The republican conception of property developed during the American founding continues to shape contemporary legal and constitutional orders, yet its foundations and legacy remain underappreciated. This article reconstructs that tradition by showing that American republicanism understood property as a politically constituted, fiduciary entitlement oriented to public purposes. On this view, property emerges as a civil right grounded in the social compact rather than as an inherent natural right conferring absolute dominion. The article traces the nineteenth-century consolidation of an absolutist, Blackstonian conception of property and contract that, under the influence of legal formalism, increasingly depoliticized both. It further shows how legal realism and North American institutional economics disrupted this framework by recasting property as a socially constructed bundle of rights. Recovering the earlier fiduciary-republican conception, the article demonstrates its enduring normative and doctrinal significance in contemporary constitutionalism worldwide, including in eminent domain, as embedded in the social function of the property clause, and in the decommodification of labor.

Generative artificial intelligence (AI) has provoked polarized reactions in higher education, ranging from fears of plagiarism and the “death of the college essay” to claims of pedagogical transformation. Political science, in which writing remains central to learning, is at the center of this debate. This study advances a critical middle ground, arguing that generative AI should be treated as neither an existential threat nor a pedagogical shortcut but instead as a tool whose use must be structured around accountability, critical literacy, and equity. By synthesizing scholarship on AI in higher education, writing-as-process pedagogy, and educational inequality, this article challenges the “replacement” logic that equates writing with text production and examines the limits of framing AI as a neutral assistant. It introduces Disclose and Defend Pedagogy, a design framework that organizes pedagogical responses to AI along two dimensions—openness and accountability—and incorporates equity-aware practices related to access and language. A practice-grounded, instructor-led case study from a political science course taught in Lebanon during Spring 2025 illustrates how disclosure requirements, process-oriented assessment, and classroom dialogue made AI use visible and accountable in a resource-constrained, crisis-affected setting while also highlighting the practical limits and implementation lessons of this approach. The study concludes that Global South contexts clarify what is at stake in AI integration: safeguarding responsibility, judgment, and voice in political science writing while equipping students to use and interrogate generative tools critically under unequal conditions of access.

Two experiments were conducted for the objective of isolating and characterizing lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from elephant grass and using selected strains as inoculants in elephant grass to enhance its quality as silage. A total of 156 LAB strains were identified in the different periods (0, 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, and 56 days). The main LAB present during the fermentation period were Weissella cibaria at day 1, W. paramesenteroides at day 3, and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and L. pentosus after the 7th day of fermentation. For inoculation in elephant grass, three strains (L. plantarum 28.19, L. pentosus 28.22 and Lacticaseibacillus casei 28.26) were selected. There was a significant effect of inoculant × period interaction on all silage variables analysed, except for the mould population, which was affected only by fermentation period. At the beginning of fermentation (day 1), silages inoculated with the strains L. plantarum, L. pentosus, and Lc. casei had significantly lower pH compared to the control and commercial inoculant treatments silages. The LAB population in the silages did not differ significantly during the fermentation period, except on days 1 and 7. Silages inoculated with the selected strains had significantly higher crude protein concentrations compared to the control silage. Therefore, selected strains of LAB showed promise for producing better quality elephant grass silage.

We examine the impact of temperature shocks on the saving behaviour of rural households in Ethiopia. Two rounds of survey data and time-series temperature data from Climate Engine/Terra Climate are used for this analysis. We find that the probability of household saving falls following an increase in temperature anomalies, measured by standardized deviations, and this impact is channelled through time and risk preferences. More specifically, temperature shocks increase risk-taking and impatience, both of which are linked to a reduced probability of saving. As a result, preserving long-term welfare requires the promotion of commitment-based saving instruments, including saving mechanisms with automatic deductions at harvest time. Our heterogeneity analysis demonstrates that, compared to their counterparts, poor households’ saving behaviour and those without credit access are more affected by temperature shocks. Therefore, policies aimed at mitigating the adverse effects of climate change on household financial outcomes, such as saving, should prioritize these groups.

This article examines how Black communities in New York City and Atlanta responded to the crack epidemic of the 1980s and how their grassroots activism shaped the rise of order-maintenance policing. Although much scholarship attributes the development of order-maintenance policing to top-down neoliberal and conservative forces, we demonstrate that residents—facing daily violence, open-air drug markets, and social collapse—demanded more aggressive enforcement. Drawing on extensive archival research, including municipal records, police files, oral histories, and congressional testimony, this study analyzes the formation of Tactical Narcotics Teams in New York and Operation Red Dog in Atlanta. We find that community activism was both a catalyst for and a constraint on policing strategy. Ultimately, this article complicates dominant accounts of contemporary policing by showing how demands for authority and public order, forged from the ground up, helped pave the way for order-maintenance policing.

The brick production industry faces increasing environmental pressure due to high energy demands during firing, necessitating the optimization of firing conditions. This study investigates an eco-friendly stepped firing process as a sustainable alternative to conventional direct heat treatment using clayey raw materials from the Ouled Mansour area, north-east Morocco. To evaluate this approach, raw materials were characterized using X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, infrared spectroscopy, simultaneous thermal analysis, Atterberg limits and particle-size distribution analysis. Brick specimens were then prepared and fired under both conventional and stepped heating processes. Their thermophysical properties (thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, porosity, water absorption and density) and compressive strength were assessed. Non-destructive tests (ultrasonic pulse velocity and Schmidt hammer tests) together with mineralogical and microstructural analyses were also performed. The stepped firing process reduces porosity and defects, thereby increasing the ultrasonic pulse velocity from 3197 to 3508 m s–1 and improving compressive strength by up to 21%. Thermal conductivity and density slightly increase, from 0.57 to 0.58 W mK–1 and from 1.60 to 1.62 g cm–3 at 770°C, respectively. The proposed eco-friendly firing process enhances the physico-mechanical performance of bricks while supporting their energy-efficient production, with potential reductions in energy consumption during both manufacturing and the building service life.

An infant with junctional ectopic tachycardia developed tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for circulatory failure. After oxygenation withdrawal became feasible following intravenous antiarrhythmics, tachycardia recurred with oral transition. Subsequent ivabradine administration resulted in heart rate control and improved cardiac function. We emphasise the role of ivabradine in heart rate control and cardiac function stabilisation in junctional ectopic tachycardia.

This article discusses cases of phonological abstractness and opacity and shows how they are eminently learnable, given certain assumptions about the innate cognitive endowment that learners bring to acquisition. I argue that opacity is not a learning problem but its solution. I propose that a distinction in patterning between two types of i in Inuit dialects is best explained by positing that surface [i] represents a merger of two underlying vowels. The apparently similar case of /i/ in Uyghur is shown to require a different type of solution. A review of contrasting approaches to prefix selection in Esimbi shows that opacity plays no role in evaluating their relative learnability. Though a celebrated case of opacity in Polish appears to have been misanalysed, an abstract analysis can still be motivated to account for alternations in certain lexemes. Uniting these cases is a preference for phonological analyses over diacritics or suppletion.

Rapid mass displacement can transform active conflict into a broader public health emergency by compressing shelter demand and continuity-of-care needs into a narrow time frame. The March 2026 escalation in Lebanon provides a timely case to examine these dynamics within a health system already operating under severe constraints. This paper analyzes the early response phase, focusing on how displacement reshaped shelter operations, access to primary care, continuity of medications, and referral pathways. Much of the resulting health risk emerges from treatment interruption and weakened linkage to essential services. Beyond being a humanitarian outcome, displacement should be understood as a health systems event that can amplify secondary morbidity. In fragile settings, preparedness must prioritize health-protective sheltering, continuity of care, and coordinated referral mechanisms under conditions of disruption.

Our aim in this article is to establish new characterizations of hyperplanes in Euclidean space via mild constraints on the higher-order anisotropic mean curvatures of an immersed complete hypersurface. Our approach is based on the study of the behavior of the height and angle functions naturally attached to a hypersurface, jointly with the use of appropriate maximum principles dealing with the notions of convergence at infinity and polynomial volume growth. In this context, we also obtain lower estimates for the minimum anisotropic relative null index of an immersed complete hypersurface, which can be regarded as a measure of how close such a hypersurface is to being flat.