Research on nutraceutical and dietary interventions in psychiatry has grown substantially, but progress is hindered by methodological inconsistencies and limited reporting standards. To address this, the International Society for Nutritional Psychiatry Research presents the first guidelines on clinical trial design, conduct, and reporting for future clinical trials in this area. Recommendations were developed using a Delphi process including eighteen researchers with considerable clinical trial expertise and experience in either methodology, nutraceutical, or dietary interventions in psychiatry. These guidelines provide forty-nine recommendations for clinical trial design and outcomes, five for trial reporting, and seven for future research priorities. The recommendations included in these guidelines are designed to inform both nutraceutical and dietary clinical trial interventions in Nutritional Psychiatry. Common themes include an emphasis on the importance of a multidisciplinary research team and integration of co-design processes into the conduct and design of clinical research, methods to improve transparency and replicability of trial outcomes, and measures to address common biases in nutrition trials. Furthermore, we provide recommendations for future research including examining a greater variety of nutraceutical and dietary interventions, scalable delivery models, effectiveness and implementation studies, and the need to investigate these interventions in the prevention and management of less studied psychiatric conditions (e.g. schizophrenia and bipolar disorder). Recommendations included within these guidelines are intended to improve the rigor and clinical relevance of ongoing and future clinical trials in Nutritional Psychiatry.

Recent developments in the foundations of physics have given rise to a class of views suggesting that physically meaningful descriptions must always be relativized to a physical perspective. In this article, I distinguish between strong physical perspectivalism, which maintains that all facts must be relativized to a perspective, and moderate physical perspectivalism, which maintains that all empirically meaningful descriptions must be relativized to a perspective. I argue that scientific evidence and philosophical considerations support moderate physical perspectivalism over strong physical perspectivalism. In particular, motivations connected to epistemic humility and the social nature of science are more compatible with the moderate approach.

Trichinellosis is a widespread food-borne zoonosis, causing mild to severe illness in humans with potential fatality. Its treatment remains challenging due to the side effects and limited efficacy of specific drugs. Therefore, the current study was conducted to assess the therapeutic effects of ellagic acid (EA) alone and combined with albendazole against trichinellosis and its biochemical and pathological alterations in mice. Mice were divided into two main groups: G1 and G2 for the intestinal and muscular phases, respectively. Then each group was subdivided into five subgroups: (a) non-infected control, (b) infected control non-treated, (c) infected and treated with EA, (d) infected and treated with albendazole, and (e) infected and treated with a combination of both. Parasitological, biochemical, and histopathological studies were used to evaluate the therapeutic outcomes. Treatment with EA resulted in a significant reduction of the mean counts of intestinal adult worms and muscular larvae compared to the infected control. EA improved oxidative stress as it reduced nitric oxide and increased catalase activities in intestinal and muscular tissues. Additionally, it alleviated the inflammatory response, as evidenced by downregulating IL-6 and increasing IL-10 expressions in tissues. Furthermore, it improved liver functions and ameliorated the pathological alterations induced by trichinellosis. The best results were detected in combination treatments that indicated synergistic effects between EA and albendazole. In conclusion, EA can be used as an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant with a promising anti-parasitic impact against trichinellosis.

Civil wars are not only destructive: they can also generate new, long-lasting social, political, and economic structures and processes. To account for this productive potential and analyse post-conflict outcomes, I argue that we should analyse civil wars as critical junctures. Civil wars can relax structural constraints, opening opportunities for wartime processes to generate changes or to reinforce, rather than transform, the status quo. Changes or stasis may then be locked in by conflict outcomes, creating path dependencies. Studying civil wars as critical junctures allows for a clearer understanding of what variables mattered and interacted at different points in the conflict process, and the varying roles of structure and agency in producing institutional change or reinforcing pre-existing conditions. I explore the potential benefits of a critical juncture approach in the civil wars literature on different aspects of post-conflict politics and illustrate them in analysing the literature on women’s empowerment during and after civil wars. Applying the critical junctures framework to civil wars’ effects on institutions and socio-behavioural patterns can provide analytical clarity about complex processes and contexts, can facilitate comparison across cases and studies, and draws critical attention both to what civil wars change and to potential pathways not taken.

In the present paper, we characterize the Fredholmness of Toeplitz pairs on Hardy space over the bidisk with the bounded holomorphic symbols, and hence, we obtain the index formula for such Toeplitz pairs. The key to obtain the Fredholmness of such Toeplitz pairs is the $L^p$ solution of Corona Problem over $\mathbb {D}^2$.

Graph theory, a branch of mathematics that focuses on the study of graphs (networks of nodes and edges), provides a robust framework for analysing the structural and functional properties of biomolecules. By leveraging molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, atoms or groups of atoms can be represented as nodes, while their dynamic interactions are depicted as edges. This network-based approach facilitates the characterization of properties such as connectivity, centrality, and modularity, which are essential for understanding the behaviour of molecular systems. This review details the application and development of graph theory-based models in studying biomolecular systems. We introduce key concepts in graph theory and demonstrate their practical applications, illustrating how innovative graph theory approaches can be employed to design biomolecular systems with enhanced functionality. Specifically, we explore the integration of graph theoretical methods with MD simulations to gain deeper insights into complex biological phenomena, such as allosteric regulation, conformational dynamics, and catalytic functions. Ultimately, graph theory has proven to be a powerful tool in the field of molecular dynamics, offering valuable insights into the structural properties, dynamics, and interactions of molecular systems. This review establishes a foundation for using graph theory in molecular design and engineering, highlighting its potential to transform the field and drive advancements in the understanding and manipulation of biomolecular systems.

Walnut (Juglans regia L.) is one of the oldest and most economically important edible nut species due to its high nutritional value. Iran is known as one of the most important centres of the origin and diversity of walnuts worldwide. This research was carried out to determine the genetic relationships of some old walnut genotypes in Iran in order to select superior genotypes and better conserve them. The results of morphological evaluation of the fruits showed that the highest coefficients of variation were related to nut weight, kernel weight, percentage kernel, thickness and weight of the shell, and thickness and weight of the packing tissue in both years. The average morphological traits among the studied genotypes were different, such that the highest nut weights in the first and second years were 15.59 and 14.79 g and the corresponding lowest values were 7.37 and 7.79 g, respectively. The highest and lowest kernel weights were observed in the first years to be 8.09 and 3.80 g and in the second years were 6.94 and 2.65 g, respectively. The highest kernel percentages in the first and second years were 64.97 and 59.79% and the lowest percentages were 39.52 and 27.80% in the first and second years, respectively. Molecular evaluation results showed that the 16 start codon of target (SCoT) primers amplified a total of 166 bands with an average of 10.44 bands per primer. The number of polymorphic bands was changed from 2 to 19 in primers SCoT-19 and SCoT-15. The average polymorphism information content value was 0.30 and the highest amount of this index (0.36) was observed in SCoT-14 and SCoT-19 primers. The results of principal component analysis and analysis of molecular variance indicated the presence of relatively high diversity within the investigated genotypes. The amount of genetic diversity within the investigated regions was 84% and that between areas was 16%. Based on the obtained results, it was concluded that SCoT markers could provide helpful information on the genetic relationships among walnut genotypes, which can be used in future walnut breeding and conservation programmes.

The research aims to reconstruct a transnational history of Finn Malmgren’s contribution to the exploration of the Arctic, with a specific focus on the polar air expeditions of Norge (1926) and Italia (1928). The analysis of archive sources consulted in Italy, Norway, and Sweden sheds light on some key aspects of these two expeditions. In particular, the study of numerous unpublished documents – from the correspondence with personalities such as Umberto Nobile and Anna Nordenskjöld to the contemporary testimonies of Adalberto Mariano and Filippo Zappi – offers new insights into issues such as the international meteorological cooperation during the preparation of the Norge expedition and the march on the pack of Malmgren, Mariano and Zappi.

A limitation in fine-tuned tree-ring radiocarbon (14C) data is normally associated with overall data uncertainty. Tree-ring 14C data variance as a result of sample heterogeneity can be reduced by adopting best practices at the time of sample collection and subsequent preparation and analysis. Variance-reduction of 14C data was achieved by meticulous sample handling during increment core or cross-sectional cuttings, in-laboratory wood reductions, and cellulose fiber homogenization of whole rings. To demonstrate the performance of those procedures to final 14C results, we took advantage of the replicated data from assigned calendar years of two Pantropical post-1950 AD tree-ring 14C reconstructions. Two Cedrela fissilis Vell. trees spaced 22.5 km apart, and two trees of this species together with one Peltogyne paniculata Benth tree spaced 0.2 to 5 km apart were sampled in a tropical dry and moist forest, respectively. Replicate 14C data were then obtained from grouped tree-ring samples from each site. A total of 88% of the replicated 14C results fell into a remarkably consistent precision/accuracy range of 0.3% or less, even though multiple tree species were used as pairs/sets. This finding illustrates how adopting a few simple strategies, in tandem with already established chemical extraction procedures and high-precision 14C analysis, can improve 14C data results of tropical trees.

This article examines the unexpected revival of Rodina (Motherland), a nationalist party that had been suppressed in 2006 for its embrace of “orangist,” anti-Putin politics. Five years later, Rodina was relaunched in response to the crisis of the Medvedev–Putin “tandemocracy.” This article shows that Rodina played a central role in the Kremlin’s “managed nationalism,” which sought to direct the energies of Russian nationalists into loyalist channels. In particular, it illuminates three ways that Rodina facilitated collaboration between nationalists and the regime. First, it helped to integrate nationalists into the All-Russia Popular Front, the umbrella structure that was created as a vehicle for Putin’s return to the presidency. Second, it served as a counterrevolutionary force by drawing nationalists from the “white ribbon” protest movement into two Kremlin-supported initiatives: the “conservative turn” and a media campaign against non-Slavic immigration. And third, it acted as a proxy for the Russian state during the annexation of Crimea and the conflict in southeast Ukraine, recruiting nationalists to serve as separatists and cultivating the support of European radical nationalists. In these three ways, Rodina contributed both to Russia’s autocratization and to the growing influence of nationalist ideas in public discourse.

Alexandrov’s estimate states that if $\Omega $ is a bounded open convex domain in $\mathbb {R}^n$ and $u:\bar \Omega \to \mathbb {R}$ is a convex solution of the Monge-Ampère equation $\det D^2 u = f$ that vanishes on $\partial \Omega $, then

$$\begin{align*}|u(x) - u(y)| \le \omega(|x-y|)(\int_\Omega f)^{1/n} \qquad \text{for }\omega(\delta) = C_n\,\text{diam}(\Omega)^{\frac{n-1}n} \delta^{1/n}. \end{align*}$$

$\partial \Omega $

$0$

$\omega (\delta )$

$C_\Omega \delta ^{\frac 12 + \frac 1{2n}}$

$C_\Omega $

$n=2$

$n\ge 3$

$\partial \Omega $

$C^2$

$\omega _\Omega (\delta )$

$\delta \to 0$

$\omega _\Omega $

$\partial \Omega $

$\omega _\Omega (\delta ) = o(\delta ^{1/n})$

$\delta \to 0$

$\omega _\Omega (\delta ) \le C \delta ^\alpha $

$\alpha>1/n$

On February 6, 2023, a Mw 7.8 earthquake struck southern and central Turkey and northern and western Syria. Over 50 000 people were confirmed dead, and nearly 130 000 were injured. The Turkish government was leading the response there through coordination by the Disaster and Emergency Management Agency (AFAD). A massive search and rescue operation continued, and humanitarian partners were rapidly ramping up efforts to provide life-saving assistance. Over 53 000 Turkish emergency workers were deployed to the regions affected by the earthquakes. More than 100 nations and international organizations mounted a massive, unprecedented response. Among them, the State of Israel dispatched 2 missions, with the first on the ground the same day as the earthquake. Under guidance of the local health authorities, it was determined that the most effective approach would be to support an existing medical facility rather than establishing a standalone field operation. Teams responding to disaster zones should arrive only after a formal request and deploy after full coordination with the local country. The devastated country understands best what is really needed. Deploying in full collaboration has an advantage of better cultural understanding and long-term effect in restoring the local needs.

In this essay, I explore possibilities for phenomenology beyond Hegel with respect to questions of conscience, guilt, and ethics. In the first section, I briefly introduce Heidegger’s phenomenology. The next section provides an interpretation of conscience in Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit. Like Hegel, Heidegger claims that conscience states my guilt prior to any specific wrongdoings; Heidegger’s ideas around the ‘call of conscience’ are thus considered next. Building on differences and connections between Hegel’s and Heidegger’s phenomenologies of conscience, the final section outlines implications for a phenomenologically responsive ethics.

Two contradictory tendencies mark the historiography of Christianity in South Africa. First, the country has been a rich crucible for important scholarship on Christianity. In a country where 80 per cent of the population currently claim Christian affiliation, it is not hard to imagine why this would be the case. The country has a centuries-old Christian presence, spanning the Protestantism of early Dutch settlers in the Cape to the many European and North American missionaries of all persuasions who descended upon South Africa in subsequent centuries (some estimated that the south-eastern region of Natal in the nineteenth century was the most missionised area in the world at that time). An equally great magnet for scholarship was the size and diversity of the independent church movement in South Africa – or those Christians who broke away from missionary oversight to form Black-led congregations, many affiliated with other Black Christian organisations in the Atlantic world. By the mid-century, thousands of churches labelling themselves as Zionist, Apostolic and Ethiopian filled South Africa and attracted a commensurately rich scholarship; many such studies focused on how Christianity was Africanised via the independent church movement. In a darker vein, a further impetus for scholarly interest was the way in which Protestantism was wielded by (some) Afrikaners to justify the apartheid regime. Unsurprisingly, this led to an expansive twentieth-century literature on state power and Christianity, both social scientific as well as theological. Finally, historical studies in general have tended to cluster more densely in South Africa than is the case for many other regions of the African continent – a phenomenon that is due to the country's thriving research scene and its many tertiary education institutions. Viewed from this perspective, the large number of histories of Christianity in South Africa should be seen as a smaller subset of the extensive scholarship on South Africa itself.