The present study addresses the question of whether an individual who does not understand a sentence might still be able to repeat it verbatim. To answer this question, we examined paraphrasing and repetition data from two previous studies: Pavlenko et al. (2019), which analyzed L1 and L2 participants’ paraphrasing of seven Miranda warning sentences, and Akbary et al. (2023), which compared L1 and L2 participants’ paraphrasing and elicited imitation (EI) performance on 30 commonly used EI sentences. We formulated our questions into four predictions, two of which directly addressed whether rote repetition without comprehension occurs at all. Our results confirmed both predictions, identifying 36 (5.6%) of the 646 instances of verbatim sentence repetition in the data as potential cases of repetition without comprehension. However, a broader analysis showed that the evidence for a lack of comprehension was relatively weak and ambiguous. We conclude with recommendations for overcoming the limitations of the present study and resolving the ambiguity of our findings.

This paper presents a compact dual-band multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) fractal antenna based on a novel butterfly-flock iterative ring structure. Each MIMO element is formed through three fractal iterations, where every added ring is half the size of the previous one and rotated by 90° in anti-phase, creating extended current paths and inherent spatial polarization diversity. The antenna achieves wide operating bands of 1.1–5.6 GHz and 7.4–9.7 GHz, covering GPS, 3G, WLAN, LTE, WiMAX, 5G, and satellite communication systems. Compared with earlier designs, the proposed structure demonstrates improved diversity performance, including a low Total Active Reflection Coefficient and a low Channel Capacity Loss. With a compact size of 30 × 40 × 0.8 mm3, the design is suitable for integration into modern portable wireless devices.

The Early Growth and Development Study (EGDS) began in 2002 as a longitudinal prospective adoption study of birth parents, adoptive parents, and adopted children (n = 361 adoptees). It expanded in 2007 to include a second cohort of adoptees (n = 200), and a third cohort of siblings (siblings reared by the birth mother at age 7 [n = 217 siblings in 2013] and additional siblings in both birth and adoptive family homes [n = 881 siblings in 2016]). Data are available in a national repository within the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) study and have been integrated into analyses with national and international cohorts. Birth and adoptive families were originally enrolled through a systematic recruitment approach that began with efforts to partner with all domestic adoption agencies in specific regions of the United States following the birth of a child. Longitudinal assessments are ongoing and occurred in 9-month intervals until the adoptees turned 3 years of age, and in 1- to 2-year intervals thereafter to age 21. Data collection includes child temperament, cognition, behavior, and physical health; birth and adoptive parent personality, mental and physical health, context, parenting, and marital relations; the prenatal environment; genetic, hormonal, and cardiovascular data; and geocoding. A unique aspect of the adoption-sibling design is its ability to detect environmental influences on development and test complex interactions and correlations between genetic, prenatal, and postnatal environmental influences on a range of outcomes. The sample and procedures are described, followed by an overview of multicohort findings and opportunities for integration with other registries.

This article examines the endurance of timbering and rafting along the upper Yellow River in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries as a case study of Fernand Braudel’s ‘social time’ of that critical section of the waterway, marked by intensified commerce and shifting political dynamics. The Muslim consolidation of midstream Ningxia, anchored in upstream Linxia, exemplified how Hui economic dominance intertwined with territorial control. These networks, later repurposed to support China’s resistance against Japanese imperialism, were abruptly disrupted by mid–twentieth-century dam construction and socialist collectivisation. Beyond economic history, the article interrogates historiographical silences surrounding Hui economic territorialisation. While external observers, including Republican officials and Japanese strategists, acknowledged Hui commercial monopolies, state historiography under the People’s Republic of China has often downplayed them to maintain narratives of ethnic harmony. Analysing cinematic representations across different eras of the twentieth century, the article further argues that film serves as a counterpoint to official narratives, offering an alternative medium where Hui agency and economic territoriality are articulated and contested. By bridging economic history, historiography, and visual culture, this study highlights the political stakes of ethnic commerce and the ways in which Hui identity has been shaped and reshaped across different political regimes.

This paper examines how incorporating theoretical virtues in belief updating affects the long-term success of epistemic communities. Drawing on NK landscape models of the type used by Lazer and Friedman (2007), simulation results are used to show that when epistemic agents in a connected community factor in virtues like conservatism, modesty, and familiarity in theory selection, agents hold differing beliefs for longer periods of time. This increase in transient diversity typically leads to greater long-term communal epistemic success, a benefit that becomes more pronounced as interconnectedness between community members increases.

This paper presents a novel UHF RFID tag antenna with metal-mount capability, broadband characteristics, and frequency controllability. To achieve anti-metal performance, we explore a vertical loop structure as the main radiator, with slots for frequency adjustment and layout flexibility. The antenna operates based on a hybrid magnetic–electric mode interaction mechanism, in which the vertical loop provides a magnetic-dipole-dominated radiation mode. Furthermore, asymmetric resonant dipole patches are loaded on both sides of the center feed line to introduce an auxiliary electric mode and broaden the operating bandwidth. This structural-level mode and coupling engineering enables independent control of the center frequency while maintaining wideband impedance matching. The proposed antenna has a compact size of $0.1951\lambda \times0.128\lambda \times0.0051 \lambda$, with the main radiation lobe concentrated within 60$^{\circ}$ from the zenith. By mounting on a $100\times100\times2\,\mathrm{mm}^{3}$ copper plate, it achieves a maximum read range of 7.32 m, which demonstrates the good adaptability for UHF RFID tagging on metal surfaces.

This study presents the design and analysis of a small, high-gain, high-isolation 4-port multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) array antenna engineered for 5G millimeter-wave (mmWave) applications at 28 GHz. The suggested antenna array, with dimensions of 30 × 30 × 0.8 mm3, is optimized on a Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 substrate to provide an efficient and broadband response. Each element in the array is designed to resonate precisely at 28 GHz, achieving a remarkable return loss of −30 dB, indicating exceptional impedance matching and minimum reflection losses. The antenna has a broad impedance bandwidth of 2.2 GHz (about 7.85%), guaranteeing dependable performance throughout the designated 5G mmWave spectrum. The simulated and observed outcomes show a maximum gain of 13.50 dBi, guaranteeing robust link quality for high-data-rate transmission conditions. The antenna exhibits an isolation greater than 27 dB over the working band, underscoring its appropriateness for MIMO applications by efficiently mitigating mutual coupling effects. The key performance parameters, including the envelope correlation coefficient (ECC < 0.005) and diversity gain (nearing 10 dB), validate the antenna’s efficacy for multi-antenna systems. This work introduces a novel MIMO antenna solution characterized by small dimensions, high gain, low mutual coupling, and extensive operating bandwidth, successfully fulfilling the rigorous requirements of next-generation 5G mmWave communication systems.

Multilevel regression and poststratification (MRP) is widely used to estimate opinion in small subgroups and to adjust unrepresentative surveys. Yet, even flexible MRP models contain errors generated by non-response and model misspecification. We propose a principled, data-driven method to leverage observable errors on auxiliary quantities with known marginal distributions—for example, election outcomes—to improve estimates of policy attitudes. Our method leverages the correlation between auxiliary variables and outcomes of interest to calibrate MRP estimates to these known marginal distributions. We illustrate our approach using a pre-election poll measuring support for an abortion referendum. We find that the method reduces county-level error by nearly two-thirds relative to traditional MRP. We also show how our calibration approach can be used to generate estimates for smaller nested geographies, such as precincts, even in the absence of poststratification data at this level. Our approach provides a framework for fully incorporating known population data to improve estimates of public opinion in small subgroups, providing scholars another tool to study representation.