We provide two constructions of hyperbolic metrics on 3-manifolds with Heegaard splittings that satisfy certain topological conditions, which both apply to random Heegaard splitting with asymptotic probability 1. These constructions provide a lot of control on the resulting metric, allowing us to prove various results about the coarse growth rate of geometric invariants, such as diameter and injectivity radius, and about arithmeticity and commensurability in families of random 3-manifolds. For example, we show that the diameter of a random Heegaard splitting grows coarsely linearly in the length of the associated random walk. The constructions only use tools from the deformation theory of Kleinian groups, that is, we do not rely on the solution of the geometrization conjecture by Perelman. In particular, we give a proof of Maher’s result that random 3-manifolds are hyperbolic that bypasses geometrization.

L’article présente les résultats d’une double enquête, historique et ethnographique, sur une innovation biomédicale, la xénogreffe, c’est-à-dire la tentative de transplantation d’organes entre l’animal et l’humain. Cette pratique et les nombreux débats qu’elle a suscités donnent à voir des conceptions plurielles de l’animalité et de l’humanité qui ont circulé depuis le xviie siècle jusqu’à aujourd’hui. L’enquête historique souligne notamment l’émergence au xixe siècle d’une conception dualiste de l’échelle des êtres qui a façonné la mise en œuvre de l’expérimentation animale, dont la xénogreffe s’avère l’une des extensions, reposant sur l’affirmation d’une discontinuité entre humains et non-humains. Dans la seconde moitié du xxe siècle, un dispositif gradualiste voit le jour et remet en cause cette discontinuité en imposant une nouvelle conception de l’échelles des êtres. Si le gradualisme est partiellement actualisé dans la situation contemporaine, l’enquête ethnographique révèle également que les scientifiques engagés dans cette innovation s’appuient toujours sur des éléments de discours et des manières de s’engager auprès des animaux cobayes typiques de la conception dualiste. Ces résistances semblent liées aux rapports ambivalents que les expérimentateurs entretiennent aux cobayes, oscillant entre compassion et objectivation.

The murder of Jîna Aminî by the Iranian police in September 2022 led to wide-scale demonstrations. Women in Iranian Kurdistan have developed tactics for creating art and literature that empowers them to fi ght for their rights as women and as Kurds. “Doing art” invites them to cross the border between fictional and real, private and public, and to create negotiations with the patriarchal society and legal system that oppresses them.

Le commerce des fourrures en Nouvelle-France est à l’origine d’une abondante historiographie. Cependant, malgré de nombreux travaux ethnohistoriques, ses dimensions environnementales demeurent peu étudiées. Cet article propose une réflexion renouvelée sur la conservation du castor dans une perspective impériale et transatlantique. En s’appuyant sur une relecture des sources coloniales, il révèle non seulement la diversité des rapports autochtones au castor, mais aussi les causes expliquant la difficile conservation de l’animal par les autorités. Dans un monde encore marqué par le caractère inépuisable du vivant, des inquiétudes apparaissent quant à la raréfaction du castor, mais aucune politique coloniale uniforme n’est mise en place. Plusieurs paramètres conditionnent la question de la conservation du castor : les relations entre les contraintes environnementales et l’économie, l’apparition de formes de marchandisation de la nature, la prééminence de la raison d’État, les différents degrés d’insertion des territoires à l’économie pelletière, la variété des configurations écologiques ainsi que les tensions impériales et intra-coloniale, qui témoignent de réponses variées de la part des acteurs autochtones et européens.

This article explores the socio-political landscape of Donbas through a lens of post-colonial studies, revealing the Russian colonial past and neo-colonial ambition. By uncovering the interplay of cultural, political, and economic challenges the author identifies the key elements of the region’s identity and draws on historical analysis and personal reflections on the Russo-Ukrainian war. The article explores how Russia managed to dominate the discourse in Donbas, as well as the reasons why a significant part of the Donbas people accepted Russian dominance over the region and the creation of self-proclaimed states without great resistance. The study underscores the necessity to work on the decolonization of Donbas’ identity as the pivotal point for fostering reconciliation processes in the long-term occupied territories of Ukraine.

The maternal restraint stress animal model is based on a long-term stress paradigm administered to pregnant maternal animals, and these offspring have been shown to exhibit a variety of biochemical defects including obesity. This study aimed to investigate whether maternal restraint stress affects obesity-associated changes in offspring intestinal microbiota and the adipogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs).

Pregnant mice were subjected to restraint stress three times daily from gestational Day12 to delivery. Changes in the composition of the intestinal microbiota of mothers (during pregnancy and lactation) and their lactating offspring exposed to maternal restraint stress were analyzed using next-generation sequencing. Maternal stress altered the maternal microbiota, with reduced Bacteroidetes and increased Firmicutes. While similar trends were observed in offspring, these changes were not statistically significant. However, maternal stress notably reduced microbial diversity in the offspring’s intestinal microbiota. Bone marrow-derived MSCs from offspring at weaning were analyzed for adipogenic transcription factors and hormone receptor expression using quantitative PCR. Maternal stress enhanced the adipogenic phenotype of offspring MSCs, as evidenced by increased expression of adipogenic markers (PPARγ, leptin receptor) and a reduced osteogenic phenotype. In vitro induction further confirmed the higher adipocyte differentiation potential in stressed offspring MSCs compared to controls.

Our results revealed that maternal restraint stress altered the maternal intestinal microbiota, leading to reduced microbial diversity in offspring, predisposing their MSCs toward an adipocyte phenotype. These finding suggest that modulating the intestinal microbiota of stressed pregnant women may improve the susceptibility to obesity in their children.