From the 1890s to the 1920s across the American Midwest, newspapers reported arrests and altercations in ‘Cocaine Alleys’. Not all of these arrests involved people under the influence of drugs, but the term nevertheless became a non-geographic cultural construct highlighting readers’ fears about racialized drug use. By describing low-income Black women as ‘queens’ central to these spaces, newspapers mingled gender, race, criminality and drug use. The ‘Cocaine Alley Queen’ stereotype applied to Black women obscured the reality of White women’s greater propensity to recreational and medical narcotic addiction. As Black migrants moved from Southern states to Northern Midwestern industrialized cities, this reporting trend appeared in cities with higher Black populations than the state average. Newspapers created an intersectional, geographic identity that collected fears and stereotypes about drug use and Black communities when narcotics were accessible, and reformers sought to discipline Black, urban, female working-class bodies and impose middle-class behaviours on them.

This article examines how the labor and community structures of female skin-divers, the Japanese ama and Korean haenyeo, believed to exemplify the primitive ability to adapt to extreme climates, became staple research subjects for global adaptation-resilience science. In the context of development studies, adaptation-resilience discourse has been seen as reflecting the emergence of neoliberal governmentality. In contrast, this article frames adaptation-resilience as a reactionary technological response that emerges in times of scarcity and crisis. This article demonstrates how the discourse can be traced back to interwar Japanese physiologists, who saw themselves as rescuing Japan from the ills of modernity through a socio-biological development program that drew on the diver’s adaptability as a means to create subjects not only capable of surviving extreme deprivation but willing to do so in the service of the community and the state. These scientists and their research were taken up uncritically in the postwar by international science and development organizations, who found in them a shared vision of a labor-intensive and low ecological impact model of community-rooted development that offered a sustainable and healthier alternative to capitalism, one that could help humanity overcome crises of modern excess such as climate change. However, sustainability meant the valorization of absolute austerity as a development goal, ruling out relief for suffering marginalized populations. This article therefore suggests that resiliency-based development entraps its subjects in a regime of self-exploitation that forces them into a constant state of emergency, paradoxically deepening their vulnerability in the process.

Gait analysis is a fundamental tool in biomechanics and rehabilitation, as it evaluates human movements’ kinematic and kinetic behavior. For this reason, high-precision devices have been developed. However, these require controlled environments, which generates a deficiency in the capacity of studies related to gait analysis in outdoor and indoor scenarios. Therefore, this article describes the development and testing of a wearable system to measure gait cycle kinematic and kinetic parameters. The methodology for the development of the system includes the assembly of modules with commercial surface electromyography (sEMG) sensors and inertial measurement sensors, as well as the use of instrumented insoles with force-resistive sensors, and the design of the software to acquire, process, visualize, and store the data. The system design considers portability, rechargeable battery power supply, wireless communication, acquisition speed suitable for kinematic and kinetic signals, and compact size. Also, it allows simultaneous assessment of sEMG activity, hip and knee joint angles, and plantar pressure distribution, using a wireless connection via Wi-Fi and user datagram protocol for data transmission with a synchronization accuracy of 576 μs, data loss of 0.8%, and autonomy of 167 min of continuous operation, enabling uninterrupted data acquisition for gait analysis. To demonstrate its performance, the system was tested on 10 subjects without any neuromusculoskeletal pathology in indoor and outdoor environments, evaluating relevant parameters that facilitate a comprehensive analysis of gait in various contexts. The system offers a reliable, versatile, and affordable alternative for gait assessment in outdoor and indoor environments.

Bootstrap current plays a crucial role in the equilibrium of magnetically confined plasmas, particularly in quasi-symmetric stellarators and in tokamaks, where it can represent bulk of the electric current density. Accurate modeling of this current is essential for understanding the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equilibrium and stability of these configurations. This study expands the modeling capabilities of M3D-C1, an extended-MHD code, by implementing self-consistent physics models for bootstrap current. It employs two analytical frameworks: a generalized Sauter model (Sauter et al. 1999 Phys. Plasmas vol. 6, no. 7, pp. 2834–2839), and a revised Sauter-like model (Redl et al. 2021 Phys. Plasmas vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 022502). The isomorphism described by Landreman et al. (2022 Phys. Rev. Lett. vol. 128, pp. 035001) is employed to apply these models to quasi-symmetric stellarators. The implementation in M3D-C1 is benchmarked against neoclassical codes, including NEO, XGCa and SFINCS, showing excellent agreement. These improvements allow M3D-C1 to self-consistently calculate the neoclassical contributions to plasma current in axisymmetric and quasi-symmetric configurations, providing a more accurate representation of the plasma behavior in these configurations. A workflow for evaluating the neoclassical transport using SFINCS with arbitrary toroidal equilibria calculated using M3D-C1 is also presented. This workflow enables a quantitative evaluation of the error in the Sauter-like model in cases that deviate from axi- or quasi-symmetry (e.g. through the development of an MHD instability).

Previous work had shown that multilingual preschool children are better at interpreting deictic gestures than their monolingual peers. The present study examines whether this multilingual effect persists beyond preschool age and whether it extends to iconic (i.e., representing the referent) and conventional (i.e., holding an arbitrary meaning) gestures. A total of N = 105 children (aged 3 to 8), varying in their balance of exposure to more than one language since birth, completed a gamified gesture comprehension task. The three gesture types were presented in four communicative conditions, namely (1) alone, with (2) reinforcing or (3) supplementing speech, compared to (4) speech produced alone. Analyses revealed that children with greater balance in their multilingual exposure understood significantly more speechless iconic gestures than children with less balanced multilingual exposure. Findings align with previous work and theoretical frameworks, indicating that multilingual exposure enhances children’s sensitivity to non-verbal communicative cues.

Epistemic injustice theorists have proposed various strategies for resisting oppressive knowledge structures, with José Medina’s concept of epistemic friction and the principle of acknowledgement and engagement standing as a central model. However, this paper argues that such strategies can unintentionally impose epistemic and emotional burdens on the very subjects they aim to empower. In this paper, I illustrate the importance of undertaking qualitative empirical research into epistemic injustice, particularly resistance. Drawing on original qualitative interviews with LGBTQIA+ individuals, allies, and parents of transgender children, I identify the burden that is often placed on them to be educators of their own sexuality and/or identity. I also offer alternative suggestions for resistance, including redistributing the labour of education to allies and creating a space for indirect engagement via entertainment and social media. This paper integrates empirical research with normative theory to expose how resistance efforts can reproduce structural inequalities – and how they might be transformed.

The ICH E9(R1) addendum provides guidelines on accounting for intercurrent events in clinical trials using the estimands framework. However, there has been limited attention to the estimands framework for meta-analysis. Using treatment switching, a well-known intercurrent event that occurs frequently in oncology, we conducted a simulation study to explore the bias introduced by pooling together estimates targeting different estimands in a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) that allowed treatment switching. We simulated overall survival data of a collection of RCTs that allowed patients in the control group to switch to the intervention treatment after disease progression under fixed effects and random effects models. For each RCT, we calculated effect estimates for a treatment policy estimand that ignored treatment switching, and a hypothetical estimand that accounted for treatment switching either by fitting rank-preserving structural failure time models or by censoring switchers. Then, we performed random effects and fixed effects meta-analyses to pool together RCT effect estimates while varying the proportions of trials providing treatment policy and hypothetical effect estimates. We compared the results of meta-analyses that pooled different types of effect estimates with those that pooled only treatment policy or hypothetical estimates. We found that pooling estimates targeting different estimands results in pooled estimators that do not target any estimand of interest, and that pooling estimates of varying estimands can generate misleading results, even under a random effects model. Adopting the estimands framework for meta-analysis may improve alignment between meta-analytic results and the clinical research question of interest.

This article reflects on the emergence of volumetric capture as a means to render human experience in three dimensions and how its applications in medicine, performance, and digital archiving are reshaping our relationship to documentation and embodiment. From 360-degree imagery to the advanced rendering techniques of Gaussian Splatting, these tools raise questions about the ethics of visualisation and the power to represent. This article draws on the work of scholars such as Taylor, Schneider, Kenderdine, Holling, and DeNora to challenge the notion of archives as neutral or static repositories and asks: in an age where our movements can be stored and repurposed, how do we navigate the tension between visibility and consent, between preservation and autonomy?

How have preventive and curative medical breakthroughs shaped life expectancy and the dispersion of age at death in the United States over the past century? We address this question by developing a life-cycle model in which both health and lifespan are endogenous. The model distinguishes between preventive innovations, which reduce the incidence of disease, and curative advances, which lower mortality risks associated with existing health conditions. Our quantitative analysis shows that while both types of medical innovation have contributed to increased life expectancy since 1935, curative advances have been the primary driver of the decline in the dispersion of age at death. Medical innovations have also improved welfare – measured in terms of a consumption-equivalent metric – by an average of 0.11% per year, with curative advances representing the most significant contribution. These findings are robust across different scenarios and parametrization strategies.

We prove that determining the weak saturation number of a host graph $F$ with respect to a pattern graph $H$ is computationally hard, even when $H$ is the triangle. Our main tool establishes a connection between weak saturation and the shellability of simplicial complexes.

This article takes up the notion of ‘difficult heritage’ to explore the management of industrial legacies in eastern Ukraine, with a focus on developments between 2014 and 2022. While acknowledging that industrial heritage is not ‘difficult’ in the same way as inherited sites of genocide or internment, I contend that it too was ‘contested and awkward’, unsettling attempts to rebrand and reimagine the region in line with shifts in national memory politics. As the environmentally damaging infrastructural inheritance of empire, which nevertheless also played a community-shaping role in the local context, industrial legacies were present in the landscape in ‘disruptive ways’, opening up social divisions and exposing cultural fractures. In this article, I explore how local artists and activists responded to the condition of state abandonment of this heritage, developing the analytical category of ‘critical care’ to describe processes of community-led preservation and creative repurposing at this time.

The linear theory of the kinetic-ballooning-mode (KBM) instability is extended to capture a weakly driven regime in general toroidal geometry where the destabilization is caused by the magnetic-drift resonance of the ions. Such resonantly destabilized KBMs are characterized by broad eigenfunctions along the magnetic-field line and near-marginal positive growth rates, even well below the normalized-plasma-pressure ($\beta$) threshold of their non-resonant counterparts. This unconventional (or sub-threshold) KBM (stKBM), when destabilized, has been shown to catalyze an enhancement of turbulent transport in the Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X) stellarator (Mulholland et al. 2023 Phys. Rev. Lett. vol. 131, 185101; 2025 Nucl. Fusion vol. 65, 016022). Simplifying the energy dependence of key resonant quantities allows for an analytical treatment of this KBM using the physics-based ordering from the more general equations of Tang et al. (1980 Nucl. Fusion vol. 20, 1439). Results are then compared with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations for the (st)KBM in W7-X and the conventional KBM in a circular tokamak at both high and low magnetic shear, where good agreement is obtained in all cases. This reduced KBM model provides deeper insight into (sub-threshold) KBMs and their relationship with geometry, and shows promise for aiding in transport model development and geometry-based turbulence optimization efforts going forward.