals are dominated by kaolinite and illite, with their relative abundances varying in relation to the proximity of coal seams, stratigraphic sequence and in an overlying sand-rich fluvial deposit. Variations in the mineral abundances reveals cyclothem-like sequences with patterns of fining upwards (i.e. increasing clay mineral abundance) capped by thin coal seams. The Clay Mineral Alteration Index values for the Şile clay sequence indicate a slight trend of decreasing chemical weathering intensity up-section, which is consistent with regional geological data for terrain uplifting and a drying climate during the Miocene. Critical zone processes have modified the mineral and chemical assemblages, as evidenced by the appearance of iron oxides putatively formed from recent oxidation of the ferrous minerals siderite and pyrite, which are not found in the upper sections. Taken together, the evidence indicates that the clay minerals are derived from a combination of prior weathering of basement rocks, diagenesis after deposition and modern critical-zone weathering. The degree of each process is dependent on depositional history, stratigraphic position and depth below the land surface, all under the changing influences of tectonic uplift and regional climate. The Şile deposits provide an economical clay resource that could be important to the ceramics industry of Türkiye.

To investigate the effects of activating/inhibiting AmelSmo on the olfactory genes and signalling pathways of Apis mellifera ligustica, as well as the potential regulatory mechanisms involved. Transcriptomic sequencing was performed on Apis mellifera ligustica antennae using Illumina HiSeq platform following administration of cyclopamine (inhibitor) and purmorphamine (agonist). Differential gene expression analysis, coupled with GO and KEGG pathway annotations, facilitated the identification of olfactory receptor genes. The reliability of transcriptome data was subsequently validated through quantitative real–time–polymerase chain reaction analysis. Transcriptomic analysis revealed 12,356 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between inhibitor and control groups, with 276 genes showing significant differential expression. Similarly, 12,356 DEGs were identified between the agonist and control groups, among which 672 genes exhibited significant differential expression. The GO annotation revealed that the DEGs in the inhibitor group and the agonist group were mainly enriched in the biological process such as cellular process, metabolic process, and biological regulation; in cellular component, enrichment was mainly observed in cell, cell part, and organelle; and in molecular function, the main enrichment was in binding and catalytic activity. KEGG pathway analysis indicated that DEGs from both groups were primarily enriched in signal transduction pathways. Among the DEGs, three olfactory receptor genes were identified in the inhibitor group: odorant receptor 19, odorant receptor 22, and odorant receptor 5. The agonist group exhibited two olfactory receptor genes: odorant receptor 109 and odorant receptor 26. All these olfactory receptor genes demonstrated downregulated expression patterns. Transcriptomic sequencing analysis identified five olfactory receptor genes. The changes in gene expression levels suggest that the activation or inhibition of AmelSmo may regulate the expression of olfactory receptors via the Hedgehog signalling pathway. It is speculated that AmelSmo may play a regulatory role in the olfactory system of bees.

All orthodox believers accept that ‘God’s ways are not our ways’ and that ‘the peace of God passes all understanding’. The sceptical theist tries to apply these principles to the mystery of evil in the world, by arguing that we cannot tell what the divine purpose might be in the sufferings that we cannot explain. There is a danger that an undisciplined putting of evil into the fog of mystery might free our understanding too much from rational constraint. I argue that by combining sceptical theism with the way that Peter van Inwagen deploys the fact of our fallen nature to explain Divine withdrawal, we can give a rational account of the limitations there are on how we can judge God’s justice.

This paper presents the design and dynamic analysis of a reconfigurable four-wheeled mobile robot, with front wheels capable of transforming from a conventional circular wheel into a five-spoke wheel-legged (wheg) configuration. The transformation is achieved through a reconfiguration mechanism integrating a slider-crank chain with a rack and pinion system. A comprehensive dynamic analysis of the mechanism is conducted to evaluate the torque requirements for actuation and to support the selection of a suitable off-the-shelf motor. The required actuation torque is primarily influenced by the normal contact (reaction) force between the wheel and the ground or terrain, which varies depending on surface or terrain conditions. This contact force is computed using system dynamics, and its variations are further analyzed through the robot’s dynamic response. Numerical simulations, supported by real-world field tests, validate the effectiveness of the proposed design in moderately uneven environments.

Cross-gender behaviour gradually entered the spheres of aetiology and diagnosis during the eighteenth century with reference to scattered instances of male cross-dressing. But well into the nineteenth century, “gender identity” (a mid-twentieth-century term) remained a poorly theorised instance of medicalisation. Late eighteenth-century concepts of “dynamic hermaphroditism” accounted for gender-nonconforming behaviours and aspirations, but could not account for the observed heterogeneity in disparities between sexed body and mind. Increasingly substantive contributions to aetiology were seen during the late 1870s and 1880s, particularly in response to Carl Westphal’s convoluted, 1869 concept of “contrary sexual feeling” (conträre Sexualempfindung). Richard von Krafft-Ebing’s notion of metamorphosis sexualis paranoica provided one of the most authoritative approaches to the question of gender identification in “sexual inversion”. The notion, which took the first seven German editions of his Psychopathis sexualis to achieve a definitive formulation, needs to be seen in light of Krafft-Ebing’s earlier conceptions of sexual delusion, which straddled the realms of the experienced sexual body and sense of self. Moreover, Krafft-Ebing was not the first to outline a theory of non-cisgender identity, as demonstrated by the mid-1880s work of Théodule-Armand Ribot and Rudolph Arndt, as well as various significantly earlier approaches to what had been considered the “monomania of sexual transformation”.

In this paper, we deal with the following nonlinear time-harmonic Maxwell’s equations

\begin{equation*}\nonumber\begin{cases} \nabla \times(\nabla \times u_1)=\mu_1|u_1|^4u_1+\beta|u_1||u_2|^3u_1 & \text {in } \mathbb{R}^3, \\ \nabla \times(\nabla \times u_2)=\mu_2|u_2|^4u_2+\beta|u_1|^3|u_2|u_2 & \text {in } \mathbb{R}^3, \end{cases}\end{equation*}

$\nabla\times$

$\mathbb{R}^3$

$\mu_1,\mu_2 \gt 0$

$\beta\in\mathbb{R}\backslash\{0\}$

$\beta\in\mathbb{R}\backslash\{0\}$

Despite consensus that quality of life (QoL) in later adulthood is multi-dimensional, scholars’ perceptions of the dimensions the construct comprises differ. Under the premise that models and measures of QoL should correspond with lay perspectives to have relevance to the targeted population, we investigated the constituents of QoL in later adulthood as perceived by middle-aged and older laypersons. We fielded a factorial design vignette experiment among 2,544 respondents aged 50+ participating in the Dutch Longitudinal Internet studies for the Social Sciences panel to assess how 11 dimensions identified from four established QoL instruments designed for older people (WHOQOL-OLD, CASP-19, OPQOL, ICECAP-O) influence QoL evaluations. The study extends prior work on lay perspectives on QoL by combining the internal validity of an experiment with the external validity of a true population sample. All dimensions considered significantly impacted the QoL ratings in the expected direction. Enjoyment and social participation had a significantly larger contribution than the other dimensions. Models stratified by age group showed a strong degree of similarity, suggesting a high level of consensus across age groups about the constituents of QoL in later adulthood. The study highlights the necessity of capturing a broad range of dimensions when conceptualizing QoL in later adulthood. Our finding that dimensions that were omitted in selected established instruments still contributed substantially to QoL evaluations arguably implies that these instruments may have suboptimal content validity. The insights gained from this study are important for developing and evaluating policies aimed at improving QoL for the ageing population.

In this article, we investigate the possibility of generating all the configurations of a subshift in a local way. We propose two definitions of local generation, explore their properties and develop techniques to determine whether a subshift satisfies these definitions. We illustrate the results with several examples.

This article explores the cultivation of medical knowledge via popular health guides among the Finnish lay populace from the 1890s to the 1970s. By using written reminiscences and newspaper articles as source material, the article discusses the relevance, popularity, and practical use of various printed health guides and manuals throughout Finland. We place particular focus on the late nineteenth to the early twentieth century as the period that experienced a high increase in lay education and literacy. By focusing on individual readers and their experiences of popular health guides, the article examines lay medical and health practices as the number of medical manuals dramatically increased from the late nineteenth century onwards. It also investigates the reception of medical, popular and irregular health movements, such as hygienism, nature cure, and Couéist autosuggestion, and the change in medical culture brought about by the appearance of patent medicines. As the information discovered in popular health guides tended to fluctuate between official and irregular medical theory, we analyse the relationship between learned, alternative, and vernacular medicine through the views and opinions expressed by people who engaged with health literature. Through these materials, we provide a novel understanding of the accessibility of medical knowledge, the spread and impact of health guides, and attitudes towards different medical practices among the Finnish reading public.

Every private rural property in Brazil must maintain a percentage of its area with conserved native vegetation, establishing a legal reserve area (LRA). This percentage is defined by the Brazilian Federal Law on Protection of Native Vegetation and is 20–80% of the rural property, depending on the political boundary and vegetation formation. However, the Environmental Code of Mato Grosso stipulates that vegetation type determines the LRA percentage in the state of Mato Grosso, considering both vegetation formation and floristic composition. In addition, the state adopts a coarse-scale vegetation map as a reference, despite the existence of a more accurate official map. In this study, we calculated the impacts of these provisions by combining legal interpretation, spatial analysis and ecological reasoning, in accordance with the scientific concepts of ecology, and intersecting official maps from the State Environmental Agency and the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, at the scales of 1:1 000 000 and 1:250 000, respectively. A total of 9 045 065 ha could have their LRA requirement reduced from 80% to 35% under Mato Grosso’s legislation, potentially authorizing deforestation in the Amazon, Cerrado and Pantanal, in apparent contradiction to federal law. These findings highlight that issues related to the concepts, classifications and mapping scales for defining native vegetation have significant implications for biodiversity conservation.

This paper studies the adaptive distributed consensus tracking control framework for hypersonic gliding vehicles (HGVs) flying in tight formation. The system investigated in this paper is non-affine and subjected to multisource disturbances and mismatched uncertainties caused by a dramatically changing environment. Firstly, by refining the primary factors in the three-dimensional cluster dynamics, a non-affine closed-loop control system is summarised. Note that actual control is coupled with states, an additional auxiliary differential equation is developed to introduce additional affine control inputs. Furthermore, by employing the hyperbolic tangent function and disturbance boundary estimator, time-varying multisource disturbances can be handled. Several radial base function neural networks (RBFNNs) are utilised to approximate unknown nonlinearities. Furthermore, a generalised equatorial coordinate system is proposed to convert the longitudinal, lateral and vertical relative distances in the desired formation configuration into first-order consensus tracking error, such as latitude, longitude and height deviations. Analysis based on the Lyapunov function illustrates that variables are globally uniformly bounded, and the output tracking error of followers exponentially converges to a small neighbourhood. Finally, numerical simulations of equilibrium glide and spiral diving manoeuvers are provided to demonstrate the validity and practicability of the proposed approach.

Recent disruptions in technology, geopolitics, and the environment have contested what it means to be human, a source of social and political anxiety about the future. Taking inspiration from African and African diaspora writers and scholars, Lee attends to theories of the human that emerge from contemporary experiences on the African continent. The essay provides a countercanon by centering debates about the human and their attendant attempts to transcend it (more-than-human, posthuman) in African experiences and knowledges. Doing so offers alternative conceptions of human–nonhuman relations that unravel the co-imbrication of colonialism, capitalism, and anti-Black racism that undergird the modern condition.

The Messina-Reggio Calabria Earthquake (1908) was one of the most devastating natural disasters in modern European history. It occurred when overseas mass emigration from southern Italy was at its peak and international borders were open, making emigration a readily available option for relief. We find that the earthquake had no large positive impact on emigration on average. There were, however, heterogeneous responses, with a more positive effect where agricultural day laborers comprised a larger share of the labor force, suggesting that attachment to the land limited an emigration response.