The effect of different levels of residue from the extraction of cassava starch (REAM) in the diet of multiparous lactating Holstein cows was investigated. The experiment was carried out at the Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná. Five multiparous Holstein cows, with mean milk production of 30.65 ± 1.17 kg/day were distributed into five treatments, using Latin squares (5 × 5). Treatments consisted of inclusion (0, 8, 16, 24 and 32% dry matter basis) of REAM in the diet. Intake, digestibility, milk production and composition as well as blood parameters were measured. Except for ether extract and total digestible nutrients, the intake variables did not differ significantly between treatments. Except for the digestibility of crude protein, all digestibility values decreased progressively with inclusion levels of REAM. The inclusion of REAM in feeding of lactating Holstein cows up to 32% of the diet reduced milk production by 15%, however, it did not alter milk production efficiency, fat, total solids and blood parameters. We conclude that up to 16% of REAM can be included in the diet; however, higher levels may lead to a significant fall in productivity.

Understanding how policy design and implementation differ under populist and non-populist governments is complicated by the fact that populism never exists in a pure form and is always attached to a more developed ideology. Leveraging the near-simultaneous election of left-wing populist Andrés Manuel López Obrador in Mexico and right-wing populist Jair Bolsonaro in Brazil, this article analyses populism’s effect on cash transfer programmes. Despite the diametrically opposed ideologies of their presidents, rather than diverging, Mexican and Brazilian cash transfer policies converged under populism. Both leaders rebranded the programmes they inherited and moved policy in an improvised, politicised and clientelistic direction.

While the effects of technological change on deskilling and upskilling of the contemporary labor force have been intensely debated among economists and sociologists, historians have been more or less silent. Here, we historicize this debate by applying a set of HISCO-based measures to a recently homogenized set of aggregated census data for men in Italy from 1871 to 2011, coded in HISCO, to study the effects of waves of technological changes. With the transition from agriculture, via industry to services, we identify the main subprocesses and study occupational diversity and specialization, class formation, and skill development. The first industrial revolution saw modest growth in lower-skilled work in Italy, and a decline in unskilled work; the second, growth in lower- and higher-skilled work, and a decline in medium and unskilled work; the third, growth in lower- and higher-skilled work.

Short-form video platforms have reshaped the practices of record companies and music streaming services, giving rise to new cross-audiovisual platform ecosystems. This article adopts the concept of the ‘platform adaptor’ to analyse how music industry practitioners and content producers in China have adjusted their production, distribution, and promotion strategies in response to the affordances of this emerging industrial ecosystem. It discusses the practices of staff who work with musicians to construct ‘hot songs’ (热歌) that can gain popularity across audiovisual platforms and music streaming services. Connecting theoretical ideas about affordance, platform ecologies, and adaptation, this article contributes to research on how cultural forms are ‘optimised’ to be more amenable to the requirements of platforms. The findings demonstrate that emotional encoding has become a pivotal mechanism through which musical commodities gain value as production processes increasingly conform to shareable short-form video formats within the platform economy.

This Research Communication presents a cross-sectional study to compare the prevalence of contagious, environmental, opportunistic and other intramammary infection pathogens in mountain dairy herds. In the Italian Apennine mountains, areas where dairy farming is thriving are interspersed among areas where only a few dairy herds remain. The disappearance of some dairy farms relates to the reduction of agricultural and veterinary services in a process that can jeopardize dairy herd profitability. Sixteen herds were screened for intramammary infection (IMI) pathogens. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of mastitis pathogens was performed, and data on antimicrobial use was collected from the herd treatment registry. The prevalence of contagious IMI pathogens was significantly higher in areas where dairy farming is reducing, whereas environmental and opportunistic infections were more abundant in herds in thriving areas where farmers had a more consistent relationship with veterinarians. Antimicrobial resistance levels were low throughout all areas and did not relate to antimicrobial use, although it was significantly higher in areas where dairy herds were thriving.

This article analyses a complex period in Colombian history, from the electoral victory of the Liberal Party in 1930 to the end of the Frente Nacional (National Front) in 1974, from the perspective of constitutional politics and constitutional theory. During this period, Colombia transited from democracy to dictatorship (civilian and military) and back to democracy. We therefore divide the period according to changes in regime type and also to changes in the degree of institutional constraints on power. We show that, due to combinations of regime type and constraints on power, under the same Constitution of 1886 three different constitutionalisms ensued: abusive, window-dressing, and authoritarian constitutionalism. Our analysis on Colombia highlights the role of powerful actors, such as the armed forces and the Catholic Church, that breathed life back into key constitutional provisions when these served as focal points for coordinating their actions even under an authoritarian regime.