En 1924 y 1931, Brasil recibió la visita de misiones inglesas cuyo objetivo más evidente era diagnosticar los problemas de la economía brasileña y recomendar soluciones. Entre otras recomendaciones, ambas señalaron la necesidad de crear un banco central en el país, en consonancia con la reanudación del patrón oro en los países centrales después de la Primera Guerra Mundial y las conferencias internacionales de 1920 y 1922. Ocurre que, en Brasil, las propuestas de reforma monetaria y la creación de un banco central fueron debatidas por sucesivos gobiernos y legislaturas al menos desde el fin del Imperio. El principal objetivo de este trabajo es afirmar la existencia en el país de un extenso debate sobre el tema y diversas experiencias con bancos de emisión antes de la llegada de los money doctors.

In recent years, there has been extensive work on inequalities among partition functions. In particular, Nicolas, and independently DeSalvo–Pak, proved that the partition function $p(n)$ is eventually log-concave. Inspired by this and other results, Chern–Fu–Tang first conjectured the log-concavity of $k$-coloured partitions. Three of the authors and Tripp later proved this conjecture by introducing recursive sequences and a strict inequality for fractional partition functions, giving explicit errors. In this paper, we show that the log-concavity is, in fact, strict for $k\geq 2$. We shed further light on this phenomenon by utilizing Hardy–Littlewood–Pólya’s notion of majorizing. We prove that for partitions $\boldsymbol{a},\boldsymbol{b}$ of $n\in{\mathbb N}$, if $\boldsymbol b$ majorizes $\boldsymbol a$, then $p_k(\boldsymbol{a}) \gt p_k(\boldsymbol{b})$. Numerical calculations indicate that our result is sharp.

Recent advances in healthcare and rising life expectancy intensify longevity risk, motivating a deeper understanding of how cause-of-death (COD) rates interact. Using male COD data from 1978 to 2018 in the United States, we develop a copula-based hierarchical framework for seven major causes: cancer, diabetes, external causes, influenza, mental disorders, nephritis, and vascular disease. The framework integrates reconciliation, hierarchical dependence, and long-run equilibrium using a Lee–Carter (LC) setting. More specifically, the LC period indices are estimated under reconciliation penalties and are modeled through a sparse vector error correction model, with dependence captured by a hierarchical Archimedean copula. Two applications illustrate the value of our approach. In out-of-sample forecasting, the framework outperforms the standard LC model by improving the accuracy of aggregate mortality rates. In structural analysis, fitted connectedness reveals that diabetes and vascular disease act as net transmitters of mortality shocks, while cancer and external causes are net receivers. These insights help actuaries, demographers, clinicians, and policymakers enhance mortality forecasting to assess whether prioritizing government interventions for high-transmission causes could potentially maximize overall mortality improvements for society.

We study a nonlinear branching diffusion process in the sense of McKean, i.e. where particles are subjected to a mean-field interaction. We consider first a strong formulation of the problem and we provide an existence and uniqueness result by using contraction arguments. Then we consider the notion of weak solution and its equivalent martingale problem formulation. In this setting, we provide a general weak existence result, as well as a propagation of chaos property, i.e. the McKean–Vlasov branching diffusion is the limit of a large-population branching diffusion process with mean-field interaction.

This study evaluated the psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Comprehensive Emotional Eating Scale (CEES) and examined its associations with emotion regulation, cognitive control, cognitive flexibility, and perceived stress in adults. A cross-sectional design was conducted with 1,521 adults aged 18–74 (68% female). The CEES was adapted following standard cross-cultural guidelines, including translation, back-translation, and approval by the original scale developer. Participants also completed the Emotional Appetite Questionnaire (EMAQ), Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS-16), Cognitive Control and Flexibility Questionnaire (CCFQ), and Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) assessed construct validity, while internal consistency, convergent validity, and multiple linear regression analyses explored predictors of emotional eating. CFA supported a four-factor structure representing Undereating–Positive Emotions, Undereating–Negative Emotions, Overeating–Positive Emotions, and Overeating–Negative Emotions, with item loadings of 0.48–0.77; one item was removed due to low loading. Internal consistency was high (α = .88–.91), and convergent validity was confirmed via EMAQ correlations. Multiple regression analyses indicated that greater difficulties in emotion regulation, higher perceived stress, lower cognitive control and flexibility, smoking, higher Body Mass Index (BMI), and chronic disease significantly increased emotional eating. Women showed higher undereating-negative emotion and total emotional eating scores, while smoking, higher BMI, and chronic disease elevated scores on specific subscales. The Turkish CEES demonstrates robust psychometric properties and reliably captures multidimensional emotional eating in adults. Psychological and demographic factors increase emotional eating subscales and total scores, supporting the scale’s use in research and clinical settings in Türkiye.

Obtaining accurate estimates of children’s dietary intake is important because these estimates are used to characterize diet-disease relationships and inform nutrition interventions. This systematic review synthesized findings from validation studies of dietary assessment tools for children (aged 1-10 years), in which parents were proxy-reporters. Database searches (Ovid Medline, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane) in January 2026 for validation studies of dietary assessment tools used for estimating daily intake of macronutrients and micronutrients yielded 4,545 citations. Articles were uploaded to Covidence for screening. Sixty-six articles met the inclusion criteria. Median sample size was 103. Eighty-six percent of studies (n=57) validated a food frequency questionnaire; the remainder validated dietary recalls (11%, n=8) or food diaries (2%, n=1). Many studies (67%, n=44) used another parent-proxy report tool as the reference method. For most nutrients, over a quarter of the 66 studies failed to find a significant correlation between the assessment tool and reference method. Among the 69% of analyses that did show a significant correlation, the median correlation for each nutrient ranged from 0.37 to 0.40 for macronutrients and 0.29 to 0.55 for micronutrients. Studies were limited by lack of generalizability, use of reference methods prone to error, and misalignment between the assessment tool and reference method. Overall, this review found no correlation or low-to-moderate correlations between dietary assessments and the reference method. The studies had significant methodological limitations. Future studies should validate parent-proxy report dietary assessments against objective measures, such as biomarkers. The development of novel assessment tools may also be warranted.

Honoring a patient’s wishes for end-of-life care can be challenging if the patient loses decision-making capacity and the identified alternate decision-maker will not respect the patient’s wishes. This article discusses how to proceed ethically and legally when the alternate decision-maker and care team disagree about respecting a patient’s end-of-life preferences.